State v. CookState v. Cook
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Handwork
This is an appeal from a December 12, 1989 judgment entry of the Bowling Green Municipal Court in which appellant, John T. Cook, was found guilty of the charge of driving under suspension and guilty of the charge of failing to drive within marked lanes but not guilty of the charge of driving under the influence, resulting in appellant receiving a sentence of probation for three years, fines totalling $350, and court costs. Two of the three counts, driving under the influence and driving under suspension, were tried to a jury. The remaining charge, failure to drive within marked lanes, was tried to the court. Appellant presents two assignments of error to support his contention that his conviction for driving under suspension must be overturned. The two assignments of error state:
“First Assignment of Error
“The lower court erred by convicting defendant-appellant of driving under an FRA suspension in violation of Ohio Revised Code Section 4507.02(B).
“A. The conviction of the defendant-appellant was against the manifest weight of the evidence inasmuch as the state failed to prove notice to the defendant of the suspension.
“B. The jury instruction on the notice requirement was erroneous and substantially prejudiced the defendant in his ability to present his defense.
“Second Assignment of Error
“The lower court erred in admitting state’s Exhibit 1, Bureau of Motor Vehicles packet which was not properly authenticated, contained hearsay evidence, irrelevant evidence and prejudicial evidence thereby prejudicing defendant’s right to a fair trial.”
A brief review of the events which led to appellant being charged with the three counts previously stated is necessary to understand the contentions presented by appellant. Appellant testified at trial that on November 6, 1988, he was involved in an accident while driving his employer’s car. Police officers were called to the scene and a report was made, but no citations were issued. Appellant testified that he was not aware of the requirement established by
As was previously stated, appellant was originally cited for a violation of
“No person, whose driver’s or commercial driver’s license or permit * * * has been suspended or revoked pursuant to Chapter 4509. of the Revised Code, shall operate any motor vehicle within this state, or knowingly permit any motor vehicle owned by him to be operated by another person in the state, during the period of the suspension or revocation, except as specifically authorized by Chapter 4509. of the Revised Code.”
*83
The record shows that appellant’s license was suspended under R.C. Chapter 4509 pursuant to three different provisions. The first provision,
“The driver of any motor vehicle which is in any manner involved in a motor vehicle accident shall within thirty days forward a written report of the accident to the registrar of motor vehicles on a form prescribed by the registrar. The forwarding of the report by the owner of the motor vehicle involved in the accident is deemed compliance with this section by the driver. This section does not change or modify the duties of the driver or operator of a motor vehicle as set forth in section 4549.02 of the Revised Code.”
The second provision,
“A person to whom this state has issued a certificate of registration for a motor vehicle or a license to operate a motor vehicle or who is determined to have operated any motor vehicle or permitted the operation in this state of a motor vehicle owned by the person shall be required to verify the existence at the time of the traffic offense or accident of proof of financial responsibility covering the operation of the motor vehicle or the person’s operation of the motor vehicle whenever * * * the person or a motor vehicle owned by the person is involved in a traffic accident that requires the filing of an accident report under
A violation of either of the above-quoted provisions from R.C. Chapter 4509 can result in the suspension of the violator’s license pursuant to
“The registrar may suspend the license of any person who fails to report an accident, as provided in Sections 4509.01 to 4509.78, inclusive, of the Revised Code, until the report has been filed.”
Once the suspension is in effect,
“Whoever violates division (B) or (D) of
Neither appellee nor appellant disputes the existence of a procedural due process requirement of notice and opportunity to be heard relating to the suspension of a driver’s license. See Bell v. Burson (1970), 402 U.S. 535, 542, 91 S.Ct. 1586, 1591, 29 L.Ed.2d 90, 96. What is disputed is whether the procedural due process requires actual notice to be delivered to the affected driver. Appellant argues that nothing less than actual notice will satisfy his due process rights. Appellee counters by citing several cases from Ohio *84 which establish the principle that the BMV does not have the burden of showing actual notice was received by the driver; raither, the BMV need only show that notice was sent to the driver’s last known address in a manner reasonably calculated to result in notice being received. See, e.g., Townsend v. Dollison (1981), 66 Ohio St.2d 225, 227-228, 20 O.O.3d 220, 221-222, 421 N.E.2d 146, 147-148; State v. Morrison (1982), 2 Ohio App.3d 364, 366, 2 OBR 421, 423, 442 N.E.2d 114, 117.
Our research indicates that there is a diversity of opinion among the states regarding the question of what constitutes appropriate notice relating to the suspension of a driver’s license. See Annotation, Sufficiency of Notice and Hearing Before Revocation or Suspension of Motor Vehicle Driver’s License (1974), 60 A.L.R.3d 427, 430. The majority of states require notice and a hearing before a license is suspended, but do not require actual notice to be served. The minority of states require actual notice before a license can be suspended. See State v. Hammond (1971), 116 N.J.Super. 244, 249-251, 281 A.2d 819, 822.
A review of Ohio cases dealing with notice requirements for license suspensions shows that in some instances actual notice has been required in accordance with the minority view, and in other instances constructive notice has been deemed sufficient, in accordance with the majority view. None of the cases dealing with notice requirements for the suspension of a driver’s license appears to be directly on point with the case at bar, since none of the cases stemmed from the suspension of a driver’s license for failure to file an accident report with the BMV.
One of the earlier Ohio cases addressing the issue of notice required when a license is suspended for the accumulation of more than twelve points in two years has language which shows that the court concluded that actual notice must be given to meet constitutional due process rights. State v. Simmons (M.C.1960), 85 Ohio Law Abs. 1, 5, 172 N.E.2d 194, 196-197. The precedential value of State v. Simmons is limited, however, because the court noted that all its statements regarding notice requirements were dicta, since the driver’s license had been suspended in proceedings subsequent to the proceedings on appeal. Id. at 2, 172 N.E.2d at 195. In addition, the suspension in question in State v. Simmons was the result of the accumulation of too many points on a driver’s license, a distinction of some significance since the statutory sections pertaining to that type of suspension include specific directions to the registrar to send notice of the suspension of the driver. The statutes at issue in this case do not contain any similar provision.
A second Ohio court considering the suspension of a driver’s license for failure to take a chemical test to determine whether the driver was operating *85 a vehicle under the influence of alcohol ruled that “actual notice is a condition precedent to the suspension taking effect.” Fell v. Bureau of Motor Vehicles (1972), 30 Ohio App.2d 151, 160, 59 O.O.2d 269, 274, 283 N.E.2d 825, 832, certiorari denied (1974), 419 U.S. 1010, 95 S.Ct. 330, 42 L.Ed.2d 285. In Fell, the BMV filed a motion to dismiss the appeal on the basis that the appeal was filed more than twenty days after notice of suspension was sent to the driver. The court first noted that any proceedings brought under the implied consent statute were civil and administrative in nature. The court then focused on the specific provisions of the implied consent statute. Included in those provisions was a requirement that:
“When the registrar suspends the license he shall immediately notify the person in writing, at his last known address, and inform him that he may petition for a hearing * * *.” Id. at 158, 59 O.O.2d at 273, 283 N.E.2d at 831.
The Fell court reached the same conclusion as the State v. Simmons court and ruled that notification meant actual notice.
A separate court of appeals reached a slightly different conclusion a few years later when considering whether actual notice was required before a suspension for failure to take a chemical test to determine whether the driver was operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol became effective. Ryan v. Andrews (1976), 50 Ohio App.2d 72, 4 O.O.3d 49, 361 N.E.2d 1086. In Ryan, the BMV sent notification by certified letter to the driver that her license would be suspended for failure to comply with the chemical test. The certified letter was sent to the address listed on the refusal to take the chemical test form. The driver had moved to a new address following her arrest for DUI. She had not informed the BMV of her new address. The Ryan court stated:
“If actual notice were required here, plaintiff-appellant by moving and refusing to claim a certified mail letter would have been able to postpone her suspension by two months. A person who neglects to inform the Bureau of her new address or who fails to claim a certified mail letter will not be heard to complain later that she did not know of the suspension until after the twenty-day appeal time had lapsed.” Id. at 77, 4 O.O.3d at 51, 361 N.E.2d at 1089.
In 1981, the Supreme Court of Ohio received a case on certification raising the question of what notice was appropriate for a suspension of a driver’s license. Townsend v. Dollison, supra.
The
Townsend
court, in a
per curiam
opinion, ruled that a driver whose license was suspended after the accumulation of twelve points was not denied his due process of law when he did not receive actual notice.
Id.
at 227-228, 20 O.O.3d at 221-222, 421 N.E.2d at 147-148. The driver in
Townsend
had
*86
not received notice of the suspension of his driver’s license because the driver had failed to provide the BMV with his most recent address. The notice had been sent to the driver’s last known address. The
Townsend
court quoted the provisions of
“The facts of this case demonstrate that the failure of the appellant to receive notice cannot be attributed to the Bureau of Motor Vehicles. It would appear from the record that the appellant failed to report his correct address to the bureau when he renewed his driver’s license on September 10, 1977.” Id. at 227, 20 O.O.3d at 222, 421 N.E.2d at 148.
At least three Ohio courts have ruled on notification issues following the Supreme Court decision in Townsend. The Franklin County Court of Appeals, when considering a challenge to a suspension imposed after an individual accumulated more than twelve points on his driver’s license within a two-year period, ruled that:
“Proper notice for purposes of
The Summit County Court of Appeals ruled that a suspension of a driver’s license for failure to post a security deposit could be upheld when “ * * * constructive notice reasonably calculated to apprise the licensee of the suspension * * * ” was rendered. State v. Morrison (1982), 2 Ohio App.3d 364, 366, 2 OBR 421, 423, 442 N.E.2d 114, 118. The Morrison court also noted that: “ * * * [A] charge of driving under suspension is akin to a strict liability statute and requires no culpable mental state on the part of the defendant.” Id. at 367, 2 OBR at 424, 442 N.E.2d at 119.
The third court to rule on notice provisions following the Townsend decision was the Hamilton County Municipal Court. Daugherty v. McCullion (1985), 22 Ohio Misc.2d 1, 22 OBR 59, 488 N.E.2d 509. The suspension in question in that case resulted from an accumulation of twelve points within a two-year period. The driver whose license was suspended had provided his correct new address to a police officer when he was issued a citation for speeding. However, the BMV failed to update its records and sent the notice to the driver’s old address. The certified letter was returned unclaimed. The court *87 held that “ * * * the notice sent to petitioner herein was not sent to his ‘last known address’ and therefore the twenty-day period for filing a petition did not commence until he received actual notice.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 4, 22 OBR at 62, 448 N.E.2d at 512.
We have carefully reviewed all of the Ohio cases we could locate and find that all are distinguishable because none dealt with the exact situation which exists in this case. In each of the cases previously discussed, the situations addressed by the courts were governed by specific state statutes which directed the Registrar of the BMV to serve notice of a suspension by certified mail at the last known address of the driver. As we have already shown in our discussion of these cases, the most recent cases have ruled that notification requirements are met if the BMV does send the notice by certified mail to the last known address as directed by statute. Constructive notice is adequate unless the BMV is at fault for not sending the certified letter to the correct last known address, in which case actual notice is required. Appellee argued, and the lower court ruled, that the same reasoning applies in this case, rendering appellant guilty of driving under suspension because the certified letter was sent to appellant’s correct last known address, making constructive notice adequate. We do not agree. We have carefully reviewed R.C. Chapter 4509, in general, and
*88
“Chapter 119. of the Revised Code applies to this section only to the extent that any provision in that chapter is not clearly inconsistent with this section.”
We therefore turn to R.C. Chapter 119 to see if any notice provisions are applicable in this situation.
“ * * * When a statute specifically permits the suspension of a license without a prior hearing, notice of the agency’s order shall be sent to the party by registered mail, return receipt requested, not later than the business day next succeeding such order. Such notice shall state the reasons for the agency’s action, cite the law or rule directly involved, and state that the party will be afforded a hearing if he requests it within thirty days of the time of mailing the notice * * *.
“When any notice required by sections 119.01 to 119.13, inclusive, of the Revised Code, to be sent by registered mail, is returned because of inability to deliver, the notice required shall be published once a week for three consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the county where the last known place of residence or business of the party is located. A copy of the newspaper, with the first publication of said notice marked, shall be mailed to the party at such address and the notice shall be deemed received as of the date of the last publication.” (Emphasis added.)
Appellant’s first assignment of error challenges appellant’s conviction for driving under suspension on the basis that the suspension is invalid due to a lack of proper notice. A collateral attack to a civil proceeding resulting in a suspended license is proper in a criminal proceeding for driving under suspension when the collateral attack is based on an improper notice claim. See
State v. Morrison, supra,
2 Ohio App.3d at 366, 2 OBR at 423, 442 N.E.2d at 117. Because the record does not contain anything to show that the requirements of
“If you find that the Bureau of Motor Vehicles mailed notice to Defendant [of the] suspension to the Defendant’s last known address, then the notice requirement of the law has been met. The law does not require actual notice to the Defendant.”
This instruction was erroneous because it did not include the full requirements for notice set forth in
In his second assignment of error, appellant contends that he was denied a fair trial because the BMV report which was admitted into evidence was prejudicial hearsay evidence. In support of that contention, appellant argues that the BMV report was hot a public record or report pursuant to
“Error in the admission of evidence in criminal proceedings is harmless if there is no reasonable possibility that the evidence may have contributed to the accused’s conviction. In order to hold the error harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Bayless (1976), 48 Ohio St.2d 73, 2 O.O.3d 249, 357 N.E.2d 1035, paragraph seven of the syllabus, vacated on other grounds (1978), 438 U.S. 911, 98 S.Ct. 3135, 57 L.Ed.2d 1155.
Since the remainder of the evidence complained of by appellant consists of a pretrial suspension of appellant’s license for driving under the influence, a charge the jury rejected when it found appellant not guilty of driving under the influence, and of correspondence between Allstate Insurance Company *90 and the BMV relating to the insurance company’s query about the existence of an accident report, a report appellant admitted at trial he never filed, this court is able to declare the belief that any error committed when the evidence was admitted was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Appellant’s second assignment of error is not well taken.
Because appellant’s first assignment of error is well taken, the judgment of the Bowling Green Municipal Court is reversed. Appellee is ordered to pay the court costs of this appeal.
Judgment reversed.
Handwork, P.J., Glasser and Melvin L. Resnick, JJ., concur.