Lead Opinion
In this criminal case, the state charged defendant with four counts of menacing, a misdemeanor, ORS 163.190.
I. HISTORICAL AND PROCEDURAL FACTS
A. Shooting Incident
Around 6:00 p.m. on December 25, 2012, defendant called 9-1-1, seeking medical assistance. Defendant said that he needed an ambulance because his “health was deteriorating.”
A police officer responded to defendant’s residence, which was one of several trailers in a clearing in a wooded area at the end of a narrow dirt road. The officer saw defendant standing near the trailer, holding a shiny, silver object. The officer identified himself to defendant, stating his name and his police department. Defendant turned and walked away. The officer left the clearing and called for back-up.
Meanwhile, defendant called 9-1-1 and asked why an ambulance had not been sent, telling the dispatcher:
“All the sudden the cops showed up.
«‡ $ ‡ ⅜ *
“I’m sorry they’re not supposed to be here. I wanted an ambulance.
«‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ⅜
“* * * If I die tonight, it’s on you.”
An ambulance and three other officers met with the first officer at the beginning of the dirt road leading to the clearing. The officers learned that defendant had a bench warrant for failing to appear for court, a misdemeanor. They decided to attempt to contact defendant, to determine whether he needed medical assistance. They did not plan to take any action on the warrant at that time.
The officers drove down the dirt road in two patrol cars with the headlights off. They stopped their cars at a wide spot in the road and walked the remaining distance to the clearing. Each officer carried a tactical rifle. Once in the clearing, two of the officers knocked on defendant’s trailer door, but no one answered. A man, Smith, came out of another trailer and told the officers that defendant had walked away from the area. One of the officers, Mitchell, spoke with Smith and searched his trailer, but found nothing. The officers decided to leave, and as they were heading out, Mitchell heard a noise in defendant’s trailer. Mitchell alerted the other officers and started walking toward the trailer. The trailer door opened, and the officers saw defendant, who was holding an air rifle.
The parties dispute what happened next. Defendant contends that he was holding the air rifle at his side, pointed toward the ground. The state contends that defendant raised the air rifle, which the officers believed was an actual rifle, and pointed it at Mitchell.
The officers then shot at defendant, firing a total of more than 50 shots between the four of them. Defendant did not fire a single shot.
After two bursts of shooting by the officers, Mitchell called out to defendant and asked if he had been hit. Defendant, who had been shot in the arm, told Mitchell that he had been hit. Mitchell told defendant to show him his hands, which defendant did. Two officers grabbed defendant, pulled him out of the trailer, and handfcuffed him. The officers arrested defendant and put him in the ambulance to be transported to a hospital. On the way to the hospital, defendant asked the officer who was traveling with him why the officers had shot him in the arm and told him that they “should have shot him right here,” while pointing to his forehead.
The state charged defendant with four counts of menacing, one for each of the officers involved in the incident. Each count alleged that defendant “did unlawfully and intentionally attempt to place [the officer] in fear of imminent serious physical injury.”
B. Pretrial Motions
Defendant filed a pretrial motion for an order allowing evidence of the use-of-force policies of the two law enforcement agencies whose officers were involved in the shooting. In his motion, defendant asserted that evidence of the policies was relevant to the jury’s determination of “whether [he] in fact menaced the officers, or whether the charges were filed as a means to justify the use of deadly force by the officers.” In other words, defendant asserted that the evidence was relevant to an assessment of whether the officers had fabricated their allegations that he menaced them in order to justify their use of deadly force.
In addition to his pretrial motion regarding the use-of-force policies, defendant filed á separate motion for an order allowing evidence that defendant had “retained counsel for filing a civil lawsuit against the State, its various subdivisions and agencies, as well as the four individual officers, and that the counsel has filed a Tort Claim Notice under ORS 30.275 as a step in the pursuit of the lawsuit.” In the motion, defendant asserted that the tort-claim evidence was admissible to show that the officers had “an interest or bias in claiming that the defendant menaced them, since, if true, that would defeat the civil lawsuit.”
The trial court held a hearing on the motions, and the parties and the court addressed the motions separately, beginning with the motion concerning evidence of the use-of-force policies. Defense counsel explained that his theory of the case was that defendant did not menace the officers at all; instead, when the officers saw defendant with the air rifle pointed down, they overreacted and shot defendant and, thereafter, the officers
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: [Defendant will] say there was no menacing at whatsoever.
“THE COURT: Okay.
“So, I don’t see how the use of force policies have any bearing on the case at all.
“Do you have any other argument?
“ [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I think it kind of ties in with our related argument regarding the civil suit that they did in fact violate the use of force policies in this situation and-
“THE COURT: (Interposing) But, we’re not going to try the civil case here.
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Correct.
“I am-—-well, I understand that. That—as—there’s going to be a claim that [defendant] menaced them to justify the use of force. That’s essentially the story.
“THE COURT: So, they made up a story, phonied up a call to 9-1-1 so they could go shoot him?
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Negative. Or rather, it was more that they made up a claim that [defendant] was threatening them with a firearm when [he] was not, to justify their use of force in this case.
“THE COURT: But that’s still a question this jury will never get to because if they agree with him that he didn’t menace anybody, they find him not guilty and we’re done. So, use of force question has no bearing on it.”
(Emphasis added.) Thus, defense counsel repeatedly told the court that he was offering the use-of-force-policy evidence to support his claim that the officers had fabricated their allegations against defendant in order to justify their use of force. That is, defense counsel took the position that the evidence was relevant to show that the officers had a motive to assert that defendant had menaced them, because, if defendant had menaced them, then their use of force would not have violated the policies. The trial court rejected defense counsel’s assertions and denied defendant’s motion regarding the use-of-force-policy evidence on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.
The trial court then turned to defendant’s separate motion regarding the tort-claim evidence. The state argued that that evidence was not admissible to show that the officers were biased or self-interested because the officers “would be indemnified *** from *** any sort of civil lawsuit.” The trial court rejected that argument and ruled that the evidence was admissible. But the trial court remarked that the evidence “could be a double edged sword” if defendant testified, because the state could use it to show that defendant had a financial motive to testify to certain facts.
C. Trial
At trial, the state’s theory was that, on the night of the incident, defendant was suicidal and had tried to provoke the officers to shoot him. To support its theory, the state presented as witnesses the four officers who had been involved in the incident. Each of the officers testified that defendant had raised the air rifle and pointed it at Mitchell.
The state also presented evidence regarding defendant’s statements. That evidence included the statement that defendant made to the 9-1-1 dispatcher when he called to complain that an ambulance had not arrived (“If I die tonight, it’s on you”) and the statement he made to the officer who rode with him to the hospital (that the officers “should
In addition, the state presented evidence that defendant had photographs next to his bed. A detective testified that the photographs appeared to be of family or friends and that, in his experience, people often will have “photos of things that mean a lot to them laid out in the cases where they expect their death, whether it’s natural or a suicide.” The detective referred to the photographs as a “shrine,” and a deputy medical examiner testified that such “shrines” are occasionally found during investigations of suicides and attempted suicides.
Another detective and the medical examiner also testified about a “reconstruction” they had done to determine the position of defendant’s arms when he was shot. The medical examiner concluded that defendant’s wounds were caused by a single bullet, which grazed defendant’s forearm, entered and exited defendant’s upper arm, and then re-entered his upper arm.
Defendant disputed the state’s theory and evidence, asserting that he had not been suicidal and he had not pointed the air rifle at the officers; instead, the officers had overreacted when they saw the air rifle pointed down. Regarding whether he had been suicidal, defendant testified that, on the night of the incident, he was in pain and had called for an ambulance because he wanted medical assistance. Smith’s girlfriend, who had visited with defendant shortly before the shooting, testified that defendant was in severe pain, with visible symptoms, but that he did not express any thoughts of suicide and was trying to get a ride to the hospital. Regarding the rifle, defendant testified that he held it “ [f] acing the floor.” When he attempted to close his trailer door, “[i]t might have been coming up just a little bit,” to “[a]bout a forty-five degree angle[.]”
Defendant also challenged the accuracy of the reconstruction, which was premised on the theory that a single bullet caused all of defendant’s wounds. Defendant testified that he was shot in the arm twice. Defendant also elicited testimony from the detective who conducted the reconstruction, including that the detective had not received “any formal training as far as wound reconstruction or trajectory training” and the reconstruction was not “a scientific experiment.” The detective acknowledged that the reconstruction was not based on the actual height of defendant or his trailer door. The detective, who stood in for defendant in the reconstruction, is “several inches” taller than defendant, and the stool he stood on to simulate the height of the trailer door “just happen [ed] to be a stool that [they] keep in [their] office.”
The parties argued their competing theories to the jury. The state specifically challenged defendant’s reliance on the tort-claim evidence to show the officers’ bias, arguing both that the officers had not been aware that defendant had filed the notice and that the notice was evidence of defendant’s own bias. In his closing argument, the prosecutor asserted that, “The Defendant has bias and reason to change his testimony. The Defendant as you heard has filed a law suit against the officers and the employers involved in this case.” Similarly, in his rebuttal argument, the prosecutor asserted, “The Defendant is also biased by that suit. The Defendant stands to gain financially should he win that suit. And, I’d ask you to keep that in
In his closing, defense counsel argued that defendant had not pointed the air rifle at the officers and that the jury should hold the officers responsible for the injuries and property damage they caused. Defense counsel challenged the credibility of the officers, pointing out inconsistencies in their testimony and asserting that, because of the tort-claim notice, they “have their own motive and bias.” Defense counsel also challenged the state’s evidence that defendant had been suicidal and its reconstruction.
The jury found defendant guilty of the four counts of menacing, and the trial court entered a judgment of a conviction and sentence, which defendant appeals.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, defendant raises a single assignment of error, asserting that the trial court erred by denying his pretrial motion regarding the evidence of the use-of-force policies, specifically, the Coos County Sheriffs policy.
A. Preservation
At the outset, we conclude that defendant preserved his appellate argument. As described above, defendant filed a written motion regarding the evidence at issue, explained his theory of relevance to the trial court, and obtained a ruling on the motion.
B. Admissibility
Regarding the merits of the argument, we conclude that the trial court erred in excluding the evidence. Evidence that supports an inference that a witness has a motive to make certain statements is relevant to show the witness’s bias or self-interest:
“A party is entitled to impeach a witness with evidence regarding the witness’s bias or interest. State v. Hubbard,297 Or 789 , 796,688 P2d 1311 (1984); State v. Nguyen,222 Or App 55 , 60,191 P3d 767 (2008), rev den,345 Or 690 (2009). As the Supreme Court has observed, it is‘always permissible’ to show the bias or interest of a witness because such evidence goes to the witness’s credibility. Hubbard, 297 Or at 796 (internal quotation marks omitted). That observation is in keeping with the principle that ‘the jury is entitled to hear all the facts relating to the possible bias and self-interest of the witness.’ State v. Sheeler,15 Or App 96 , 100,514 P2d 1370 (1973). Thus, ‘[ujnless there is reason to exclude [evidence of bias or interest], it must be received.’ State v. Prange,247 Or App 254 , 263-64,268 P3d 749 (2011). A party is entitled to make an ‘initial showing of [a witness’s] bias or interest.’ Hubbard,297 Or at 798 (internal quotation marks omitted). Only after a party has made such a showing does a trial court have the discretion to exclude additional evidence of bias or interest on the ground, for example, that it is cumulative. Id.”
State v. Valle,
“The discretion of the trial judge to exclude evidence relevant to bias or interest only obtains once sufficient facts have been established from which the jury may infer that bias or interest. Typically, this would require wide latitude be given to the cross-examiner to ask and receive answers to questions sufficient to demonstrate to the jury the nature of the bias or interest of the witness.”
Hubbard,
Like any other type of evidence, evidence of a witness’s bias or interest is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” OEC 401 (defining “relevant evidence”). The threshold for establishing that evidence is relevant is “very low.” State v. Hampton,
Evidence of bias or interest includes evidence that a witness has a personal motive for stating that he or she took certain action, such as to remain in good standing with an employer. For example, in Hubbard, the Supreme Court held that, in a criminal prosecution arising from a confrontation between the defendant and a police officer, evidence of the officer’s knowledge of his police department’s internal procedures was relevant “to show that the officer has an interest in testifying that he followed such procedures, whether he in fact did so.”
In this case, the evidence ofthe use-of-force policies was relevant to whether the officers involved in the shooting had a personal interest in providing a particular version of events. As in Hubbard, it supported an inference that the officers had an interest in stating that they complied with the policies, whether they in fact did so. Consequently, defendant was entitled to introduce the evidence to make an initial showing of the officers’ bias, and the trial court erred in excluding it.
C. Harmlessness
Having concluded that the trial court erred by excluding the use-of-force-policy evidence, we turn to the question of whether the error was harmless. See State v. Davis,
Erroneous exclusion of evidence of a witness’s bias or personal interest is not harmless if, as a result of the exclusion, the jury is “not fully informed of matters relevant to an assessment of [the witness’s] credibility[.]” Valle,
A witness may have multiple motivations for testifying to particular facts, and “[a]dmission of evidence of one type of bias does not render exclusion of evidence of another type of bias harmless.” State v. Hernandez,
Here, we conclude that the trial court’s exclusion of the use-of-force policy evidence was not harmless; it deprived defendant of the opportunity to present evidence relevant to the jury’s assessment of the credibility of the officers whose testimony was central to the state’s case. As defendant asserted to the trial court when arguing his pretrial motion
In his dissent, Judge Egan argues otherwise, for two reasons. First, he argues that the exclusion of the use-of-force evidence was harmless because the evidence was cumulative.
Judge Egan bases his arguments on the Supreme Court’s statement in State v. Titus,
“[U]nder Hubbard, the trial court’s error *** would be harmless if either: (1) despite the exclusion, the jury nonetheless had an adequate opportunity to assess [the witness’s] credibility; or (2) [the witness’s] credibility was not important to the outcome of the trial.”
First, Judge Egan’s dissent argues that the jury had an adequate opportunity to assess the officers’ credibility because the trial court admitted evidence that defendant had filed a tort-claim notice.
First, the use-of-force-policy evidence was different from the tort-claim evidence. Although both were offered to show that the officers were motivated to claim that defendant raised and pointed the air rifle, they concerned different motivations. The use-of-force-policy evidence was relevant to whether the officers had a motive to testify in a certain way in order to protect themselves from adverse employment consequences, whereas the tort-claim evidence was relevant to whether the officers had a motive to testify in a certain way in order to protect themselves from tort liability. As noted, exclusion of evidence of one motive is not rendered harmless by the admission of evidence of a different motive. Hernandez,
Second, the use-of-force-policy evidence was stronger than the tort-claim evidence, because the threat of negative repercussions from violation of the policy was more obvious and immediate than the threat from a tort claim that had not been filed, and might not ever be filed. It also was more personal, because, as the prosecutor suggested, the officers could be immune from tort liability.
Third, the use-of-force-policy evidence was more specific. The policy contains a standard for using force, and a jury could infer that the officers had an incentive to describe their conduct as having conformed to that standard.
Fourth, and perhaps most importantly, the use-of-force-policy evidence was not subject to the same attack that the state made against the tort-claim evidence. As the trial court observed, the tort-claim evidence was a double-edged sword: a jury could use it to conclude, as defendant urged, that the officers had a financial reason to make the statements they did, but the jury could also use it to conclude, as the state urged, that defendant himself had a financial reason for making the statements he did. Indeed, that was how the state effectively neutralized the tort-claim evidence.
In sum, the use-of-force-policy evidence was qualitatively different from the tort-claim evidence; it was important evidence that would have provided separate and better support for defendant’s theory. The exclusion of it prejudiced defendant because it denied him the opportunity “to place the witness [es] in [their] proper setting and put the weight of [their] testimony and [their] credibility to a test, without which the jury cannot fairly appraise them.” Alford,
Judge Egan’s contrary conclusion is based on his view that defendant had a single purpose in offering the use-of-force-policy evidence and the tort-claim evidence. According to the dissent, defendant offered the use-of-force-policy evidence to show that the officers had a motive to lie to avoid tort liability.
In arguing that the use-of-force-policy evidence was offered only to show that the officers were motivated to avoid tort liability, Judge Egan’s dissent relies on defendant’s pretrial motion regarding the tort-claim evidence, in which defendant asserted that the tort-claim evidence was admissible “to show the jury that the officers have an interest or
Having concluded that, contrary to Judge Egan’s argument, the jury did not have an adequate opportunity to assess the officers’ credibility, we turn to his assertion that the second circumstance identified in Titus is present in this case. To repeat, in Titus, the Supreme Court stated:
“[U]nder Hubbard, the trial court’s error *** would be harmless if either: (1) despite the exclusion, the jury nonetheless had an adequate opportunity to assess [the witness’s] credibility; or (2) [the witness’s] credibility was not important to the outcome of the trial.”
Judge Egan’s dissent contends that we do not address the second circumstance identified in Titus and that we should focus on whether the officers’ testimony was corroborated.
It may be that, in some cases, the credibility of a witness will not be important because there is overwhelming evidence regarding the facts to which the witness testified, but this is not such a case. In arguing that the exclusion of the use-of-force-policy evidence was harmless, Judge Egan’s dissent relies on the state’s evidence of the statements defendant made, the photographs near his bed, and the reconstruction.
In sum, we conclude that defendant preserved his challenge to the trial court’s exclusion of the use-of-force-policy evidence, the trial court erred in excluding the evidence, and the error was not harmless.
Reversed and remanded.
Notes
ORS 163.190 provides, “A person commits the crime of menacing if by word or conduct the person intentionally attempts to place another person in fear of imminent serious physical injury.”
We acknowledge that the denial of a pretrial motion to admit specific evidence does not necessarily preclude the admission of all evidence on the subject matter. However, in this case, the parties and the trial court treated defendant’s motion as concerning the policies as a subject matter. The trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion to admit evidence concerning the policies was categorical and the parties understood it as such. At trial, when defense counsel objected to a question the prosecutor asked one of the officers on the ground that it concerned the policies, the prosecutor did not dispute that the trial court had excluded evidence concerning the policies; instead, the prosecutor asserted that the “line of questioning doesn’t get into the policies at all.”
The trial judge, who was a different judge than the judge who had ruled on the pretrial motions, shared the parties’ understanding of the pretrial judge’s ruling, observing that, based on its review of the pretrial order, it had “assumed we weren’t going to get into the policies.”
The medical examiner testified that, in her opinion, a bullet grazed defendant’s forearm, and then caused a “through and through” injury, by going through a fold of skin and coming out the other side, and then entered defendant’s upper arm again.
The Coos County Sheriff’s Office’s use-of-force policy provides, in part:
“Deadly force may be used only when a deputy sheriff reasonably believes that the action is in defense of human life, including the deputy’s own life, or in defense of any person in imminent danger of serious physical injury or death.
“The objective of the use of deadly force is to render that person incapable of continuing the activity which required the use of that deadly force.”
In his dissent, Judge Armstrong argues that defendant’s appellate argument is unpreserved.
Judge Armstrong also asserts that defendant did not seek to have the use-of-force-policy evidence admitted as impeachment evidence. We disagree. As recounted above,
The state argues that the trial court did not err because it did not “abuse its discretion” when it excluded the evidence. That argument is unavailing for two reasons: (1) the trial court did not exercise its discretion, it ruled that the evidence was inadmissible as a matter of law because it had “no bearing” on the case, and (2) the trial court had no discretion to exclude the evidence because defendant was entitled to make an initial showing regarding the particular employment-related motive that the officers had for stating that defendant had menaced them. See Hubbard,
When determining whether evidentiary error is harmless, “we do not weigh the evidence or act as factfinder!.]” State v. Marquez-Vela,
As described, the prosecutor objected to the admission of the tort-claim evidence on the ground that it was not bias evidence because the officers could not be held personally liable.
As noted, the use-of-force policy provides that an officer may use deadly force only when the officer “reasonably believes that the action is in defense of human life, including [the officer’s] own life, or in defense of any person in imminent danger of serious physical injury or death.” Thus, an officer subject to the policy who was being investigated for using deadly force would have a reason to testify that he or she did so in response to a threat of imminent death or serious physical injury.
As set out above, the state argued, “The Defendant has bias and reason to change his testimony. The Defendant as you heard has filed a law suit against the officers and the employers involved in this case,” and the state also argued, “The Defendant stands to gain financially should he win that suit. And, I’d ask you to keep that in mind and as you are allowed to do and instructed to do as part of your jury instructions [.] ”
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
Defendant assigns as error the trial court’s exclusion of police department use-of-force policy orders based on his argument that those policies were relevant to show the officers’ bias. However, in my view, defendant’s argument on appeal misapprehends the scope of the trial court’s ruling. The trial court’s ruling—which is the only ruling to which defendant assigns error—was narrowly focused on defendant’s bare pretrial request to admit the use-of-force policy orders themselves, presumably as exhibits to be
The majority and Judge Egan’s dissent adequately relate the facts of this case, so I do not repeat them here. Instead, I focus on the pretrial proceedings that resulted in the ruling that defendant challenges on appeal.
Before trial, defendant filed a “motion to admit use of force policies.” In that motion, defendant requested an order from the court
“allowing evidence of the Coos County Sheriffs Office General Order 4.03 on ‘Use of Force’ effective 5/01/09, as revised or updated at any later date, and the ‘Less Lethal Policy,’ General Order 4.04 effective 5/01/09, as revised or updated at any later date, as well as any comparable policy or directive of the Bandon Police Department.”
His stated ground for the motion was that
“ [i] t would be important for the jury to know whether these multiple [firearm] discharges were in compliance with the policies of the applicable department in determining whether the defendant in fact menaced the officers, or whether the charges were filed as a means to justify the use of deadly force by the officers.”
Thus, defendant only requested that the trial court enter an order admitting the identified policies themselves for use as direct evidence in the menacing case against defendant. Notably, defendant did not seek in his written motion to admit the policies as impeachment evidence. Defendant’s failure to make such a request was in stark contrast to his motion in limine to admit evidence of his tort claim notice against the public entities that employed the officers. In that motion, defendant specifically argued that the evidence of the tort claim notice was admissible “to show the jury that the officers have an interest or bias in claiming that the defendant had menaced them, since if true, that would defeat the civil lawsuit.”
The state’s response to defendant’s motion to admit the use-of-force policies also was focused on the admissibility of the policies themselves because that is what defendant requested. The state argued that the policies were irrelevant to whether defendant had menaced the officers because that crime requires proof of defendant’s state of mind and not the officers’ state of mind. The state also argued that, to the extent defendant would seek to use the policies as impeachment evidence (although defendant did not make that request), the policies were irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial because the applicable standard for the use of deadly force is statutory and not contained in the policies.
At an omnibus hearing, the trial court took up defendant’s motion to admit the use-of-force polices, asking if any party had testimony relevant to that motion, but neither defendant nor the state did. The trial court then engaged in the following colloquy with defendant:
“THE COURT: * * * what does the State’s [sic] use of force policies have to do with the question of whether or not the Defendant was guilty of menacing? Because wouldn’t the use of force policies indicate simply issues relating to the police’s response to his claimed menacing?
“ [Defendant]: Correct. And, our position would be that it was an overreaction or over—non [-] authorized response.
“THE COURT: So, in that context he menaced them less somehow, if he did it at all?
“[Defendant]: Our position would be he didn’t menace them at all.
“THE COURT: So then the use of force policies have nothing to do with it?
“ [Defendant]: Right. But they should not be allowed to use any force.
“THE COURT: But that is never the question in this case. The question isn’t how much force the police used or anything of that nature. The question is, did your client menace anybody? Unless he’sgoing to claim he was menacing people in self-defense?
“[Defendant]: No.
“THE COURT: Okay.
“[Defendant]: He’ll say there was no menacing whatsoever.
“THE COURT: Okay. So, I don’t see how the use of force policies have any bearing on the case at all.
“Do you have any other argument?
“ [Defendant]: I think it kind of ties in with our related argument regarding the civil suit that they did in fact violate the use of force policies in this situation and—
“THE COURT: (Interposing) But, we’re not going to try the civil case here.
“[Defendant]: Correct. I am—well, I understand that. That—as—there’s going to be a claim that [defendant] menaced them to justify the use of force. That’s essentially the story.
“THE COURT: So, they made up a story, phonied up a call to 9-1-1 so they could go shoot him?
“[Defendant]: Negative. Or rather, it was more that they made a claim that [defendant] was threatening them with a firearm when [defendant] was not, to justify their use of force in this case.
“THE COURT: But that’s still a question this jury will never get to because if they agree with him that he didn’t menace anybody, they find him not guilty and we’re done. So, [the] use of force question has no bearing on it.
“Anything else?
“ [Defendant]: That’s the only—all the argument that I have, Your Honor.
“THE COURT: I’ll deny the motion to admit use of force policies.”
As demonstrated by the colloquy with the court, and in conformance with his written motion, defendant sought to admit the policies themselves as direct evidence that defendant did not, in fact, menace the officers, based on a theory that the officers only brought the charges against defendant to justify their use of force.
In denying defendant’s motion to admit the use-of-force policies, the trial court was thus denying defendant’s request to admit the policies themselves as evidence in the case. The court’s written order confirms that that is what the trial court understood it was doing. That written order succinctly stated: “Defendant’s Motion to Admit Use of Force Policies: DENIED.”
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred because the use-of-force polices were relevant to impeach the truthfulness of the officers’ testimony. In particular, defendant argues that the trial court’s ruling prevented him from exploring at trial whether the officers had a motive to testify dishonestly to avoid an unreasonable-use-of-force claim. The difficulty with defendant’s argument is that it misapprehends what the trial court ruled below. As set out at length above, the trial court denied only defendant’s attempt to admit the use-of-force policies themselves as direct evidence in the menacing case. Defendant never requested that the trial court allow him to use the policies in an effort to impeach the officers’ testimony (as opposed to admitting the policies themselves)—viz., defendant never attempted to question the officers about their knowledge of the policies or the consequences that they might face if they violated the policies—and never made an attempt to supply an adequate foundation for admission of the policies themselves as impeachment evidence. As a result, the trial court never made a ruling that prohibited defendant from doing those things. Seeking pretrial to admit the use-of-force policies as evidence is a substantively different request from seeking to impeach witness testimony through questioning that is based on the policies. Because the trial court never made the ruling that defendant now seeks to challenge on appeal, I would affirm.
Accordingly, I dissent.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
Defendant appeals a judgment of conviction of four counts of menacing, assigning error to the trial court’s exclusion of evidence of the Coos County Sheriffs Office’s and Bandon Police Department’s use-of-force policies. For the reasons explained below, I would conclude that, even if the trial court
Because I believe the majority omits key facts from the historical and procedural background in this case, I recount them here.
On December 25, 2013, defendant called 9-1-1 for medical assistance. He requested an ambulance because his “health was deteriorating.” Officer Garrett of the Bandon Police Department was the first to arrive at defendant’s residence, which was a trailer located in a wooded area. To reach defendant’s trailer, Garrett drove down a narrow dirt road—about one vehicle wide—that opened up to four trailers. When he was close to the first trailer, he stopped his patrol car. At that point, Garrett attempted to notify dispatch that he was at defendant’s trailer; however, he had no reception.
Garrett then stepped out of his patrol car and noticed that defendant was standing to the left of the first trailer and was holding a “shiny, silver object.” Garrett identified himself as “Officer Garrett, Bandon Police Department,” and defendant turned around and walked away. Garrett retreated to his patrol car. He backed out of the dirt road “several hundred yards” to an area where he was able to get reception, called dispatch, described what he had observed, and requested backup.
While Garrett waited for backup to arrive, defendant called 9-1-1 again and told the dispatcher:
“All the sudden the cops showed up.
«‡‡‡‡‡
“I’m sorry they’re not supposed to be here. I wanted an ambulance.
«* * ⅝ * *
“* * * If I die tonight, it’s on you.”
Dispatch then called Garrett to report that defendant had called 9-1-1 again, “wanting to know why the police had responded when he asked for an ambulance.” By that time, the ambulance had arrived, as well as Coos County Sheriffs deputies Mitchell and Wilson, and Bandon Police Department Officer Byrd. Mitchell ran a records search on defendant and discovered that defendant had an outstanding arrest warrant.
Garrett, Mitchell, Wilson, and Byrd then drove down the dirt road toward defendant’s trailer in two patrol cars. The officers stopped their patrol cars about 300 yards from the clearing where the trailers were located and started to walk toward defendant’s trailer armed with tactical rifles. Mitchell and Wilson knocked on defendant’s trailer door, and no one answered. There were no lights on in defendant’s trailer. Smith, defendant’s neighbor, came out of his trailer and told Mitchell that he believed that defendant had walked away on foot.
As the officers were getting ready to leave, Garrett heard noises coming from defendant’s trailer. Garrett alerted Mitchell, and Mitchell turned toward defendant’s trailer. The trailer door swung open and the officers saw that defendant was holding what they believed was a rifle; it is undisputed that defendant was actually holding an air rifle that shoots pellets. Garrett testified that he saw “a person standing there and the barrel of a rifle come up”—“as soon as the door came open I could see the gleam of [the] barrel.” Mitchell testified that when the door opened he saw that defendant was holding a rifle in his right hand. Mitchell commanded defendant several times to drop his weapon. Instead, defendant “started to point the rifle up as to aim or as you would hold it with both hands” towards Mitchell. All four officers fired their weapons at defendant. Defendant did not fire a single shot.
After the firing stopped, Mitchell asked defendant if he was hit, and defendant responded, “Yeah, I’m hit.” Defendant had been shot in the right arm and the hat he had been wearing had a bullet hole through it. The officers arrested defendant and put him in the ambulance. Byrd rode with defendant in the ambulance to the hospital. Defendant asked Byrd “why [the officers] shot him in the arm” and told Byrd that he should have shot him “right here” and pointed to his forehead.
Karcher, a deputy medical examiner and forensic nurse, examined defendant at the hospital. Karcher described defendant’s arm injury as a “graze type gunshot wound” underneath his right forearm and a direct gunshot wound that resulted in a “big avulsion”
Smith, who was in a neighboring trailer at the time of the shooting, told Schwenninger that he had spoken with defendant earlier that day and defendant had told him that he would rather die than be there right now. Smith also said that defendant is usually “happy-go-lucky,” but, on the night of the incident, he was in a lot of pain.
The following day, detectives investigated the crime scene at defendant’s trailer. Detectives discovered that the officers had fired more than 50 rounds of ammunition into defendant’s trailer. Detectives also found a collection of photographs in defendant’s trailer, which Karcher believed could have been a “shrine” made in preparation for committing suicide. The state charged defendant with four counts of menacing, ORS 163.190.
Before trial, defendant moved to admit evidence of the “Coos County Sheriffs Office General Order 4.03 on ‘Use of force’ effective 5/01/09,” “General Order 4.04 effective 5/01/09,” and “any comparable policy or directive of the Bandon Police Department.”
“It would be important for the jury to know whether these multiple discharges were in compliance with the policies of the applicable department in determining whether the defendant in fact menaced the officers, or whether the charges were filed as a means to justify the use of deadly force by the officers.”
The state responded that the use-of-force policies were irrelevant under OEC 401
“[THE COURT]: So, I don’t see how the use-of-force policies have any bearing on the case at all.
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“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I think it kind of ties in with our related argument regarding the civil suit that [the officers] did in fact violate the use of force policies in this situation * * *.
“[THE COURT]: *** But, we’re not going to try the civil case here.
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Correct. *** I understand that * * * there’s going to be a claim that [defendant] menaced them to justify the use of force. That’s essentially the story.
“[THE COURT]: So, they made up a story, phonied up a call to 9-1-1 so they could go shoot him?
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Negative. Or rather, it was more that they made a claim that [defendant] was threatening them with a firearm when [defendant] was not, to justify their use of force in this case.
“[THE COURT]: But that’s still a question this jury will never get to because if they agree with him that he didn’t menaceanybody, they find him not guilty and we’re done. So, use of force question has no bearing on it.”
Thus, the trial court found that the use-of-force policies were not relevant.
Before trial, defendant also filed a motion to allow evidence that “defendant ha[d] retained counsel for filing a civil lawsuit against the State, its various subdivisions and agencies, as well as the four individual officers, and that the counsel ha[d] filed a Tort Claim Notice under ORS 30.275 as a step in pursuit of the lawsuit.” Defendant explained that “[t]his evidence is admissible as a basis to show the jury that the officers have an interest or bias in claiming that the defendant had menaced them, since, if true, that would defeat the civil lawsuit.” The state argued that that evidence did not go to bias “because the departments have already determined, at least for their purposes and thus for purposes of indemnification, that the officers acted in a justified manner.” The trial court disagreed with the state and granted the motion to admit that evidence as evidence of bias with the limitation that it be used only “[t]o the extent that * * * [defendant] sent them a tort claim and consulted with a lawyer. And that’s been made known to [the officers’] respective employing jurisdictions.”
At trial, the state presented a theory that defendant had attempted to commit “suicide by cop.” To support that theory, the state relied on defendant’s 9-1-1 call warning the operator “[i]f I die tonight, it’s on you,” defendant’s statement in the ambulance that the police should have shot him in the head, and the potential suicide “shrine” found in defendant’s trailer. All four officers also testified that defendant had pointed the air rifle at Mitchell before they fired their weapons. The state presented evidence that defendant’s testimony had been inconsistent and that he had had a reason to change his testimony after consulting with a lawyer about his tort claim and sending the tort claim notice to the officers’ employers. Defendant testified that, at the time he was shot, the pellet gun he was holding was “[flacing the floor” and that “[i]t might have been coming up just a little bit.” Defendant’s counsel refuted the state’s “suicide by cop” theory by, among other things, pointing out the inconsistency of that theory with defendant calling 9-1-1 for medical help.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of all four counts of menacing. On appeal, he challenges the trial court’s exclusion of the use-of-force policies as evidence of the involved officers’ bias or interest. Defendant contends that “[t]he use-of-force policy was admissible to impeach the truthfulness of the officers’ testimony with their motive to avoid a civil lawsuit.” On the merits of that argument, I would conclude that any error committed by the trial court in excluding that evidence was harmless and affirm. See State v. Davis,
The Supreme Court has stated that a trial court’s “decision to exclude evidence relevant to bias or interest which is error, is reversible if it denies the jury an adequate opportunity to assess the credibility of a witness whose credibility is important to the outcome of the trial.” State v. Hubbard,
With regard to whether the jury had an adequate opportunity to assess the officers’ credibility, here, the jury heard evidence of possible officer bias against defendant in that defendant had retained an attorney to file a civil action against the state agencies and officers, and that that information was made known to the officers’ respective employers. That evidence, as defendant argued in his pretrial motion, was admissible “to show the jury that the officers have an interest or bias in claiming that the defendant had menaced them, since, if true, that would defeat the civil lawsuit” (Emphasis added.) Similarly, at the pretrial hearing on defendant’s motion, defendant argued that the use-of-force policies were admissible because they “kind of tie [d] in with [defendant’s] related
“ [i]t would be important for the jury to know whether these multiple discharges were in compliance with the policies of the applicable department in determining whether the defendant in fact menaced the officers, or whether the charges were filed as a means to justify the use of deadly force by the officers.”
Thus, defendant sought to admit the use-of-force evidence to establish the officers’ bias based on the same theory of bias as the evidence of the civil lawsuit, viz., that the officers had a motive to lie to avoid liability for excessive use-of-force as a basis for tort liability. As a result, the exclusion of the use-of-force evidence did not deprive the jury of the opportunity to evaluate the officers’ bias that defendant alleged they held. Thus, I would conclude that the excluded use-of-force policies were cumulative of the evidence that was admitted at trial.
In coming to the opposite conclusion, the majority ignores the purpose for which defendant offered the use-of-force policies. Defendant argued that he sought to demonstrate the officers’ bias based on the same theory for which he sought to admit the evidence of the tort claim notice— that is, the officers had a motive to lie or exaggerate because, if defendant was convicted of menacing the officers, then that would defeat the civil claim against the officers based on their use of excessive force against defendant. Based on that theory of the case, the use-of-force policies, which defendant sought to have admitted without any offer of proof of any expected testimony, are not qualitatively different from defendant’s tort claim notice.
The majority claims that the use-of-force policies were “relevant to whether the officers had a motive to testify in a certain way in order to protect themselves from adverse employment consequences,” and thus were qualitatively different from the tort claims notice evidence.
I recognize that the credibility of the four officers was important to the outcome of the trial. However, as discussed above, the excluded use-of-force evidence was not qualitatively different from the admitted evidence of the civil action, because the excluded evidence was offered to establish officer bias based on the same theory as the evidence of the civil lawsuit. Consequently, the excluded evidence was not qualitatively different from the admitted evidence in the type or strength of the officer bias that defendant sought to demonstrate. Cf. State v. Valle,
In determining if exclusion of bias evidence is harmless, we are also required to consider whether the particular evidence regarding the officers’ credibility was important to the outcome of the trial. See Titus,
Here, there was evidence corroborating the four officers’ testimony that defendant had intended to place the officers in fear of imminent serious physical injury. That evidence included undisputed evidence that defendant was holding an air rifle, and testimony by a medical examiner and two detectives that the bullet trajectory of defendant’s right arm wounds indicated that defendant was holding the air rifle in his right arm in a “level” shooting position when the officers fired at him. The state also introduced evidence that corroborated the state’s theory that defendant was suicidal at the time of the incident—defendant told Byrd in the ambulance that the officers should have shot him in the head, he told Smith that he was in pain and wanted to die, and the investigators found a potential suicide “shrine” in defendant’s trailer.
In sum, despite the excluded evidence, the jury had an adequate opportunity to assess the credibility of the officers, and the officers’ credibility was not solely determinative of the outcome of the trial. I would thus conclude that there is little likelihood that the exclusion of the use-of-force policies affected the verdict and would affirm. Accordingly, I dissent from the majority’s opinion reversing defendant’s convictions.
Hadlock, C. J., and Tookey, J., join in this dissent.
The Coos County Sheriffs Office use-of-force policy provides, in pertinent part:
“Deadly force may be used only when a deputy sheriff reasonably believes that the action is in defense of human life, including the deputy’s own life, or in defense of any person in imminent danger of serious physical injury or death.
“The objective of the use of deadly force is to render that person incapable of continuing the activity which required the use of that deadly force.”
OEC 401 provides that “‘[Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”