State v. Cunningham

111 Iowa 233 | Iowa | 1900

Waterman, J.

1 2 3 4 Defendant was tried for the killing of an illegitimate male infant born to one Ida Hepp, and begotten by him. The child was twelve days old on the alleged date of the killing. It had no name until the grand jury saw fit to give it one made up of the names of its parents. The indictment is in two counts, the same in form. The first charges the killing to have been done with a blunt instrument; the other, with the hands and feet of defendant. As a material question presented relates to the form of the indictment, we set out the first count: “The said James Cunningham and Arthur Palmer on the 5th day of March, A. D. 1898, in the county of Audubon and state of Iowa, as aforesaid, upon the body of one James Cunningham Hepp, then and there being, willfully, feloniously, deliberately, premeditatedly, and of their malice aforethought, and with the specific intent to kill, did commit an assault with a deadly weapon, being a blunt instrument, a more particular description of which is to this grand jury unknown, and then and there held in the hand of said James Cunningham, and then and there the said James Cunningham did, with the specific intent to- kill and murder as aforesaid the said James Cunningham Hepp; willfully, feloniously, premeditatedly, and of his malice aforethought, strike the said James 'Cunningham Hepp in and upon the body of him, the said James Cunningham Hepp, with said dangerous and deadly weapon, thereby willfully, feloniously, deliberately, premediatedly, and of his malice aforethought, inflicting in . and upon the body and head of the said James Cunningham Hepp mortal wounds, of which mortal wounds inflicted as aforesaid the said James Cunningham Hepp, in the county of Audubon and state of Iowa, then and there did die. And the grand jury aforesaid upon their oaths do say, present, and find that the said James Cunningham and Arthur Palmer then and there, in the manner and form aforesaid, willfully, feloniously, premeditatedly, and of their malice aforethought, did kill and rpurder the said James Cunningham Hepp, contrary to the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the state of Iowa.” At the close of the evidence for the state a directed .verdict of not guilty was asked on the ground that it was not shown that James Cunningham Hepp-had ever lived or been killed. The same question was also presented by motion after verdict. We have, then, to consider the validity of this indictment as a support for the prosecution of defendant for killing a nameless infant. A bastard child has no name until it has acquired one by reputation or baptism. See eases collected in 3 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 890. At common law, in a proceeding like the one we have here, a conviction could not have been had on an indictment such as this. A misnomer of the party injured was fatal. Eoscoe Criminal Evidence, 131; Archbold Criminal Pleading, 31. We turn, then, to the statute, to see what change has been effected in the common-law rule. Section 5286 of the Code is as follows: “When an offense involves the commission of or an attempt to commit an injury to person or property, and' is described in -all other respects with sufficient certainty to identify the act, an erroneous allegation of the name of the person injured or attempted to- be injured is not material.” Were tbe question an open one, some of us would construe this section to mean that an error in tbe name of tbe party injured is not material, when such person is otherwise described or pointed out in tbe indictment. There was no other description here made or attempted of tbe person killed, than by., tbe name given. But tbe question is not a new one in tbis state. Discussion has been foreclosed by decisions of tbis court. We understand tbe rule to be that if an offense is charged in tbe indictment, and from facts in evidence tbe court is satisfied that defendant was not misled, tbis is enough to warrant the-conclusion that tbe act intended to be charged was sufficiently described or indicated. We need not review all tbe cases in which tbis court has undertaken to construe section 5286. In some of them tbe question of its meaning was not involved, as in State v. Emeigh, 18 Iowa, 122, where it appears there was no misnomer, and State v. Ean, 90 Iowa, 534, where tbe allegation in tbe indictment was that tbe name of tbe woman with whom defendant was charged to have committed adultery was to tbe grand jury unknown. In some other cases tbe language of tbe indictment is not reported, and we are unable to say whether tbe injured person was identified other than by name. See State v. Windahl, 95 Iowa, 471; State v. Flynn, 42 Iowa, 164; State v. Camagy, 106 Iowa, 483. In still another class of cases tbe facts stated, other than tbe name, tend to point out tbe injured person, — as, for instance, in State v. Hall, 97 Iowa, 400, tbe indictment charges a larceny of property in tbe possession of tbe receivers of tbe Union Pacific Railway; naming one of them as Oliver W. blink, whose true name was Oliver W. Ames. It will be seen at a glance that the injured person is also described as one of tbe receivers of tbe railway. See, also, State v. Semotan, 85 Iowa, 57; State v. Franks, 64 Iowa, 39; State v. Porter, 97 Iowa, 450; State v. Cunningham, 21 Iowa, 433. State v. Windahl, supra, may also' be cited under tbis head for there was evidence that the person injured was known to some people by the name given in the indictment. But we find other cases in which the indictment, in terms, does not describe the injured party save by name, and where it is held that extrinsic facts may be considered in order to determine whether the act charged was so specifically pointed out as not to mislead the defendant. When in the trial court this fact is so determined, we pass on appeal upon that as upon any other fact. In State v. Crawford, 66 Iowa, 318, the indictment charged an assault with intent to kill one Jesse Cameron. The true name of the party upon whom the assault was made was Jesse Walker Cannon. Defendant moved in arrest of judg-ment on the ground of this misnomer. After quoting the section in question, this court, speaking through Eothrock, J., said: “This provision of the statute would, of itself, seem to authorize the overruling of the motion in' arrest' of judgment upon this ground. There is no showing that the defendant was in any way misled by the misnomer. On the contrary, the record shows quite conclusively that the defendant was not in any way prejudiced by the mistake in the indictment. The facts are that he shot at Jesse Cannon with a revolver, and wounded him in the arm and back; was arrested, confined in jail, and had a preliminary examination; and it does not appear that he shot at any other person at or about the time charged in the indictment.” In the case at bar, defedant had been arrested, had a preliminary examination, and knew that he was charged with the killing of this infant child. In State v. Carr, 43 Iowa, 418, the charge was the robbery of one John Shattiek by taking of the property of “John Shattiek from the person and against the will of said John Kopek.” As matter of fact, the name of the person robbed was neither Shattiek nor Kopek, but Shoppick. The court instructed the jury that the mistake in the name was - immaterial, unless they should find that defendants were misled thereby. This instruction was objected to, and we approved it. This is a direct holding that facts outside the indictment may be considered in determining whether the defendant understood the specific charge intended to be ipade. We are convinced that the defendant here was in no way misled by the misnomer, and he cannot, therefore, be permitted to take advantage of it.

5 II. It is strenuously claimed that the evidence does not support the verdict. The testimony established or tended to establish the following facts: Defendant and Ida Hepp reside in the northern part of Audubon county. They were unmarried, and had been keeping company together. As a result of illicit intercourse had, she became pregnant,' and, being near her confinement in February, 1898, both she and defendant determined that she should seek some place to give birth to her child, where neither of them was known. On February 19th defendant appeared at a hotel in Atlantic, Cass county, and engaged lodging and board for himself and Ida Hepp; representing her as his wife. He told the landlord he was on his way with his wife to Nebraska, and he thought she was going to be sick. They were given accommodations, and on the twenty-first the child (a boy) was born. Cunningham did not register, but tried to keep his identity secret. The suspicion of the landlord was finally roused. He asked Cunningham to ¿register, and, in the talk that ensued, the latter told his story. He said they belonged to respectable families, and the girl’s shame was almost killing her;- that he had spent forty-seven dollars in trying to get rid of the child. The child, when born, had a harelip, and an unnatural condition of the genital organs made circumcision necessary. This was performed. ¡On March 5th Cunningham and the girl left on the train of the Rock Island Railway for Audubon, carrying the child wrapped in a shawl which he had purchased for the purpose. They reached Audubon at 8:45 a. m., intending to take a train on the Northwestern Railway for their homes, which left that morning at 10 a. m. On arriving at Audubon, Cunningham left the girl and child in the Rock Island Depot, went up into the town, procured a team and top buggy, returned to the depot, got Miss Hepp and the baby, and drove by an unfrequented road to the Northwestern Depot, where the girl alighted, leaving the baby with Cunningham, who drove away. Cunningham,after leaving the depot, went towards the fair grounds. A witness saw the team driven by him on the fair grounds early in March, but could not fix the precise date. The dead body of the infant, .which was identified by the peculiarities we have mentioned, was found on the nineteenth day of March following, about twenty rods north of the fair grounds, lying on the surface of the ground, partially covered with weeds. There were contused wounds upon its person that were sufficient to have caused death. Cunningham had time to drive to the place where the body was found, and return to the depot and take the train for the north with Miss Hepp, as he in fact did. The child was not seen after Cum ningham took it away in the buggy until it was found dead. When Cunningham returned the team to the stable, he took from the buggy a shawl, and, a short time after, an infant’s robe was found in the manger in front of the horses. To present as clearly as possible the points sought to be made by the defense, we turn now to the testimony of Cunningham : Save the statement as to his attempt to get rid of the infant, he denies nothing of the facts set out up to the time of leaving the Northwestern Depot in Audubon’with it. He claims to have driven back into town and given the child to a woman, who was to care for it. He says he'first met this woman, a stranger, on February 3d, in the streets of Manning. She accosted him, and asked that he get her a pint of whiskey; told him that she was from Omaha. They were together about an hour, and he made arrangements for her to take the child when it should he horn. He had an understanding with her, reached through subsequent correspondence, to meet him in Audubon on March 5th and take the child. He says he saw her when he went to get the team, and arranged to deliver the child on the street, and that this was done. It is remarkable, to say the least, that the child should be taken from the shawl in which it was wrapped when given to this woman, and more remarkable still that its dress should have been retained by Cunningham, and left in the livery barn with the horses. He claims to have paid the woman forty dollars for taking the child. How long she was to keep it, or what she was to do with it, other than generally to care for it, was not mentioned between them. The woman was in no house in Audubon; seen by no person there save Cunningham. That the jury had good reason to regard her as a mythical personage is clear, without further argument. But it is said that Cunningham is corroborated to this extent: That it is made clear that the child was not killed on the fifth day of March, and that defendant established an alibi as to the time thereafter up to the date when the body was found. We may dispose of this alibi, by saying. that- the evidence was in conflict, and the jury might properly have found against it. We, return to a consideration of the question whether the evidence can sustain a finding that the child was killed on March 5 th. Its body was found, as we have said, in a good state of preservation, on March 19th. The-temperature of the atmosphere and condition of weather during this' interval were shown, and, taking these facts into consideration, together with the exposure of the body, and its condition when found,' a number of physicians testified on the part of defendant that the remains would have decomposed in much less than two weeks. They differ greatly in the time they fix when decomposition would set in, — twenty-four hours to five days, —but they agree that it could not have lain there two weeks. An expert introduced by the state.testified that, under the conditions that existed, the body might have been exposed from the fifth to the nineteenth without decomposing. This witness was a physician of extended experience, had conducted a dissecting room in a large city for seventeen years, and had special facilities for noting the decomposition of human dead bodies. The facts, too, would seem to corroborate this witness. Under the body of the infant, when found, was a layer of ice, which would help to keep the flesh from decay. The jury had a right to accept the testimony of this witness, and base their finding thereon. But it is said that the umbilical cord was healed when the body was found,; that it does not heal perfectly in less than twenty-five days, and the operation of healing ceases at death. The testimony does not show that the navel cord of this child was perfectly healed when found. Dr. Childs, who made the post mortem, says it “was healed so far as I noticed.” That is all the testimony on the subject. If the child died on March 5th, it was then thirteen! days old, and in that time the cord would heal to a considerable extent. Still another reason given why the death could not have occurred on March 5th is that rigor mortis set in after the body was discovered, and this could not have taken place so long after death. Dr. Childs testified that when the body was found it was limp and flexible. The child was buried the day it was found, — Saturday,—and exhumed the following Monday. Dr. Childs says that when the corpse was taken up',.stiffness had set in. He does not say what this stiffness was, or what caused it. We are not able to say it was rigor mortis. When we add to the facts stated the additional one that there is evidence'of an admission by defendant that he. killed the child, it will appear there is ample support, in the testimony for the verdict.

6 7 III. The court instructed the jury that the intention-, was to charge in the indictment the killing of the infant; child of Ida Hepp. Objection is made that the court had no right to assume this fact. It may well be that it was for the jury to say whether the nameless infant was the person whom defendant was charged wiih killing, but there was no conflict here, and no room for doubt. The evidence was irresistible that this was the. fact. No prejudice resulted to- defendant from the instruction. It is not prejudicial error for the court to assume a fact ábout which thére is no dispute. State v. Huff, 76 Iowa, 203. If the case of Mead v. State, 26 Ohio St. 505, is meant to announce a different rule, it is not in accord with the weight of modern authority. See People v. Gallagher, 75 Mich. 512 (42 N. W. Rep. 1063); Bynon v. State, 117 Ala. 80 (23 South. Rep. 640); Wiborg v. U. S., 163 U. S. 632 (16 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1127, 41 L. Ed. 289); People v. Phillips, 70 Cal. 61 (11 Pac. Rep. 493); Hanrahan, v. People, 91 Ill. 142; Hawkins v. State, 136 Ind. 630 (36 N. E. Rep. 419). Indeed, we think our holding that the indictment is sufficient settles this point against defendant. The ninth paragraph of the charge is also challenged. It is quite lengthy. We shall not set it out. It is sufficient to say that we have carefully examined it in view of the criticisms made, and discover no error. It is very fully and carefully drawn, and states accurately the effect that should be given such circumstances as tend to show that defendant killed the child on March 5th, if the jury find from all the evidence that it was not killed until a later date, and also the necessity for there being some evidence in addition to such circumstances, in -order to find the killing to have been done after March 5th. It is said there is no evidence, independent of that which points to the killing on March 5th, which goes to show that defendant committed the crime thereafter, and that this instruction made it necessary that there should be such other evidence, in order to convict. Every circumstance pointing to motive and intent could be considered with relation to any particular date. These, with the evidence of opportunity at a later time, and the admission made by defendant, would warrant a finding of guilty, even if the jury determined that the killing was not done on the fifth day of March.

8 9 IV. Exception is also taken to the action of the court in submitting to the jury the included offenses of murder in the second degree and manslaughter. The verdict here was of murder in the second degree. Where the evidence establishes that a defendant is either guilty of the crime charged, or not guilty, the trial court need not submit included offenses. State v. Caten, 100 Iowa, 501. But we cannot say that is the case here. The act of killing was witnessed 'by no person. Whether it was premeditated and deliberate, or done in a moment of desperation or passion, is a matter of inference only. In such a case we think it is wise to dp .as the trial court did here, submit every grade of offense which would be warranted under the facts which might fairly be found. If any-crime was perpetrated, this child was feloniously killed. Therefore there could be no offense below manslaughter committed.

10 V. The following instruction given is likewise excepted to by defendant: “Defendant has introduced evidence as to his character as a man of humane and kindly disposition towards children. In passing on the question of his guilt or innocence, and, if you find him guilty, in passing on the grade of his offense, this evidence as to his character constitutes an ingredient to be considered by you, without reference to the apparently conclusive or inconclusive character of the other evidence; and it is for you to consider this evidence throughout your deliberations on the facts of the case, and give it such, weight as you think it justly entitled to.” Defendant seems to think this instruction limited the jury in their consideration of the character evidence. We do not see any warrant for such a construction. The law as stated is in harmony with the decisions of this court. State v. Gustafson, 50 Iowa, 194.

11 VI. We have examined carefully the objections made to the testimony, and upon which claims of error are predicated, and conclude that no prejudicial ruling was made. As an instance of the character of these matters, Dr. Childs, a witness for the state, testified to experience at the dissecting table, and as to the length of time corpses were kept for the purpose of dissection. He was asked by the state whether a preserving fluid was not injected into such bodies, that tended to keep them from decomposing. This was objected to by defendant. The answer was that such a fluid was used. Manifestly, this fact was in defendant’s favor, and, if erroneously admitted, could have caused no prejudice. We shall let the general statement made dispose of the other matters of this kind.

The motion to tax to the state the cost of the additional abstract filed at its instance will be overruled. — Appirmed.