137 P.3d 1070 | Kan. Ct. App. | 2006
Peter Craig Chaffee appeals from his conviction of aggravated kidnapping. We reverse and remand with directions.
Susan Rowe and Peter Chaffee lived together for 2Vz to 3 years in Rowe’s home in Osage County. Prior to June 2003, there had been several incidents where Chaffee had struck Rowe and threatened her with physical violence.
On or about June 23, 2003, after being sober for approximately 9 months, Chaffee started drinking again. The next day, Rowe went to dinner at the home of her neighbors, the Kittermans. Chaffee arrived at the Kittermans’ home later that evening; he was angry at Rowe and demanded money. James Kitterman asked Chaffee to leave.
On June 25, 2003, Chaffee went to a liquor store and bought a case of beer. Later, Chaffee left with Rowe’s truck. Rowe called Chaffee on his cell phone and asked him to return the truck or she would call the police. Chaffee returned to Rowe’s house, grabbed her by her hair, and threw her on the floor twice. Chaffee then began dragging her around the house while threatening to kill her. Chaffee cracked Rowe’s head on the hearth, then dragged her by her hair out the front door and down the porch.
Ultimately, Chaffee dragged Rowe by her hair to the truck. He shoved his knees into her abdomen and then lacked her. Chaffee again threatened to kill her and pushed Rowe into the back of the pickup truck. After Chaffee started driving, Rowe tried to get the tailgate down so she could exit the truck. As she worked on the tailgate, Chaffee slammed on the brakes, throwing her forward in the bed of the truck. This happened at least twice. Chaffee finally
As a vehicle with headlights approached, Chaffee cursed, got into Rowe’s vehicle, and turned toward the oncoming vehicle. The Kittermans were in the approaching vehicle. Chaffee flashed his headlights, and the Kittermans stopped. The Kittermans tried to give Chaffee a lighter that he had left at their house. Chaffee told them he “left something else of his down the road.”
The Kittermans came upon Rowe, who was covered in dirt and injured. They took Rowe to their home and called the sheriff. Rowe gave a statement to a member of the sheriff s office, then the officer called for an ambulance.
Another sheriff s officer spoke with Rowe in the hospital emergency room and took photographs of her injuries. Rowe told the officer what had happened. While at the hospital, Rowe underwent an exploratory laparotomy. The surgeon cleaned out blood and intestinal contents from Rowe’s abdomen and determined that her intestine had been ruptured in two places. In addition, Rowe’s appendix had been tom away from the intestine. The surgeon believed that the injuries were likely caused by some type of blunt force trauma, and Rowe probably would have died had the surgery not been performed. Rowe remained hospitalized for 8 days.
Chaffee was charged with one count of attempted first-degree murder, aggravated kidnapping, domestic battery (second offense), and driving while a habitual violator.
Chaffee testified that he had yelled at Rowe, grabbed her by her hair, and threw her down on the floor. He also admitted dragging her out of the house and kneeing her in the abdomen. He admitted shoving Rowe into the back of the pickup, but he claimed he was driving her to the Kittermans’ house. Chaffee testified that the Kittermans got Rowe drunk. Chaffee testified that he saw Rowe trying to climb out of the back of the moving truck and slammed on the brakes to keep her in the track because he feared she would be injured badly climbing out of the moving track. He denied intending to kill Rowe.
The jury found Chaffee not guilty of attempted first-degree murder, attempted second-degree murder, and attempted voluntary manslaughter. It convicted Chaffee of aggravated kidnapping.
Chaffee was sentenced to 96 months’ imprisonment. He timely appeals.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Chaffee contends that there is insufficient evidence to support his conviction of aggravated kidnapping. Specifically, Chaffee contends that his acquittal of attempted murder means the State failed to prove an element of the aggravated kidnapping charge, i.e., that he took Rowe with the intent to facilitate the crime of murder. Chaffee contends that without the proof of the intent to facilitate murder, the evidence, at most, only supported a conviction of criminal restraint.
“ “When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, the standard of review is whether, after review of all the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the appellate court is convinced that a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’ [Citation omitted.]” State v. Calvin, 279 Kan. 193, 198, 105 P.3d 710 (2005).
Chaffee relies on State v. Davis, 275 Kan. 107, 61 P.3d 701 (2003). In Davis, the defendant was charged with a number of crimes, including the premeditated first-degree murder of Davion Johnson and the aggravated kidnapping, aggravated sodomy, and rape of S.K.F. The jury convicted Davis of all the charges except the aggravated sodomy and rape charges. On appeal, the defendant contended that there was insufficient evidence to support the aggravated kidnapping charge, claiming there was no evidence of S.K.F. suffering bodily harm in light of his acquittal on the sex charges.
On appeal, the Davis court held that there was clear evidence tire defendant took and confined S.K.F. and it was done with the intent to facilitate flight or the commission of a crime. The court
Chaffee’s reliance on Davis is somewhat misplaced, as the disputed element in his case was not bodily harm but whether Chaffee acted with the intent to facilitate a crime.
The State contends that a defendant does not need to be convicted of, or even prosecuted for, an underlying offense for the evidence to support a conviction of predicate-offense based crimes. The State cites to State v. Dixon, 279 Kan. 563, 571, 112 P.3d 883 (2005), and State v. Beach, 275 Kan. 603, 67 P.3d 121 (2003), both felony-murder cases.
In Dixon, the defendant was charged with various counts of felony murder, aggravated arson, aggravated batteiy, and burglary arising from an explosion and fire that destroyed an apartment unit, killing a young woman and her infant son. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on the aggravated arson charge, which was the predicate offense for both the burglary and felony-murder charges. On appeal, the defendant argued the lack of the arson verdict undermined the felony-murder conviction. The court noted that the accused need not be prosecuted for or convicted of the underlying felony in order to be convicted of felony murder. At best, die defendant may only challenge whether there is sufficient evidence to support a felony-murder conviction. 279 Kan. at 571.
In Beach, the defendant was charged with various crimes including felony murder for a death allegedly arising from an aggravated robbery. Defendant was convicted of felony murder but acquitted of aggravated robbery and a conspiracy charge. On appeal, she claimed her acquittal of the underlying felony, aggravated robbery, undermined the validity of her felony-murder conviction.
It should be noted that in Beach, the court also indicated that completion of die underlying felony was not an essential element of felony murder, and therefore, an acquittal of the underlying felony was not necessarily an inconsistent verdict. 275 Kan. at 615. Felony murder involves an intentional homicide committed “in the commission of, attempt to commit, or flight from an inherently dangerous felony as defined in K.S.A. 21-3436.” K.S.A. 21-3401(b); see K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 21-3436.
Neither party in this case, nor the Kansas Supreme Court decisions discussed above mention State v. Chatmon, 234 Kan. 197, 671 P.2d 531 (1983), which has relevance to the issue in this case. In Chatmon, the defendant was charged widi aggravated kidnapping and attempted rape. Chatmon entered the victim’s car on a pretense and then forced her to drive to various locations. He struck her several times, fondled her breasts, and said he was going to have sex with her. The victim finally managed to get Chatmon out of her car and had someone call the police. Chatmon ultimately was convicted of aggravated kidnapping and battery, but he was acquitted of attempted rape.
All these cases take a somewhat different approach to the question of the effect of a lack of conviction on a predicate offense. However, common themes arise. First, a conviction of a compound offense (here, aggravated kidnapping) is not automatically reversible if there is no conviction on the predicate offense (here, attempted murder). Second, if the jury’s verdicts seem inconsistent, that inconsistency alone is not grounds for reversal of a conviction of the compound offense. The bottom line is that the conviction on the compound offense will be reversed only if the court finds there was not sufficient evidence presented at trial to support the verdict, notwithstanding the jury’s verdict on the predicate charges.
There is no dispute that there was a forcible taking in this case. Although tire jury acquitted Chaffee of attempted first-degree murder and its lesser included offenses, there was sufficient evidence to support a conclusion that Chaffee possessed the requisite intent for a conviction of aggravated kidnapping.
Aggravated Kidnapping Instruction
On appeal, Chaffee contends that the trial court’s instruction setting forth the elements of aggravated kidnapping violated his due process rights and denied him a fair trial. His due process claim
The trial court’s aggravated kidnapping instruction, patterned after PIK Crim. 3d 56.25, stated:
“To establish this charge, each of the following claims must be proved:
1. That the defendant took or confined Susan Rowe by force;
2. That it was done with the intent to hold such person to facilitate the commission of any crime;
3. That bodily harm was inflicted upon Susan Rowe; and
4. That this act occurred on or about the 25th day of June, 2003, in Osage County, Kansas.” (Emphasis added.)
During deliberations, the jury asked the court whether the aggravated kidnapping instruction which stated the taking was done “to facilitate the commission of any crime”; “include[d] counts that he isn’t charge[d] with?”
In response, the trial court advised the jury: “You should read and follow the instruction as it is written. No further answer can be given.”
No party may challenge the giving or failure to give an instruction on appeal unless the party made a specific objection to the inclusion or omission of the instruction before the jury retires, unless the instruction or the failure to give an instruction is clearly erroneous. K.S.A, 2005 Supp. 22-3414(3); State v. Adams, 280 Kan. 494, 508, 124 P.3d 19 (2005). The failure to give an instruction is clearly erroneous only if the reviewing court is firmly convinced that without the alleged error, there was a real possibility the jury would have returned a different verdict. 280 Kan. at 508.
The same standards of review that apply to jury instructions apply to a trial court’s responses to jury questions. State v. Hoge, 276 Kan. 801, 817, 80 P.3d 52 (2003). When an objection is made to an instruction, the court must consider the instructions as a whole. If the instructions properly and fairly state the law as applied to the facts of the case and a jury could not reasonably have been misled by them, the instructions do not constitute reversible error
Chaffee contends, however, that the rule applied to constitutional harmless error applies if his due process rights were affected. Under the constitutional error rule, an error is not harmless unless the appellate court is willing to declare beyond a reasonable doubt the error had little, if any, likelihood of having changed the result of the trial. State v. Holmes, 278 Kan. 603, 625, 102 P.3d 406 (2004).
Chaffee relies on State v. Linn, 251 Kan. 797, 840 P.2d 1133 (1992), where the defendant was convicted of felony murder, aggravated battery, and aggravated burglary. On appeal, Linn challenged the aggravated burglary instruction; the charging document indicated drat he entered the victims’ home with tire intent to commit a felony or theft therein. The trial court’s instruction failed to specify the specific felony that Linn allegedly intended to commit inside the victims’ home or the statutory elements of theft or robbery. During deliberations the jury submitted a question asking for “ ‘a complete description of . . . felony,’ ” and the court simply told the jury that a felony was a crime punishable for more than 1 year. 251 Kan. at 800.
The Kansas Supreme Court noted that it is the trial judge’s responsibility to decide questions of law and to state the applicable law in the jury’s instructions. With respect to instructions on aggravated burglary, the court held that the instruction was defective unless it specified and set out the statutory elements of the offense the defendant was accused of intending to commit in making the unauthorized entry. Failure to do so in Linn’s case was found to be an error of constitutional magnitude. 251 Kan. at 802. The Kansas Supreme Court has continued to require burglary instructions to specify the predicate crime and give the elements of the same, even if tire evidence at trial only supported the possibility of one particular predicate crime. See State v. Rush, 255 Kan. 672, 679, 877 P.2d 386 (1994).
More recently, however, the Kansas Supreme Court found such an error in burglary instructions to be harmless. See State v. Richmond, 258 Kan. 449, 459, 904 P.2d 974 (1995). In Richmond, the
The Richmond court acknowledged the Linn decision but noted that in other cases involving this issue, it had found such an error to be harmless. Additionally, the Richmond court recognized that the elements for the underlying felonies of aggravated robbery and rape were listed in other instructions provided to the jury. In Richmond, the Supreme Court found that the failure to specifically define the underlying felony under the aggravated burglary instruction constituted harmless error. 258 Kan. at 459.
There are only two published cases which address the use of the “any crime” language in PIK Crim. 3d 56.25. In State v. Redford, 242 Kan. 658, 750 P.2d 1013 (1988), the defendant was charged with various crimes, including aggravated kidnapping. The information had charged Redford with taking the victim with the intent to inflict bodily harm or to terrorize the victim. The trial court’s instruction included that language but also included the alternative of the taking being done with the intent “to facilitate the commission of a crime.” 242 Kan. at 669. Redford’s complaint was that the instruction went beyond the charging document by adding the alternative means of facilitation. Citing an earlier decision, the court held that if the evidence supported the alternative means, the instruction did not charge a different crime but only stated a different kind of intent. The court found this error harmless. 242 Kan. at 670-71.
The State relies on State v. Trotter, 245 Kan. 657, 783 P.2d 1271 (1989), where the defendant was convicted of aggravated robbeiy and aggravated kidnapping. On appeal, Trotter challenged the aggravated kidnapping instruction and the trial court’s refusal of his request that the element read the taking was done with the intent to hold such person to facilitate “aggravated robbery.” The court rejected this argument, citing Redford’s holding that the instruc
Neither Redford nor Trotter addressed the question before this court, i.e., whether a failure to tell tire jury it was limited to considering the predicate crime charged in the information was error. In these cases, the Kansas Supreme Court recognized that the instructions should follow the charges contained in the information and should not be broader than tire information. Trotter, 245 Kan. at 664-65; Redford, 242 Kan. at 670. In both cases, the defendants were convicted of the predicate crimes, as well as aggravated kidnapping. There was no real question in those two cases that the jury was using some crime, other than the crime indicated in the charging document, to support the kidnapping convictions.
“The charging document is the jurisdictional instrument which gives the court authority to convict a defendant of crimes charged in the complaint or of the lesser included crimes thereof. Conversely, if a crime is not specifically stated in the information or is not a lesser included offense of the crime charged, the district court lacks jurisdiction to convict a defendant of tire crime, regardless of the evidence presented. [Citation omitted.]” State v. Horn, 20 Kan. App. 2d 689, 692, 892 P.2d 513, rev. denied 257 Kan. 1094 (1995).
Although the State is not required to charge a defendant with the predicate crime {i.e., attempted murder) to prove kidnapping with intent to commit murder, it cannot charge him or her with aggravated kidnapping to facilitate murder and then convict him or her for kidnapping to facilitate a crime different from that which is identified in the information.
Here, Chaffee was specifically charged with aggravated kidnapping with the intent to “facilitate the commission of a crime, to-wit: murder in the second degree.” However, Chaffee was acquitted of attempted first-degree murder, attempted second-degree murder, and attempted voluntary manslaughter. The jurors in this case clearly indicated in their question to the trial court whether they could consider a crime other than those with which Chaffee had been charged. Likewise, if the jury found the “crime” facilitated by the kidnapping was other than attempted murder, the jury
We cannot find that this error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt or whether there was a real possibility the jury would have returned a different verdict because we are forced to speculate (1) whether the juiy considered crimes beyond those set forth in the charging document; and (2) whether the jury understood, without instructions, what the State was required to prove for any uncharged crime. Under any standard of review, the trial court’s instruction, when coupled with the trial court’s response to the jury’s question, was reversible error.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial on the aggravated lad-napping charge.