123 Me. 310 | Me. | 1923
The respondent Crooker, "was jointly indicted with two others,' Charles 'Pettis' and Milton C. Chapman, under R. S., Chap. 120; Sec. 21, ofi the charge of’threatening to accuse one Newton of the offense of operating an automobile upon a public highway in Saco at an unlawful rate' of speed With' intent to extort money from him. Crooker was a member" of'the State Highway Police at the time of the alleged crime, the' other men were private citizens. Each respondent pl'eadéd' nót guilty and was represented at the trial by separate counsel. A motion was made for a separate trial of each defendant.-,; This was denied by the court in the exercise of its judicial discretion.
Each respondent was cross-examined by the County Attorney. Pettis in the course of his direct examination gave strong evidence inculpating his co-respondent Crooker. Crooker’s counsel then moved that the court direct a mistrial in the case “because of the prejudice which may exist.in the mind of .the jury after the testimony of this witness, which we cannot eradicate because he is not called as a State’s witness, we cannot cross examine, we cannot meet.” The motion was denied and. an exception noted and allowed.
• Counsel for Pettis then introduced Cressey as a witness. At the conclusion of , his testimony, cross-examination by the State being waived, counsel.for. Crooker addressed the court as follows: “I understand this witness, as the former, I would not have the right of cross-examination?” •
“The Court:. I am reserving and preserving the right of rebuttal when the times comes.” Counsel then renewed his motion for mistrial on the same .grounds as before, and was granted an exception,’the court adding; “'Your: right of rebuttal is being preserved if you desire it.” Counsel: “I can’t quite get the bearings on that. I am just debating now about calling these very witnesses in our own behalf. I don’t know.just- how I will work'out of it.” The Court: “Take it under consideration. . I am simply giving you advice that I do not mean to preclude you in any fair element of
Crooker was later recalled and testified briefly, on rather unimportant points. Each counsel for respondents argued in behalf of his client and the County-Attorney for the State. The presiding Justice then charged the jury, and instructed them that the situation was the same “as though the cases had been tried separately, each independently of the other, and the State must maintain its case against each respondent here, regardless of the case of the other.”
The jury acquitted Chapman and found both Crooker and Pettis guilty.
Counsel for Crooker did not preserve his rights under a bill of exceptions, but filed a motion for a new trial with the presiding Justice, incorporating the usual reasons, that the verdict was against law and evidence, and in addition the grievance that he was denied the right of cross-examination of Pettis and Cressey. The motion was denied, the respondent appealed, and as the offense was a felony the appeal is properly before this court. R. S., Chap. 136, Sec. 28.
The question of law involved is of novel impression, and may be put sharply in this form: In case of the indictment and trial of A, B and C jointly, and B takes the stand in his own behalf, is interrogated by his own counsel and gives testimony clearly incriminating A, has A’s counsel the right to cross-examine B, or is cross-examination limited to the attorney for the State?
We think, both upon principle and authority, that A’s counsel has such legal right under the circumstances stated, and that the right of cross-examination is not confined to the State’s attorney.
It is a fundamental rule of the English common law, embodied in both the State and Federal Constitutions as a part of the declaration of rights, that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have and enjoy the right to be confronted by the witnesses against him. Constitution Maine, Article I., Section 6; Amendment VI. to Constitution U. S. To be confronted by the witnesses against him does not mean merely that they are to be made visible to the accused so that he shall have the opportunity to see and to hear them, but it imports the constitutional privilege to cross-examine them. The right of cross-examination is a substantive right and a most valuable and important one. By it the accused can . test the interest,
But is this right to be limited to those witnesses called by the prosecution? Are they the only witnesses against him? Undoubtedly in the vast majority of cases they are and the peculiar question now under discussion does not often arise. The object of the constitutional provisions is not protection against any particular individual or against the person called by any particular party, but against adverse testimony from whatever source it may come. Hence it is that an attorney is allowed to cross-examine his own witness, one summoned and offered by himself, if such witness proves adverse and hostile. State v. Benner, 64 Maine, 267. The reason for this is that such witness is in fact adverse in interest and sympathy to the interrogating party. Truth is the desired goal, and to elicit truth it may be as necessary to cross-examine one’s own witness as that of the adversary.
Why should not the same principle apply with equal if not with greater force to the cross-examination of a co-defendant B who may be endeavoring to incriminate A, and thereby through self-interest to exculpate himself? Must A remain powerless and helpless under the adverse testimony of B, simply because B has not been summoned by the State but appears as a witness in his own behalf? Does the mere fact of who calls the witness provide the test or must it not, in the interests of justice,' be the character of the evidence itself which gives the constitutional right? The spirit of the common law, of our constitution and of what might be termed the Anglo-Saxon atmosphere of fair play require that the accused shall not be deprived of this right. It is not a mere privilege to be granted or withheld at the discretion of the court, but a substantive right possessed by the accused, and while the court may, in the exercise of reasonable discretion, limit the scope and extent of cross-examination, it cannot absolutely deny it to one entitled to it.
We are therefore of opinion that under these peculiar circumstances in order to do justice and to fully protect the rights of A, he should be given the right of cross-examination of B, who has sought to inculpate him.
In the case at bar the right to rebut Pettis’ testimony was granted to Crooker, but that did not supply the place .of cross-examination. Rebuttal merely arrays testimony against testimony. Cross-examination seeks to go further and weaken or destroy the testimony on the other side. Nor did the instructions of the court in the charge to the effect that each respondent must be tried on the evidence against him irrespective of the evidence against the others, accord to Crooker his full rights, especially as the court in charging on the Pettis branch of the case quoted at some length Pettis’ testimony implicating Crooker.. In our opinion Crooker has not received the full protection guaranteed by the constitution, as a matter of principle independent of authority.
Decisions on this question are few. In Commonwealth v. Mullen et als., 150 Mass., 394, the Law Court sustained a ruling made by the presiding Justice permitting the defendant .Mullen who offered himself as a witness, to be cross-examined by counsel for the co-defendants as to matters material to -their client in addition to the cross-examination by the district attorney. “This necessarily resulted from the position in which Mullen had placed himself in becoming a witness” is the language of the opinion'.
“The question for decision is, whether, where two prisoners are jointly indicted and are separately defended, and one prisoner elects to be sworn and to give evidence on his own behalf, and in the course of his evidence he gives evidence inculpating the other prisoner, counsel for the latter can cross-examine him, or whether he can only be cross-examined by counsel for the prosecution. Before, considering how far the question is governed by authority, it is important to point out, that, if the law does not prohibit it, it is obviously in the interests of justice that the cross-examination of one, prisoner by counsel for the other prisoner, should be allowed, because, where the evidence is very strong against both prisoners, counsel for the prosecution might not think it his duty to cross-examine the prisoner so strictly as counsel for the other prisoner would. Further, inasmuch as a prisoner in giving evidence may raise some new point inculpating the other prisoner as to which counsel for the prosecution has had no notice and has no instructions, counsel for the other prisoner would probably be able to cross-examine more effectively than counsel for the prosecution could do. There may also be cases in which the Judge’s direction to the jury that evidence given by one prisoner is not evidence against the other, would not in the absence of cross-examination be an effective protection to the other prisoner. Therefore. it is in the interests of justice that every opportunity of testing by cross-examination a prisoner’s evidence against another prisoner should be given.” The learned Chief Justice cites two cases where the same right to cross-examine had been previously upheld, Reg. v. Woods, 6 Cox C. C., 224, and Reg. v. Burditt, 6 Cox C. C., 458. In the latter case, Jervis, C. J., said that “the prisoner should certainly have been allowed to cross-examine and reply because the witness called by Burditt gave evidence to criminate him and that evidence became tacked, as it were, to the case for the prosecution.” The court in Rex v. Hadwen then went on to discuss the effect of the English Criminal Evidence Act of 1898, and held that the common law rule in this respect was neither abrogated nor modified by that act and the right of cross-examination still obtained.
One other point needs mention. Crooker’s exceptions although taken were not fully preserved. Can his legal rights be considered by this court on the motion filed in his behalf and his appeal from the overruling thereof? We think they can, under the authority of Pierce v. Rodliff, 95 Maine, 346, where the court say: “This question would have been more appropriately presented in the plaintiff's bill of exceptions; but while the practice of raising questions of law upon motion is not to be encouraged, in cases where manifest error in law has occurred and injustice would otherwise inevitably result, the law of the case may be examined upon a motion, and if required, the verdict be set aside as.against law.” See also Simonds v. Maine T. & T. Co., 104 Maine, 440. Especially is this true where as here the motion itself specifically sets out the alleged errors in law and the prejudice and injury caused thereby. The cited cases were civil actions, but we think the same rule should apply to criminal prosecutions, although as was said in Pierce v. Rodliff, the practice is not to be encouraged.
The verdict was clearly wrong as against the law.
Appeal sustained.
New trial granted.