252 S.W. 678 | Mo. | 1923
Lead Opinion
Robert Creed and Thomas Creed were convicted, after a three days' trial, on the 23d day of April, 1921, of murder in the first degree, and their punishment fixed at imprisonment in the penitentiary for their natural lives, for that, on the 31st day of October, 1920, they shot and killed George Geisler, a police officer of the city of St. Louis.
The evidence on behalf of the prosecution was to the effect that the two defendants, Thomas Creed and Robert Creed, in company with a lewd woman named Edna Brooks, on the afternoon, about five o'clock, of the aforesaid day, entered a saloon or "soft-drink parlor" of one William F. English, at the southwest corner of Clark Avenue and Twenty-first Street in the city of St. Louis; that soon thereafter while the two defendants and the said Edna Brooks were standing at the bar and all of them drinking whisky, Police Officer Geisler entered and spoke to the defendants and others as he passed to the *313 rear of the room; that upon his returning to the saloon a short while thereafter an altercation occurred between defendant Robert Creed and Officer Geisler, during which Creed referred to Geisler's brother as being a thief and used offensive epithets to the officer (testimony of Wm. F. English). Defendants then went to him, taking positions on either side of deceased. During said altercation the officer struck Robert Creed with his club (testimony of Edna Brooks). Thereupon there was a struggle between the officer and the Creeds and the three of them retreated through the opening at the end of the bar into a large back room connected with the saloon, the deceased being shoved and pushed through by defendants, and shortly thereafter shots were fired in said room, whereupon all the numerous persons in the saloon proper fled to the street through the front door, including Edna Brooks, according to her testimony given before the coroner the morning after the homicide and before the grand jury the same day, as admitted by her on cross-examination. On this trial, however, she stated that she closely followed the defendants and the officer into the aforesaid back room and there tried to prevent any shooting, the officer having his hands up and the defendants being on either side of him, and that shots were fired so close to her as to powder-burn her; that just after the shooting she ran out into the saloon and was hanging upon the railing of the bar, and while there saw the officer run out through the bar-room, and shortly thereafter the defendants, and said that she saw a gun in the hand of one of them as they passed, and then she went out on the sidewalk, and saw the officer fall in the street. She thought that the defendants and the officer were talking in a friendly manner, and did not hear any epithets or abusive language by the defendants until just after the officer struck Robert Creed across the face with his club.
There were a number of people in the saloon playing cards and standing around who saw the officer come *314 in and he and the defendants talking or arguing together, and who upon hearing the shots ran from the saloon. Soon after the shooting the hat, revolver and club of the officer were found on the floor of the aforesaid back room. The testimony of Edna Brooks in regard to the officer using his club upon the defendants was corroborated by witness Hancen and by witness Thomas O'Conner; and witness John J. Gorman testified that the officer, just before he entered the saloon, made threats against the life of Robert Creed.
Defendants' testimony was that before going to the English saloon they had been drinking but that no pistol was given to them. One witness testified that the deceased said just before entering the saloon: "I see that s____ o____ b____ Creed here again. About the only way that I can keep him off my beat is to kill him." Another witness said that the officer upon entering the saloon approached the appellants and cursed Robert Creed, began striking him and drove him into the back room; that Tom Creed, asked the policeman not to hit Bob, but just to lock him up. This witness did not see the shooting, but heard Tom Creed say immediately afterwards, "What have you done Bob, what have you done?" He heard Bob Creed reply: "He caused it himself, Tom."
I. It is a general rule of law that the testimony of a contradicted, impeached or discredited witnessConfirmation cannot be confirmed by proving that he madeof Testimony: similar declarations out of court. [People v.Coerced Statement Katz, 209 N.Y. l.c. 338.] An exception to theout of Court. rule is later noted.
In objecting to the admission in evidence of the rehabilitating statement of witness, Edna Brooks, the defendant takes the position that her trial testimony, having been impeached on cross-examination by her testimony before the coroner, and on her first appearance before the grand jury, could not be restored by statements made subsequent to the impeachment. To lucidly understand the proposition presented, a review of the evidence is apropos. *315
On the same evening, subsequent to the shooting, Edna Brooks was arrested. The next morning about six a.m. she made a statement in writing to the police officers, in effect, that she did not see the shooting. This statement was made after a sleepless night, caused by the officers constantly grilling her, and calling her a damned liar. Later in the morning, she was examined before the coroner and the grand jury, her evidence tending to show before each "that she saw the deceased hit defendant, Bob Creed, with a club, after which there was some scuffling between them, and then she saw everybody get up and start to run, and she heard some shots and she ran, too; that she knew positively the Creed boys had no gun." She was again incarcerated and again grilled. The police captain accused her of perjury before the coroner and grand jury. (On the trial, she admitted perjury before the coroner and on her first appearance before the grand jury). She was questioned by him five hours, and advised that perjury was punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary, and that if she did not tell the truth she would again be turned over to a certain officer (whom she seemed to fear) for inquiry. That afternoon, about 5:30 p.m., being without sleep for about thirty-six hours, she made a supplementary written statement, in effect, that she saw Bob Creed and Tom Creed wrestling in the back room with deceased, saw a pistol in Bob Creed's hand, begged them not to shoot deceased, but they did so, shooting so close to her that the powder burned her hand. Over the objection and exception of defendant, to rehabilitate her testimony, the State introduced the supplementary statement made by the witness to the police.
We think the admission, in evidence, of the supplementary statement, was error.
It is clear from the epitome of facts, that the supplemental or additional statement made by the witness to the police does not come within the exception to the general rule, that the testimony of an accomplice in crime *316 may be corroborated by showing that when first arrested he gave the same relation of facts which he had given on oath during the trial. The statement introduced in evidence by the State was an attempt to prove the verity of evidence made on oath by a statement not on oath at a time when the witness had been coerced by loss of sleep and a grilling such as to overpower her will. The defendant had discredited the witness by cross-examination and by her admission of perjury. The purpose of the State was to rehabilitate it. There were two inconsistent statements, one of which was necessarily false. Defendant did not offer the cross-examination to prove the verity of her testimony, but to show that it was unworthy of belief and could not be relied upon. Her testimony was discredited and she was a perjurer by her own admission. Her impeachment was not disproved by the use of the supplementary statement, and that was all it offered to establish; nor was it admissible as substantive proof, for it was hearsay. The only way to meet evidence of a contradictory statement is to prove the witness did not make it. In the present case she admitted making it.
There seems to be no doubt that at the time the witness made the supplemental statement, she was under the moral and physical duress of the police department. Her interest and motive was to escape punishment and obtain sleep and peace. Her will power had been battered down, so that she was under the complete domination of the police, and while it is possible for her testimony, given at the trial, to be true, the coercion used was sufficient to cast grave doubt upon its verity. As was said in Legere v. State,
The supplementary statement was again inadmissible, for that it was made subsequent to the testimony by which the witness was impeached. Such testimony may not be used to import verity. Out of such procedure would arise corruption and perjury. It would tend to defeat the ends of justice, by supporting the faltering testimony of a discredited, impeached or perjured witness. Admitting such testimony would resolve itself in a race resulting in rebuttal and sur-rebuttal, to determine which party could produce the greater number of witnesses in contradiction. This would not determine their credibility and would lead to injustice.
In Conrad v. Griffey, 11 How. (U.S.) l.c. 492, 13 L. Ed. 779, the Supreme Court lays down the rule that the rehabilitating statements, not having been made prior in time to the discrediting or impeaching statements, do not appear on principal or precedent to be competent. The case follows the rule proclaimed in England and in a number of our states. This is the rule adopted in the following cases: Brazier's Case, 1 East P.C. 444; Ellicott v. Pearl, 10 Peters, 439; Stolp v. Blair,
II. Defendant complains of the admission in evidence of the clothing worn by the deceased at the time of the shooting. In State v. Porter,
III. Defendant contends that Instruction 8, on self-defense, is erroneous and does not properly declare the law. This instruction states "that the law of self-defense is emphatically the law of necessity, and does not imply the right ofSelf-Defense. attack." This is ambiguous. If it conveys to the jury that one may not attack without first being attacked, then there is no fault in it. If on the other hand the jury may gather its meaning as prohibiting an attack, by the assailed, as a means of defending himself, then we think it misleads the jury. Capable of being so interpreted, we think the ambiguity error.
Complaint, regarding said instruction, is further made of the following: "Nor will it avail in any case where the difficulty is sought for or induced by the party's own willful act, or where he voluntarily enters into it, . . . no matter how imminent the peril may become during the progress of the affray, . . . and no one is justified in using any more force than is necessary to *319 get rid of an assailant or to repel an assault made upon him."
We think the above excerpts ambiguous, extending the vice to the whole instruction. The above portions were commented on in State v. Hopkins,
IV. Defendants complain that the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on their right of imperfect self-defense and on the subject of nicely gauging the amount of force to be used in perfect or imperfect self-defense. The testimony for the State tended to show that defendants gave the firstImperfect provocation and brought on the difficulty by theSelf-Defense. use of offensive language, and that then the deceased struck Bob Creed with his club. To this point the testimony fails to show an assault, actual or threatened, by the defendants, toward the deceased, but merely shows the use of vile names and offensive language. The next act related in evidence is the striking of Bob Creed on the head or in the face, by deceased, with the policeman's club. We then find, according to the State's evidence, Bob and Tom Creed pushing and shoving the deceased through the passage to the rear room. According to the testimony of the defense, we find deceased using his club to force Bob Creed through the passage to the rear room, and Tom Creed asking the deceased not to hit Bob, but just to lock him up.
The above testimony tends to show that Bob and Tom Creed brought about the argument, but fails to show a felonious act committed or attempted on their part before the use of the club. After bringing about the difficulty, there was evidence to the effect that the Creeds defended themselves from a felonious attack. Therefore an instruction involving the right of imperfect *320
or incomplete self-defense should have been given. [State v. Hopkins,
Where either the right of self-defense or imperfect self-defense is involved and the assailing party is possessed of an instrument that the defendant might reasonably consider deadly or capable of doing great bodily harm, and has reasonable grounds to fear or suspect its consequential use, the defendant is not required to nicely gauge the amount of force to be used in defending himself. The legal requirement is that of good faith only, and does not demand perfected judgment. We therefore think the court should have given an instruction embodying that principle. [State v. Hopkins,
V. The defendants did not take the witness stand. Neither they nor their attorney said or did anything that could be construed as admitting that they, or either of them, shot or wounded deceased. The court then committed error in givingAdmitting that part of instruction seven, which reads: "TheCrime. defendants admit the shooting and wounding, but claim they acted in self-defense," for the burden was on the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendants or one of them shot deceased. [State v. Vaughan,
VI. Instruction F was asked by defendants, to the effect, that the jury may consider uncommunicated threats made by deceased against Robert Creed as tending to explain the conduct of deceased. This instruction should not have been given as it was an unwarranted comment upon the evidence,Uncommunicated singling out and giving undue prominence toThreats. certain portions. The court covered the subject, in its general instruction, that the jury could consider all the facts and circumstances in arriving at its verdict. We think *321
the court did not err in refusing it. [State v. Cruts,
For as much as the foregoing errors deprived defendants of a fair and impartial trial, we reverse and remand the case to be retried in accordance herewith. Railey and Higbee, CC., concur.
Addendum
The foregoing opinion of DAVIS, C., is hereby adopted as the opinion of the court. Walker, J., concurs; David E. Blair,P.J., and White, J., concur in paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and the result.