State v. Collins

20 Iowa 85 | Iowa | 1865

Dillon, J.

i. instbucmethod of charging the jury.

The court below did not give any charge of its own to the jury, but gave a series of eleven instructions, in the language in which the State’s attorney framed them, relating to detached portions J / o 0f the cause; and, also, gave and modified, and refused to give, other instructions asked by the defendant’s counsel.

The object of instructions is to give the jury clear and correct notions of the nature of the case and of the law applicable thereto. Instructions which would be proper in one case would be improper, because inapplicable, in another. When a principle of law, applicable to the case before the court, is correctly stated in an instruction asked by counsel, it is just as well to give it in their language as to embody it in the charge of the court.

And yet, in most cases, a set of instructions framed by counsel, although when closely examined they may not be abstractly incorrect, have a bias and coloring and incompleteness which they would not possess, if they had passed through the alembic of the judge’s mind and there received their distinctive character. Originating with the advocate, they are apt to bear abundant marks of their origin, and to be characterized by his bias, rather than by the impartiality of the judge. The opposite attorney adroitly frames a set of counter instructions, also abstractly correct, it may be, and not positively conflicting with those of his adversary, and yet, to the mind of the juror, untutored in legal analysis and investigation, irreconcilable with them. And in this way instructions, the office of which is to enlighten and to guide, may, and often do, serve but to darken and confuse.

The practice of thus practically allowing counsel to instruct the jury is quite common in this State, and we avail ourselves of this occasion to do now, what we might profitably have done before, express our disapprobation of it. We are aware that district judges frequently pursue, this course for fear of committing error if they refuse. The better practice, as a general rule, is for the judge to put aside the instructions asked by the respective counsel, and cover the whole ground of the- controversy in a corrected and methodical charge of his own, stating the questions of fact to be decided, and the law applicable thereto under the issues and the evidence.

There is, we are satisfied, no one thing which will more efficiently conduce to an intelligent trial of causes than the adoption of the course here recommended. All that an appellate court demands, is to know that the cause has been intelligently tried, and the law applicable to its particular circumstances, not abstractly and vaguely, but closely, fittingly, clearly and decisively stated.

The instructions of the State, in the case before us, are made up to a great extent of isolated and fragmentary extracts from various text books and adjudged cases. The objection to them are two-fold: 1st. The attorney in some instances has selected only that portion of the text or case which makes in his favor, and omitted the qualifications or exceptions ; and 2d. The portion selected is, under the special circumstances of the case, inapplicable and calculated to mislead.

With these general observations, which we repeat have no especial reference to the learned judge below, or the effective district attorney, but are intended to have a broader application than to the present case, we proceed briefly to notice some of the instructions assigned as error by the appellant.

2. eviwfI°S' criminal action-I. The wife of the defendant was, under the statute, examined as a witness on his behalf. The main object of her testimony, was to show that the defendant was at home at the time when it was probable the robbery was taking place. Her testimony, in this respect, was corroborated by Miss French, and by circumstances stated by other witnesses. It may be admitted that there were circumstances looking the other way. In this attitude of the case, the State asked and the court gave this instruction: “ The wife may be a witness for her husband in criminal cases, but if her testimony is against established facts, by other competent testimony, the jury may give it but little weight, or may wholly disregard it.”

This instruction is open to two serious objections. First, her testimony was not against established facts, in the sense and meaning of the rule, but it related to controverted facts. Second, the instruction was intended to be warranted by the opinion in The State v. Guyer, 6 Iowa, 263, and yet, by recurring to the exposition of the law on this subject as there given, it will be seen how the brief and partial view of the law, contained in the instruction, “ was calculated to produce a wrong impression, and to weaken the testimony of the witness, to an extent, which would be unfair and unjust to the prisoner.”

The proper directions to the jury on this subject can readily be collected from that case and need not now be repeated.

3. crimialibiII. At the instance of the State, the court gave this instruction: “ If you find that there has been an unsuccessful attempt to establish an alibi, it is a circumstance of great weight against the defendant, and implies an admison of the truth-and relevancy of the facts alleged.”

We have no hesitation in pronouncing this instruction to be erroneous. Although it has the semblance of authority, it has none in reason or justice, and was wholly unwarranted by the circumstances of the case. There was no direct evidence of the guilt of the defendant. This is conceded by the attorney-general and could not be denied. Our opinion of the nature and force of the indirect or circumstantial evidence will be briefly stated hereafter. If the instruction had been that, if the defendant had fabricated, or, as it is sometimes significantly expressed, “trumped up,” the defense of an alibi, knowing that it was false, it might be correct to state that this would be a circumstance of weight against the defendant, but even then not conclusive of his guilt. But if evidence of this kind is offered in good faith, and the witness or witnesses relied on by the defendant to establish the alibi, do not know or have forgotten the fact requisite to establish it, ought such a failure to be stated to the jury as a circumstance of “ great iveight against the prisoner,” and as “ an implied admission on his part of the truth and relevancy of the facts alleged ” against him by the State ?

It is for the State to prove the defendant’s guilt, not for the defendant to establish his innocence. Let it be granted, for the argument, that the defendant failed satisfactorily to show that he was at his own house at the time of the robbery. The instruction of the court does not fall far, if at all, short of directing the jury that this failure, or unsuccessful attempt, an is “ admission of the truth and relevancy of the facts alleged ” by the State; that is, in short, such failure is an admission by him of his guilt. The stern practical lesson which this rule would teach an accused person would be, “ Don’t try to prove that you were not at the house when the offense was committed, for if the jury find that you are unsuccessful, this will be an admission of your guilt, or that the circumstances which are alleged to point to your guilt are both relevant and true.”

The instruction under consideration was founded upon a passage in Wills (Cir. Ev., 83, quoted without comment, Burrill, Id., 519), where he observes that “an unsuccessful attempt to establish an alibi is always a circumstance of great weight against a prisoner, because the resort to that kind of evidence .implies an admission of the truth and relevancy of the facts alleged, and the correctness of the inference drawn from them, if they remain uncontradicted.”

If this is the law in any case, it must be limited to cases where the alibi has been forged or concerted, and is resorted to fraudulently. In such cases, if exposed, it would be, as above observed, a damaging circumstance to file defendant. But the reason given by Mr: Wills is improper to be stated to the jury, especially in a case like the one before us, where there was no certain evidence connecting the accused with the commission of the crime. We think it wrong to state to the jury that the effect of a failure to establish an alibi is to admit that the facts deposed to by the State’s witnesses are true as well as relevant. Whether true or not is for the jury to determine upon other considerations, and not upon any such supposed admission. If Mr. Wills’ work were all of this character, and such were to be the practical application of its teachings, it would justly deserve the severe criticism of Chancellor Walworth. The People v. Videto, 1 Park Cr., 603, 606.

4. —• cuverting suspicion. III. At the instance of the State, the court gave the following instruction: “ If you are satisfied from the evidence that the defendant (Collins') believed Hunt- „ v J iey to be innocent, and yet for the purpose of diverting suspicion from himself, endeavored to cast suspicion upon Huntley, a strong presumption arises of the defendant’s guilt.”

Under the circumstances of the case this was erroneous— too strongly stated. A detective from Chicago made an examination of the safe, office, &c., and charged Collins with the crime, and public sentiment seems to have been directed to him as the guilty person. The manner in which it was claimed that the defendant had cast suspicion upon Huntley, was his statements after the detective left, in a communication intended for publication, and perhaps in statements to others, to the effect that Huntley did not lose the amount of bonds he had previously stated he had; that he had made a memorandum of Mr. Huntley’s accounts with the different funds; that he was short, and the accounts so showed ; that these were facts and the public ought to be put in possession of them, &c., but disclaimed any intention of throwing any suspicion on Mr. Huntley. Huntley admitted on this trial, that in his statement published after the loss, he had, by mistake,- overstated the amount of bonds lost by $1,100. It appears that in a day or two after the detective had left, Collins and Huntley had an interview, in which Collins called the attention of the latter to this overstatement. The latter complained that Collins had not told him before, to which Collins then responded in substance, that he did not know what object Huntley had in view, or that he did not know but he had an object in view in making the overstatement of the loss. Collins then charged Huntley with being short, that he could not pay the county and his depositors. To this Huntley remarked that he had been spending considerable money, but he had sold his house and could pay all up.

In other words, there is no evidence showing that Collins endeavored to cast any suspicion upon Huntley, by stating any untruths respecting him, or by directly charging Huntley himself with the robbery. Under these circumstances, we repeat that the instruction gave too much weight and force to the conduct of Collins. It was not correct to state to the jury that Collins’ conduct in this respect would raise a “ strong presumption of his guilt.”

5._cir. “evidence?1 juror. IV. At the instance of the State the court instructed as follows: “ All evidence is, more or less, circumstantial, the difference being in the degree, and it is sufficient for the purpose when it excludes disbelief, that jS) actual and not technical disbelief; for he who is to pass on the question is not at liberty to disbelieve as a juror, while he believes as a man. It is enough that his conscience is clear.”

This is an isolated extract from an opinion by Chief Justice Gibson, in The Commonwealth v. Harman, 4 Barr (Pa.), 269. The forcible expression is characteristic of that distinguished jurist. The opinion from which it is taken discusses at length the nature of circumstantial evidence, and the quantum of proof requisite in criminal cases to justify a conviction. In the opinion in which it occurs the above extract would not mislead the jury. But the detached fragment embodied in the instruction above quoted, we cannot but believe to be of dangerous tendency; particularly the expression that a person “is not at liberty to disbelieve as a juror, while he believes as a man.” We all believe facts as men, when we would not believe them and act upon them as jurors. The idea sought to be conveyed is, that a juror is not an artificial being, whose judgment is to be governed by technical and artificial rules, but that he is a man, and should, while acting as a juror, act as a man, exercising his reason, his intelligence, his every day judgment and his common sense. In this sense, the proposition that, if one believes ■ as a man he should also believe as a juror, is correct, provided that belief be founded upon and produced by the evidence in the case, and by nothing else, and is so strong, clear and satisfactory as to exclude all reasonable doubt.

If the guilt of the defendant had been fully and undeniably established, if the verdict upon the evidence were satisfactory, we might not have interfered with the judgment in consequence of the giving of the instruction under consideration.

The instruction, as given, was, without explanation, calculated to mislead the jury.

e new dStagainst' evidence. V. Another error assigned is, that the verdict was against the evidence, and that the court erred not sustaining the defendant’s motion for a , • ■» new trial.

We will cautiously interfere with verdicts when this is the ground. The rules which govern us in this respect have been frequently declared. The State v. Tomlinson, 11 Iowa, 401; The State v. Johnson, 19 Iowa, 229.

We recognize the fact that the jury and the court below see the witnesses face to face, the instruments and the physical evidences of the crime, &c., while we see the case, as it were, “ through a glass darkly.” And yet it is our duty in some cases to interfere. Removed, as we are, from the heat and excitement of the trial, and, in cases where it exists, from the powerful and all-controlling influence of' popular opinion and local prejudice, this is a power which it is sometimes absolutely necessary should be prudently exercised. The court below very correctly instructed the jury, at the defendant’s instance, that the circumstantial evidence must not only be inconsistent with the prisoner’s innocence, but absolutely inconsistent with any other hypothesis than that of his guilt. We have examined the evidence in concert. There is no direct evidence against the defendant.

And judging from the record before us, and wishing to avoid any expression which would prejudice the case of the State on the retrial, we deem it a marvel how the jury could say that the circumstances proved could not be true, and yet the defendant be reasonably considered as innocent.

Reversed and remanded.