289 S.E.2d 37 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1982
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Keith Eugene COLLINS.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*38 Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Associate Atty. Reginald L. Watkins, Raleigh, for the state.
Badgett, Calaway, Phillips, Davis, Stephens, Peed & Brown by B. Ervin Brown, II, Winston-Salem, for defendant-appellant.
MORRIS, Chief Judge.
Defendant contends that his motion to suppress should have been granted. He asserts that the trial court's denial of the motion deprived him of his Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. Specifically, defendant argues that the application for the search warrant did not satisfy the two-pronged test of Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S. Ct. 1509, 12 L. Ed. 2d 723 (1964), because the issuing official was not sufficiently informed of the underlying circumstances from which the informant, Smith, concluded that there was contraband on the premises, and because there was no showing that Smith was a credible informer or his information reliable.
"Although an affidavit may be based on hearsay information and need not reflect the direct personal observations of the affiant, Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257 [80 S. Ct. 725, 4 L. Ed. 2d 697], the magistrate must be informed of some of the underlying circumstances from which the informant concluded that the narcotics were where he claimed they were, and some of the underlying circumstances from which the officer concluded that the *39 informant, whose identity need not be disclosed, see Rugendorf v. United States, 376 U.S. 528 [84 S. Ct. 825, 11 L. Ed. 2d 887], was `credible' or his information `reliable'. Otherwise, `the inferences from the facts which lead to the complaint' will be drawn not `by a neutral and detached magistrate,' as the Constitution requires, but instead by a police officer `engaged in the often competitive enterprise of ferreting out crime,' Giordenello v. United States, supra, [357 U.S. 480] at 486 [78 S. Ct. 1245 at 1250, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1503]; Johnson v. United States, supra, [333 U.S. 10] at 14 [68 S. Ct. 367 at 369, 92 L. Ed. 436], or, as in this case, by an unidentified informant. 378 U.S. at 114-15, 84 S.Ct. at 1514, 12 L. Ed. 2d at 729.
Quoted in State v. Hayes, 291 N.C. 293, 298, 230 S.E.2d 146, 149 (1976).
In the case sub judice, the issuing official had before him the affidavit of Detective Hutcherson, which we quote in part:
The applicant swears to the following facts to establish probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant: I am Detective V. J. Hutcherson of the Winston-Salem Police Dept. and as such, am empowered to search for and seize contraband as described in North Carolina General Statutes, Chapter # 90. On Saturday, 10-18-80, at approximately 1630 hours, I was contacted by a white male known to me as "Mike". Mike stated that he could obtain some acid for me for $3.00 a hit. I advised Mike that I would like to purchase some acid. Mike got in my vehicle and directed me to 2722 Patria Street. I parked my vehicle at the intersection of Patria Street and Lemly Street. I gave Mike $20.00 and asked him to purchase me five hits. Mike left the vehicle and walked south to the above described location on Patria Street. I personally observed Mike enter the dwelling on Patria Street. In approximately four minutes, Mike exited from the same location and walked directly back to my vehicle. Mike handed over $2.00 change and (6) hits of star acid. Mike stated that the person who sold him the acid had some more if I wanted to buy some more. Mike was then transported to a location and released.
An affidavit is generally deemed sufficient "if it supplies reasonable cause to believe that the proposed search for evidence of the commission of the designated criminal offense will reveal the presence upon the described premises of the objects sought and that they will aid in the apprehension or conviction of the offender." State v. Vestal, 278 N.C. 561, 576, 180 S.E.2d 755, 765 (1971).
We hold that Detective Hutcherson's affidavit contains facts sufficient for the issuing official to determine that there were reasonable grounds to believe that illicit drugs were present in the house on Patria Street. The personal observation of the officers was enough to sustain the finding of probable cause necessary for the issuance of a warrant. Detective Hutcherson averred that he observed Smith go into the house with instructions to buy LSD, and come out three or four minutes later with several "hits" of "star acid" which he gave to Hutcherson. This Court, in State v. McLeod, 36 N.C.App. 469, 244 S.E.2d 716, cert. denied, 295 N.C. 555, 248 S.E.2d 733 (1978), found in reference to an officer's affidavit containing an observation nearly identical to the one made by Hutcherson, that "[n]o more information was required in order to establish the probable cause necessary to support the search warrant issued...." Id. at 472, 244 S.E.2d at 719. Therefore, with cognizance of the Aguilar test, "[w]e find the personal observations of the police officer as set forth in the affidavit in the case sub judice [sufficient] to meet the first `prong' of the test." Id.
Defendant also asserts, however, that the second or "veracity prong" of the test was not satisfied in the case before us, because the affidavit contains no facts from which the issuing official could imply that the informant was credible or his information reliable. We disagree on two grounds. First, the affidavit does not rest on hearsay. "Even though the affidavit contained some information which may have come from an *40... informant, ... the credibility of the informant or the reliability of such information need only be shown when it is necessary that such hearsay be relied upon in finding the requisite probable cause." Id.; see Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S. Ct. 584, 21 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1969). As indicated above, the facts here, as in McLeod, do not set forth circumstances requiring such reliance, and the second prong of Aguilar does not come into play.
Even were the second prong of the Aguilar test applicable here, Smith's statement that he could procure LSD for the officers and his acquisition of the drug amounted to an admission against penal interest, United States v. Harris, 403 U.S. 573, 91 S. Ct. 2075, 29 L. Ed. 2d 723 (1971); State v. Harris, 43 N.C.App. 184, 258 S.E.2d 415 (1979); State v. Tickle, 37 N.C.App. 416, 246 S.E.2d 34 (1978); State v. Beddard, 35 N.C.App. 212, 241 S.E.2d 83 (1978), showing his information to be reliable. Defendant maintains that Smith's actions in obtaining the LSD did not serve as a declaration against penal interest because he did not know that Hutcherson and Pittman were police officers. Yet "[i]t should not be assumed... that an admission against penal interest can be used to establish reliability only when that admission is made directly to a law enforcement officer, for that is not the case." W. LaFave, 1 Search and Seizure § 3.3 at 530 (1978). We conclude that there is as much or more reason to rely on Smith's unmindful admission than on a statement made knowingly to police. The Supreme Court of Minnesota, citing LaFave, held, in a case similar on its facts, that an informant who offered to sell stolen property to a police officer, whom the informant did not know was a law enforcement official, had committed a crime; and, therefore, the informant's statements were against his penal interest. State v. Wiberg, Minn., 296 N.W.2d 388 (1980). Smith was not a paid police informer, nor was he promised any sort of inducement to speak. He had no motive to lie and his words were spoken in circumstances consistent with their reliability. It does not matter that the informer spoke directly to undercover police officers whose real identities were unknown to him.
Defendant argues that the informer's reliability was compromised by the failure of the police to search him before he entered the house on Patria Street, as he may have had the LSD on his person prior to entering the house rather than having bought it there. The argument is unconvincing, however. The investigation of the case was conducted surreptitiously. Smith's lack of knowledge as to the officers' identity, which enhanced his credibility, obviously rendered it impossible for Hutcherson or Pittman to search him before he entered the house to make the drug purchase without revealing themselves as officers. We held in State v. McLeod, supra, that even in situations in which officers conduct "controlled buys" of narcotics, failure to search the individual making the purchase prior to its actually being made and specifically setting forth the fact in the affidavit by which a search warrant is sought is not fatal.
Defendant contends that the evidence presented at trial was not sufficient to sustain his conviction in that it did not establish actual or constructive possession of the marijuana. On the contrary, we find plenary evidence of possession.
According to a next door neighbor, defendant was a renter whom she saw every day. There was evidence that defendant had paid rent, and he was seen moving furniture out of the house subsequent to the 18 October search. Further, evidence tending to show constructive possession of marijuana included a document showing defendant's assumption of liability for water service for the house with the billing and service address being 2722 Patria Street, a request dated 4 November to discontinue water service indicating that defendant would no longer be liable, a water bill for the period 19 August to 4 November 1980 indicating defendant was the party billed, and an envelope from a law firm addressed to defendant at 2722 Patria Street. We think this evidence sufficient *41 to show defendant had the power and intent to control the disposition or use of the confiscated marijuana so as to have it in his constructive possession. See State v. Cockman and Lucas, 20 N.C.App. 409, 201 S.E.2d 740, cert. denied 285 N.C. 87, 203 S.E.2d 61 (1974). The fact that the marijuana was found on premises under the control of defendant, "in and of itself, gives rise to an inference of knowledge and possession which may be sufficient to carry the case to the jury on a charge of unlawful possession." State v. Harvey, 281 N.C. 1, 12, 187 S.E.2d 706, 714 (1972).
In defendant's trial and the judgment of the court, we find
No error.
HEDRICK and ROBERT M. MARTIN, JJ., concur.