72 Wash. 420 | Wash. | 1913
Lead Opinion
The statute regulating salmon fishing in the waters of Puget Sound, in the state of Washington, among other things, provides that:
“It shall be unlawful ... to take or fish for salmon with pound nets,- fish traps, weirs or fish wheels, or other fixed appliances, ... in any of the open waters of Puget Sound between the hours of 4 o’clock p. m., Friday and 4 o’clock a. m. Sunday, of each week of each year . . . That between 4 o’clock p. m. Friday, and 4 o’clock a. m. Sunday, of each week of each year, as above provided, all pound*422 nets or fish traps operated within the waters of Puget Sound shall bé closed by an apron placed across the entrance to the heart of the trap or pound net, which apron shall extend from above the surface of the water to the bottom of the sound at the place where the trap is maintained and be connected securely to the piles on either side of the entrance to the heart of such trap or pound net, fastened by rings not more than four feet apart on a taut wire stretched from top to bottom of piles so as to effectually prevent any salmon from entering the heart of such trap or pound net. Any person violating any of the provisions of this section, whether or not such a violation is otherwise specifically declared to be a misdemeanor, either by neglecting to observe the requirements of this section, or by violating any of the requirements thereof shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon conviction thereof in each and every offense be subject to a fine of not less than two hundred and fifty dollars ($250) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in the county jail not less than twenty-five days nor more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.” Rem. & Bal.' Code, § 5186.
On September 29,1911, the prosecuting attorney of What-com county filed separate informations against the appellant corporations, the Cherry Point Pish Company and the Carlisle Pish Company, charging each of them with maintaining a. fish trap and fishing for salmon between the hours of four o’clock p. m. on Priday August 11, 1911, and four o’clock a. m. Sunday, August 13th, 1911. The informations were similar in form, the specific charge in each of them being that the defendant had maintained the trap by “then and there unlawfully and wilfully neglecting to close the entrance to the heart of the said fish trap ... by then and
The defendants on being brought into court to answer to the informations, demurred thereto, which demurrers the trial
The appellants first assign error on the ruling of the court denying their motion for a directed verdict. It is not contended that there is not competent evidence in the record tending to support all of the material allegations of the information, but it is thought that “an examination of the testimony, both the plaintiff’s witnesses and the defendants’ witnesses, will convince the court beyond a reasonable doubt that there was no opening between the apron and the lead on the'flood side of either of the traps in question at the times claimed,” such as is alleged in the information. In response to the appellants’ suggestion, we have examined the evidence, and while it has failed to convince us beyond a reasonable doubt that the apron effectually closed the hearts of the traps at the time in question, we are impressed with the idea that the jury could well have found with the appellants on the question. Indeed, we may go further and say that the evidence to our minds preponderates in favor of their contention. But, nevertheless, we have no legitimate warrant to interfere with the verdicts. There is in the record the positive evidence of three witnesses, who visited the traps on the day in question, to the effect that the aprons placed over the openings to the hearts of the traps did not effectually close them; that at the one they propelled their row boat into the heart of the trap passing through an opening between the apron and the lead, and found fish in considerable numbers within the trap; and that the other was in a similar condition, although the opening between the lead
The court instructed the jury, in effect, that a specific intent to violate or evade the statute regulating the construction and maintenance of fish traps was not necessary to constitute an offense under the statute; but, on the contrary, if they found that the appellants were guilty of the acts of commission or omission charged against them in the informations, they could be found guilty of the offense charged therein, regardless of their purpose or intent in committing the prohibited acts. The appellants assail the instruction for a number of reasons, but we think it correct in principle. It is not here denied, of course, that, where a specific intent is required by statute to constitute an offense, such specific intent is a part of the offense and must be alleged and proven before a conviction can be had. But where the statute makes it an offense to do a particular thing, and, like the one before us, is silent concerning the intent with which the thing is done, a person commits the offense when he does the forbidden thing, even if he had no evil or wrongful intent beyond that which is implied from the doing of the prohibited act. This principle was announced by us in the case of State v. Nicolls, 61 Wash. 142, 112 Pac. 269, Ann. Cas. 1912 B. 1088, wherein this language was used:
*425 “Nor does the lack of intent excuse the offense. While it is an axiom of the law that there can be no crime without criminal intent, there are many cases where the execution and enforcement of the law demand that the intent be implied; a presumption flowing from the acts of the parties. This rule has been generally, although hot quite universally, applied in the enforcement of statutes passed in aid of the police power of the state, where the word ‘knowingly’ or other apt words are not employed to indicate that knowledge is an essential element of the crime charged. In the statute before us no qualifying words are employed. One who sells, gives, or barters intoxicating liquor to an Indian or one of mixed blood, is guilty. The fact of selling being established, the law supplies the element of intent.”
There are cases to the contrary, but we think the great weight of authority and the better reason supports the rule as we have announced it. State v. Henzell, 17 Idaho 725, 107 Pac. 67, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 159; United States v. Gallant, 177 Fed. 281; State v. Zichfeld, 23 Nev. 304, 46 Pac. 802, 62 Am. St. 800, 34 L. R. A. 784; Commonwealth v. New York Cent. & H. R. R. Co., 202 Mass. 394, 88 N. E. 764, 132 Am. St. 507; Farmer v. People, 77 Ill. 322; State v. Voight, 90 N. C. 741; State v. Goodenow, 65 Me. 30.
The court further instructing the jury defined the meaning of the words “taut” and “effectually” used in the statute, giving to them the meaning usually accorded the words in the standard dictionaries. The appellants contend that the text of the act of the legislature from which the words are taken shows that the legislature did not use the words in their formal and technical sense, but gave to them a more liberal meaning; using the word “taut” as meaning “substantially and practically tight,” and the phrase “effectually preventing” salmon from entering the heart of the trap, as meaning “substantially and practically” preventing them from so entering. But without following the argument by which the appellants seek to justify the contention, we think it not tenable. We find nothing in the text of the act that leads us to believe that the legislature intended to use the words in question in other than
“You are instructed that, if you find from the evidence in this case that the defendants or either of them used and maintained in the construction and maintenance of the aprons across the entrance to the hearts of the fish traps operated by them, the appliances required by the law of this state, which I have hereinbefore read to you, then I instruct you that the use and maintenance of such appliances, if it complies with the method and manner prescribed by law, amounts to a compliance with the law, and even if you should find that the appliances provided by law do not in fact effectually prevent the entrance of fish into the heart of such trap, then you are instructed that such defendant who has complied with the law cannot be found guilty of the offense charged in the information. And you are further instructed that if you find from the evidence in this case that the defendants or either of them installed and maintained the appliances required by the law of this state, which I have hereinbefore read to you, and that the wire or cable to which the apron across the entrance of the heart of the trap was attached by rings not more than four feet apart, was drawn as taut or tight as it could reasonably be drawn consistent with the proper manipulation of such apron in raising and lowering the same, then I instruct you that such defendant cannot be found guilty of the offense charged in the information herein, even though the evidence may show that notwithstanding the compliance of such defendant with the law of this state some space or opening was left between the lead and the apron by reason of the action and force of the tide, and that some fish could pass into the heart of the trap through this space or opening.”
Clearly this view of the requirements of the statute is as favorable to the appellants as a proper construction of the same warrants.
The appellants have also assigned error on the instruction of the court relating to the size of the wire cables used to hold the apron in place, contending that there was no evidence upon which to base such an instruction. But we find there was evi
The assignments of error based on the refusal of the court to give certain requested instructions need no separate consideration. In so far as they were material they were included in the instructions given by the court, and under ■ the practice in this state it is not error to refuse to instruct in the language and form requested, even though both be unobjectionable, it being proper under all circumstances for the court to instruct in its own language.
The witnesses Aiken, Dakin and Jones were allowed to testify in rebuttal that, on the day they visited the appellants’ traps, they visited traps in the same vicinity belonging to another fishing company and found that the aprons thereon, which were constructed in the same manner that the aprons on the appellants’ traps were constructed, remained in place and effectually closed the hearts of the traps. This is assigned as error, but we think it proper rebuttal testimony. The appellants had sought to show that the opening found in the aprons to their traps was the inevitable result of the plan upon which they were constructed and not to faulty construction. To rebut this testimony, it was competent for the state to show that similar traps in the same waters constructed on the same plan effectually prevented the entrance of salmon into the hearts of such traps when the aprons thereto were closed.
. Finally, it is urged that the court erred in permitting a witness to testify that the wire cables supporting the apron on one of the traps were examined by him a week previous to the time mentioned in the information, and found them to be in a
We find no substantial error in the record, and the judgment appealed from will stand affirmed.
Main, Ellis, and Morris, JJ., concur.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) — The defendants did not attempt to take fish within the prohibited time. They closed their traps in good faith in the manner provided by law. If that method was not effective, the fault was in the law. The trial court should have directed an acquittal. I therefore dissent.
