STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. David Devoy CARTER, Defendant and Appellant.
No. 20130897-CA.
Court of Appeals of Utah.
April 30, 2015.
2015 UT App 109
764
Sean D. Reyes and Brett J. DelPorto, Salt Lake City, for Appellee.
Memorandum Decision
ORME, Judge:
¶ 1 Defendant David Devoy Carter appeals his sentences for two counts of distributing or arranging to distribute a controlled substance, second degree felonies. See
¶ 2 In 2012, Defendant was charged in two separate cases with one count of distributing methamphetamine in a drug-free zone, first degree felonies.1 See
¶ 3 At Defendant‘s plea hearing on December 3, 2012, the district court conducted the usual colloquy before accepting Defendant‘s guilty pleas. The court reviewed the written plea agreements with Defendant and then asked him, “Is there anything that‘s been promised to you that [you] didn‘t get in your plea agreement[s]?” Defendant‘s then-counsel replied: “Your Honor, I think that there‘s a recommendation that the State would not be seeking prison time and that upon successful completion of probation that the State would not object to a double 402.”2 Defense counsel also told the court that the State had agreed to release Defendant on his own recognizance.
¶ 4 The original prosecutor who had negotiated the plea agreements with Defendant‘s counsel was not present at the plea hearing, because he was in another courtroom for a preliminary hearing. The State was instead represented by a substitute prosecutor. The substitute prosecutor told the court that his copies of the plea agreements did not contain those provisions and that the original prosecutor did not tell him about these alleged provisions. The court noted, “That‘s the understanding of the defense at this point apparently so we do have a record of that if it becomes relevant.”
¶ 5 The court recessed so that the substitute prosecutor could clarify with the original prosecutor what had been promised. When the court reconvened, the substitute prosecutor told the court that the original prosecutor had agreed to Defendant‘s release on his own recognizance but made no mention of a noprison recommendation or section 402 reduction. Defense counsel made no inquiry about what the original prosecutor had said concerning the no-prison recommendation or 402 reduction, nor did he interpose any objection to the accuracy of the substitute prosecutor‘s statements. The district court told Defendant that his two cases had “the potential for two sentences to the prison for one to 15 years” and that “it‘s also a possibility the sentencing judge would make those consecutive, one after the other.”3 The court asked
¶ 6 At Defendant‘s sentencing hearing nine months later, the original prosecutor was present. The court noted that the State‘s recommendation was for prison. Defendant‘s then-counsel did not raise the claimed agreement for a no-prison recommendation but responded as follows: “Yes, your Honor. And I‘d like to ask the Court to perhaps consider some jail in lieu of that and let me explain why.” Defense counsel then stated that he thought Defendant should be sentenced to jail instead of prison because Defendant knew what he did was wrong, he had come to terms with his guilt, and defense counsel believed that Defendant had “finally turned the corner.” The original prosecutor stated that the State was recommending prison based on the facts that Defendant had been to prison before, he had “poor performance on probation,” he “didn‘t show up for his first appointment with AP & P,” and he had “prior convictions for similar types of offenses.” The court then told Defendant, “[I]n light of all of this or after all of this you committed two different offenses involving distribution of controlled substances. You‘ve left the Court with no reasonable alternatives but to send you to prison.” The district court sentenced Defendant to two consecutive terms of imprisonment of one to fifteen years. Defendant appeals.
¶ 7 Defendant first argues that the State breached the plea agreements by recommending prison time and that the district court erred when it failed to ensure that his expectations regarding the plea agreements were fulfilled. Defendant concedes that this claim was not preserved and seeks review under the plain error exception to the preservation requirement. To establish plain error, an appellant must show that “(i) [a]n error exists; (ii) the error should have been obvious to the trial court; and (iii) the error is harmful.” State v. Dunn, 850 P.2d 1201, 1208 (Utah 1993). “If any one of these requirements is not met, plain error is not established.” Id. at 1209. Here, we conclude that Defendant has not established plain error.
¶ 8 First, it is far from clear that an error occurred. See id. at 1208. While not dispositive in and of itself, the State‘s alleged promise not to recommend prison is not mentioned in the written plea agreements, and Defendant concedes “that the record does not contain an actual affirmation from the State that [it] had promised to not seek prison time in exchange for [his] guilty pleas.”4
¶ 9 Nevertheless, Defendant argues that an error occurred because he “entered his pleas with the understanding that the State would not seek prison time, and the trial court was aware of [his] understanding at the time he entered his pleas.” Defendant compares his situation to that of the defendant in State v. Garfield, 552 P.2d 129 (Utah 1976), and argues that, like the defendant in Garfield, he has the right to receive the benefit of his bargain, i.e., “to be sentenced without a State recommendation of prison time.” However, in Garfield, the record “unequivocally” established that the prosecutor promised to recommend probation in return for the defendant‘s guilty plea. Id. at 130. Here, unlike in the Garfield case, there is no record of a promise by the State to refrain from recommending prison time. And as the Utah Supreme Court noted in State v. Bero, 645 P.2d 44 (Utah 1982), “[a] ‘plea agreement’ that was never agreed upon need not be fulfilled.” Id. at 46. See also id. at 47 (“A reasonable belief is not equal to a promise.“). Consequently, because there is no evidence that the State ever agreed not to seek prison time, Defendant has not established that an error occurred.
¶ 10 However, even if we were to agree that an error occurred, Defendant has failed to establish that the error should have been obvious to the district court. See
¶ 11 Defendant cannot demonstrate either that an error occurred or that the error, if any existed, should have been obvious to the district court. Therefore, we conclude that Defendant has not demonstrated plain error.6 See Dunn, 850 P.2d at 1208.
¶ 13 To satisfy the first part of the Strickland test, Defendant must “overcome a strong presumption that [his] trial counsel rendered adequate assistance.” State v. Crosby, 927 P.2d 638, 644 (Utah 1996). Given this “strong presumption of competence, we need not come to a conclusion that counsel, in fact, had a specific strategy in mind.” State v. Tennyson, 850 P.2d 461, 468 (Utah Ct. App. 1998). “Instead, we need only articulate some plausible strategic explanation for counsel‘s behavior.” Id.
¶ 14 In this case, there is a plausible explanation for counsel‘s failure to object to the State‘s prison recommendation, namely, that the State never promised to refrain from recommending prison time for Defendant. And indeed, there is no evidence of such an agreement by the State. In any event, defense counsel was not required to object to the State‘s recommendation of prison if such an objection would have been futile. See State v. Whittle, 1999 UT 96, ¶ 34, 989 P.2d 52. If defense counsel had pursued his objection to the State‘s prison recommendation, the State would likely have responded that it never agreed not to recommend prison. And the district court would have consulted the written, signed plea agreements, and it would have seen that the agreements said nothing about a promise by the State to not recommend prison. Moreover, both plea agreements stated that “[a]ll the promises, duties, and provisions of the plea agreement ... are fully contained in this statement.” And as previously indicated, after initially sharing his thought “that there‘s a recommendation that the State would not be seeking prison time,” defense counsel may have realized he had that wrong. See supra note 5. Thus, defense counsel‘s failure to make futile and possibly unethical arguments about the noprison recommendation does not constitute deficient performance.
¶ 15 There is a “plausible strategic explanation” for defense counsel‘s failure to object to the State‘s recommendation of prison. See Tennyson, 850 P.2d at 468. Therefore, Defendant cannot demonstrate that his counsel‘s performance was deficient under part one of the Strickland test. See id. at 687. Because Defendant has failed to establish part one of the Strickland test, “we need not address the [prejudice] part of the test.” Medina-Juarez, 2001 UT 79, ¶ 14, 34 P.3d 187.
¶ 16 We conclude that Defendant‘s claim of plain error fails because he cannot demonstrate that an error occurred or that the error, if any, should have been obvious to the district court. In addition, we reject Defendant‘s argument that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. His sentences are affirmed.
Notes
Contrary to Defendant‘s assertion, the fact that the State stipulated to Defendant‘s own-recognizance release does not establish that the State had also previously agreed not to seek prison time. It may well be that the parties never reached an agreement before the plea hearing regarding either provision raised by defense counsel. It is possible that the original prosecutor, perhaps realizing the practicality in doing so, agreed to stipulate to Defendant‘s own-recognizance release only when that possibility was raised by the substitute prosecutor during the short recess in the plea hearing. Moreover, based on the record before us, we think it is possible, given the qualified way in which defense counsel suggested the two provisions and his silence regarding the no-prison recommendation after the court reconvened, that defense counsel realized during the recess that he was thinking about a different case entirely and that the prosecutor never agreed to a no-prison recommendation as part of the plea agreements in this case.