STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Clarence CHAMPAGNE, Defendant and Appellant.
No. 15680.
Supreme Court of South Dakota.
Argued Feb. 16, 1988. Decided May 4, 1988.
The employment manual categorizes employees as “regular employees, temporary employees, and probationary employees.” It recognizes “seniority rights” and most importantly it insures employees “fair and equitable treatment in the administration of the association‘s policies.”1
The manual clearly committed First to a standard in employee relations which is to be “fair and equitable.” Genuine issues of material fact arise as to whether First adhered to that standard. Osterkamp v. Alkota Manufacturing, Inc., 332 N.W.2d 275 (S.D.1983), is applicable. The instruction given by the trial court to the jury and approved in review by this court is instructive: “The only issue to be resolved by you is whether or not the plaintiff‘s discharge from his employment was in violation of defendant‘s own rules and regulations, and if so, whether or not plaintiff sustained any damages thereby.” The law of Osterkamp, forcefully impacts upon this case and requires the finder of fact to determine if First violated its self-imposed standard of treating employees fairly and equitably. First prepared a resolution terminating Blote as an officer and manager, “because of his failure to perform his duties described in his own analysis of his objectives.” This also creates a genuine issue of material fact—whether or not Blote in fact failed to perform his duties.
The first question then is whether an employee with over fourteen years of unblemished employment can be terminated unfairly or in bad faith. If a covenant of good faith and fair dealing is implied in all employment contracts, or is expressed, as in this case, then the answer must be “no.”
The second question is whether that employee can be terminated without cause. If we require employers to abide by the reasonable expectations of job security which they create and foster, then the answer must be “no.”
The third question is whether that employee can be terminated based on a claim of cause but without any consideration of fairness or good faith or any determination by an objective fact-finder as to whether cause exists.
If, and only if, all of these questions can be answered in the affirmative can we affirm summary judgment in favor of this employer. These questions cannot and should not be affirmatively answered.2
Richard D. Coit, Asst. Atty. Gen., Pierre, for plaintiff and appellee; Roger A. Tellinghuisen, Atty. Gen., Pierre, on brief.
A. Thomas De Vito Jr., Eagle Butte, for defendant and appellant.
Defendant, Clarence Champagne, appeals his conviction on two counts of sexual contact with a child in violation of
At trial, the victim, A.P., testified as to three alleged instances of sexual contact. The first incident occurred between July 4 and July 30, 1985 (Count III) when A.P. was fourteen. On that occasion the defendant took A.P. to a swimming area in a pickup truck. When they got back in the truck to leave, the defendant reached over and felt A.P.‘s breasts. The second incident occurred sometime between May 1 and June 30, 1986 (Count II). Defendant followed A.P. into her bedroom one afternoon after she had finished sunbathing and blocked the door. He then pushed his hand under her bikini bottom and felt her vaginal area. The third incident occurred between June 15 and June 21, 1986 (Count I). Defendant took A.P. on a gravel road so she could drive the pickup. After A.P. began driving, defendant asked her what he would get in return. He then reached over and began feeling her vaginal area.
Pursuant to
R.H., testified that the defendant had sexually abused her on several occasions prior to September, 1981, when she was between thirteen and fifteen years of age. The first incident occurred in 1979, when defendant took R.H. for a ride on a motorcycle out on a gravel road. Defendant stopped the motorcycle and began feeling R.H.‘s breasts and vaginal area. In 1981, when R.H. was fourteen, defendant took her for a ride in his pickup on a gravel road. He told her that he wanted to teach her how to drive the vehicle. While she was doing so, defendant reached over, put his hand under her shirt, and began feeling her breasts. In August, 1981, R.H. and defendant were in a pickup when defendant showed R.H. his erect penis and asked her if she wanted to feel it. In September of 1981, defendant showed R.H. a car that was for sale and told her he would buy it for her if she would have intercourse with him.
A jury convicted the defendant on counts two and three. The court sentenced him to
Defendant‘s main argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in denying his motion to exclude evidence of his prior sexual contacts with R.H. The trial court held that her testimony was admissible under
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
When ruling on the admissibility of “other act” evidence, a trial court must first determine relevancy. State v. Grooms, 399 N.W.2d 358 (S.D.1987); State v. Dokken, 385 N.W.2d 493 (S.D.1986); State v. Means, 363 N.W.2d 565 (S.D.1985). Other acts evidence may not be used to establish the impermissible inference that, since a defendant committed a similar offense on another occasion, he has a propensity to commit the offense under which he is presently charged. State v. Houghton, 272 N.W.2d 788 (S.D.1978). However, such evidence is admissible if offered for any other purpose. J. Weinstein & M. Berger, 2 Weinstein‘s Evidence, par. 404[08] (1986). Although the list is not exclusive, the statute lists the most usual instances in which “other acts” will be admissible as long as proof of the intended purpose is relevant to some material issue in the case. Dokken, supra; See also, United States v. Shaw, 701 F.2d 367 (5th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1067, 104 S.Ct. 1419, 79 L.Ed.2d 744 (1984).
If the court determines the evidence is relevant, it must then decide whether the probative value of the evidence substantially outweighs its prejudicial effect. Grooms, supra; Dokken, supra; Means, supra. Whether the probative value of the evidence substantially outweighs its prejudicial affect is a question within the sound discretion of the trial court, and the court‘s decision will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. Grooms, supra; Dokken, supra; Means, supra.
The state argues the trial court was correct under the “plan” exception in
The “plan” exception includes both “common plan, design or scheme” and “modus operandi” situations. Grooms, supra; Dokken, supra; State v. Willis, 370 N.W.2d 193 (S.D.1984). The first and less common situation is where one crime is in fact predicated on the commission of another. R. Lempert & S. Saltzburg, A Modern Approach to Evidence, Chap. 4 Sec. 2 (2d Ed.1982). In that situation the “common plan, design or scheme” refers to a larger continuing plan, scheme or conspiracy of which the present crime charged at trial is only a part and which is often relevant to show motive, intent, knowledge or identity. State v. Friedrich, 398 N.W.2d 763 (Wis.1987); People v. Bayer, 160 Ill.App.3d 218, 112 Ill.Dec. 43, 513 N.E.2d 457 (1987); People v. Partin, 156 Ill.App.3d 365, 109 Ill.Dec. 1, 509 N.E.2d 662 (Ill.App.1987); McCormick, Evidence § 190 (2d Ed.1972). See also, United States v. Goodwin, 492 F.2d 1141 (5th Cir.1974); 22 C. Wright & R. Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 5244 (1978); 2 J. Wigmore, Evidence § 304 (1979). The inference is that since the defendant planned to accomplish the design or scheme, he resolved to do the act and therefore probably did it. 2 D. Louisell & C. Mueller, Federal Evidence § 140 (1985).
The exception is more frequently used where two or more crimes appear to have been plotted by the same individual because they exhibit a similar unusual pattern. Distinctive “modus operandi” summarizes the rationale on which the evidence is admitted and points out that the perpetrator‘s identity is the purpose for which this kind of evidence is invariably used. Grooms, supra. “Modus operandi” means method of working and refers to a pattern of criminal behavior that is so dis-
“Modus operandi” is not applicable in this case. The state is not attempting to prove it was more likely the defendant (rather than another) who did the acts on the occasions charged. There is no question as to who A.P. has identified as the wrongdoer. Identity is not in issue, and therefore if the “modus operandi” of the defendant is applied here it can only be misused to establish propensity.1 Cf. Bayer, supra (“modus operandi” applicable).
The state claims the trial court was correct in concluding R.H.‘s testimony was admissible under the “intent” exception in
Generally, where other acts evidence is used for purposes of establishing the defendant‘s intent, it is assumed that defendant‘s commission of the act for which he is on trial is conceded. Evidence of prior similar crimes comes in to show that the act was not done innocently but was done with the requisite criminal intent. R. Lempert, supra. Some courts thus require that the defendant must raise the issue of intent by admitting the act but denying lascivious intent in order for the exception to apply. People v. Willoughby, 164 Cal.App.3d 1054, 210 Cal.Rptr. 880 (1985). See, Wright & Graham, § 5242. Intent becomes a “material issue” once it is “seriously disputed” in this manner. Wright & Graham, supra.
This is not a case where the defendant admits the acts but otherwise denies the requisite intent. Defendant completely denies any touching occurred. However, in Means, supra, this court joined those courts that have flatly rejected this dispute requirement and held that where specific intent is an element of an offense, proof of similar acts may be admitted to carry that burden even if the defense to the charge is a complete denial. 363 N.W.2d at 568. See also, United States v. Chaimson, 760 F.2d 798 (7th Cir.1985); United States v. Carter, 760 F.2d 1568 (11th Cir.1985); United States v. Shackleford, 738 F.2d 776 (7th Cir.1984); United States v. Franklin, 704 F.2d 1183 (10th Cir.1982); United States v. Hamilton, 684 F.2d 380 (6th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 976, 103 S.Ct. 312, 74 L.Ed.2d 291; United States v. Sherer, 653 F.2d 334 (8th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1034, 102 S.Ct. 573, 70 L.Ed.2d 478 (1981); United States v. Engleman, 648 F.2d 473 (8th Cir.1981); Friedrich, supra; State v. Cusick, 530 A.2d 806 (N.J.Super.1987).
Some courts have indicated that other acts evidence is not admissible to prove intent when the nature of the crime charged clearly implies what the defendant‘s intent probably was. However, such courts are in the minority and their analysis does not impact on this court‘s position. See R. Lempert, supra. In Shackleford the Seventh Circuit distinguished those situations where intent is in issue because the government must show specific intent as an essential element of the crime from those where general intent is only a formal issue that can be inferred from the act itself. In the latter situation, intent is not
The Fifth Circuit has also adopted the view that extrinsic evidence of intent is not admissible where intent is inferable from the nature of the act charged. United States v. Webb, 625 F.2d 709 (5th Cir.1980); United States v. Ring, 513 F.2d 1001 (5th Cir.1975). The Texas Court of Appeals has held that other acts evidence is not admissible to prove intent where the probable intent involved in the current offense can be inferred from the act itself or the manner in which the offense was committed, and this is true regardless of whether the essential intent is a material issue. Wells v. State, 730 S.W.2d 782 (Tex.App.1987); Morgan v. State, 692 S.W.2d 877 (Tex.Crim.App.1985). However, this result is explained by the fact that Texas, like the Fifth Circuit, has repudiated the distinction between specific and general intent crimes. United States v. Adderly, 529 F.2d 1178 (5th Cir.1976).
Under the facts of this case, defendant‘s specific intent was in issue and the other acts evidence concerning R.H. was relevant to establish defendant‘s intent with regard to A.P. The trial court examined the need for the evidence and determined the prejudice did not substantially outweigh its probative value. We cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in so concluding.
Defendant raises several other issues in this case. He argues the trial court should have dismissed the charges because the counts in the information were indefinite and lacked specificity as to the dates of the alleged offenses. He also argues the trial court should have granted his pretrial motion to sever the counts set forth in the information and conducted a separate trial on each count. Finally, he argues that the extent to which the trial court limited his cross-examination of witnesses at trial deprived him of his right to confront the witnesses against him. We have examined these arguments and find them without merit.
Judgment affirmed.
MORGAN and MILLER, JJ., concur.
HENDERSON, J., specially concurs.
SABERS, J., dissents.
HENDERSON, Justice (specially concurring).
Pedophilia is a type of sexual perversion in which children are the preferred sexual object.
Appellant testified he did not sexually molest A.P.
A.P. testified she was sexually molested by appellant.
R.H., a sister of A.P., who lived in the same household (at one time)* with appellant and her sister, testified that at a time not remote to A.P.‘s molestation, she was sexually molested by appellant.
This appellant committed acts which were similar—evincing a plan and a scheme—to sexually molest the little girls in this household. He would, inter alia, try to isolate them from other members of the family—using family transportation—and then perpetrate his sexual advances and contacts.
Though I believe this Court has been far too liberal in the past in affirming some convictions where certain “bad acts” were used, it is my opinion that the credibility of A.P. and appellant were greatly in dispute; R.H.‘s testimony was sufficiently probative and relevant for admission under
SABERS, Justice (dissenting).
I would reverse and remand for a new trial because the trial court erred in denying defendant‘s motion to exclude evidence of prior sexual contacts with R.H., the victim‘s step-sister. The trial court held that
As stated by the majority opinion, other acts evidence may not be used to establish the impermissible inference that, since the defendant committed a similar offense on another occasion, he has a propensity to commit the offense under which he is presently charged. However, that is exactly what the majority opinion allows in this case.
I agree that a trial court must first determine relevancy. To be admissible, “other acts” must be relevant to some material issue in the case. United States v. Shaw, supra. State‘s counsel must be prepared to (1) identify the consequential fact (motive, opportunity, etc.) to which the proffered evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is directed, (2) prove the occurrence of the other crimes, wrongs or acts, and (3) articulate precisely how the consequential fact (motive, opportunity, etc.) may be inferred from the proffered evidence. J. Weinstein and M. Berger, 2 Weinstein‘s Evidence § 404, ¶ 08 (1986). The majority opinion wholly fails to show how the proffered evidence is relevant to some material issue in this case; the trial court also failed to show relevancy. Obviously, the proffered evidence may be generally relevant to the crime charged but in order to be admissible it must be relevant to some material issue in the case. For this purpose we must examine the three factors relied upon by the trial court: (1) intent, (2) motive, and (3) plan.
- Intent was not a material issue in this case. Champagne was charged with violating
SDCL 22-22-7 (sexual contact with a minor).SDCL 22-22-7.1 defines sexual contact as a touching “with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of either party.” This specific intent element was required to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. However, this is not a case where the accused bathes a child or has contact under such circumstances where he admits touching the child but denies any criminal intent. See State v. Rose, 324 N.W.2d 894 (S.D.1982). As the majority opinion indicates, courts have held that the question of intent is not an issue if the defendant does not raise the issue of intent in this manner (because defendant denies the touching occurred) or if the nature of the charge clearly implies what the defendant‘s intent probably was. Champagne denied the alleged incidents of touching occurred; he did not claim that the incidents occurred but that the touching was accidental or innocent. Therefore, no dispute existed. The majority opinion points out that this court flatly rejected the dispute requirement in State v. Means, supra. We were wrong to do so and we should reinstate the dispute requirement.
State claims the trial court was correct in concluding witness R.H.‘s testimony was admissible under the “intent exception in
Other courts have acknowledged that as to evidence of other occurrences a distinction exists between sexual molestation cases and other crimes. See State v. Friedrich, supra. However, this distinction and the greater latitude given to admission of prior bad acts in sex crimes is and should be exercised only in the context of same de-
- Plan was not a material issue in this case. The State claims plan includes “common plan or scheme” and “modus operandi.” It is obvious from a fair reading of pages 3 and 4 of the majority opinion that plan, scheme, or modus operandi were not material issues in this case under those cases and definitions. Other courts have indicated that modus operandi means the defendant‘s handiwork or signature on a crime. However, this cannot be a material issue in this case because identity was not at issue. Defendant‘s defense was that he did not commit the acts and not that he was wrongly identified as the person who did. The majority opinion seems to concede these points, at least on modus operandi.
- Motive was not a material issue in this case. As indicated above, the trial court also relied on the motive exception. However, it is obvious that motive cannot be a material issue where the defense is that the defendant did not commit the acts charged. This clearly makes motive a non-issue.
In summary it is clear that fair trials require a new interpretation of
The prejudicial effect of R.H.‘s testimony substantially outweighed any possible probative value because probative value relates to material issues as indicated above. In addition, R.H.‘s testimony was persuasive, more specific, and more credible, than the testimony of the victim herself. Whether the evidence from the victim and other witnesses was sufficient to enable the State to obtain a conviction is a difficult question. To force the defendant to defend himself against the victim‘s testimony and that of R.H. denied him a fair trial and the prejudice substantially outweighed the minimal probative value.
* R.H. was removed therefrom through a dependency/neglect action.
* State v. Rufener, 392 N.W.2d 424, 428 (S.D.1986) (Rufener I) (Morgan, J., concurring specially).