In this criminal proceeding, the state appeals from the trial court’s order granting defendant’s motion to suppress evidence. We are called on to address whether a search warrant that authorizes a search, but fails to authorize a seizure, provides police with legal authority to execute the search described in the warrant, so that items encountered during the search and immediately recognized as contraband or evidence of a crime may lawfully be seized under the “plain view” exception to the warrant requirement. The trial court held that such a warrant is invalid on its face because it does not contain all of the required elements set forth in ORS 133.565(2) and Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution. We review the trial court’s order suppressing the evidence for errors of law, ORS 138.220, and vacate that order.
In December 2002, police obtained a warrant authorizing the search of defendant’s residence. Although the warrant directed police to search for a detailed list of items, including controlled substances, drug paraphernalia, materials relating to the manufacture, sale, and distribution of controlled substances, and any firearms, it did not authorize seizure of any of the listed items.
Police executed the search warrant, searching for evidence of an indoor marijuana growing operation. During that search, police found and seized a number of items, including a marijuana plant hanging from a wire, four mature marijuana plants, several smaller marijuana plants growing under grow lights operated by timers, a bag containing dried marijuana, pots, an electric fan, a box containing books and magazines on marijuana cultivation, a triple-beam scale, several guns, a microcassette audiotape, a radio scanner, and a computer.
After defendant was charged with unlawful manufacture and delivery of a controlled substance, ORS 475.992, he moved to suppress all of the evidence seized from his residence. Citing
State v. Miller,
The trial court did not reach the plain view argument, concluding instead that the failure to specify items to be seized rendered the warrant “invalid on its face” under ORS 133.565(2) and Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution. We conclude that a warrant may validly authorize police to search for items without authorizing the seizure of anything at all. Because the suppression order was premised on the erroneous conclusion that the warrant was facially invalid and therefore could not validly authorize the search, we vacate that order and remand for further proceedings.
Article I, section 9, of the Oregon Constitution provides, in part, that “no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, * * * and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized.” That constitutional requirement is codified in ORS 133.565(2), which provides, in part:
“The warrant shall state, or describe with particularity:
‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
“(c) The things constituting the object of the search and authorized to be seized[.]”
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Although as a general matter we resolve statutory issues before reaching constitutional issues, we have held that, with regard to the particularity requirements of both Article I, section 9, and ORS 133.565(2), the issues merge, and our review under both provisions is the same.
See State v. Edwards,
Defendant argues that, because the texts of Article I, section 9, and ORS 133.565(2)(c) use the conjunctive “and” in stating that warrants must particularly describe the object of the search and the items to be seized, warrants necessarily must authorize both searches and seizures. Defendant reads more into the language than is there. Logically, the requirement that items to be seized must be identified is triggered only if the warrant actually attempts to authorize a seizure. Where no attempt is made to authorize a seizure, there would be no need to specify items to be seized.
Our decision in
Miller
does not hold otherwise. The warrant in
Miller
authorized police to search for a list of described items but failed to state that police could seize those items, although it required police to return to the court “a list of the items seized.”
Accordingly, our holding in Miller establishes that a warrant does not authorize seizure of any items not so specified in the warrant. We did not address in Miller whether a warrant might validly authorize only a search, so that the seizure of any items encountered during the search might be justified under the plain view doctrine. However, our recognition that authority to search and authority to seize must be separately analyzed provides support for the view that a warrant may authorize one or the other and need not always authorize both.
Here, unlike in Miller, the state does not contend that the warrant authorized police to seize items from defendant’s residence. Rather, the state contends that the warrant validly authorized police to search defendant’s residence and that the lawfulness of the separate invasion of privacy occasioned by seizing items found there, in the absence of authorization in the warrant itself, may be analyzed by reference to the plain view exception to the warrant requirement. We agree.
As noted above, we do not find the use of the word “and” in ORS 133.565(2)(c) and in Article I, section 9, to imply a requirement that a search warrant can only be issued both to search for
and to seize
items. Rather, that language simply reflects that, where the warrant addresses both search and seizure, it must specify what is to be searched and what is to be seized. We agree with the state that there is nothing illogical, impossible, or unconstitutional about a warrant that authorizes either a search or a seizure but not both.
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Moreover, our case law recognizes that the plain view doctrine applies to items observed while in the course of executing a search that is authorized by warrant, even if the item seized does not happen to be specified in the warrant.
State v.
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Sagner,
Accordingly, the next question is whether the seizure of the items at issue here was justified by an exception to the warrant requirement. The state bears the burden of proving that an exception to the warrant requirement existed.
State v. Stevens,
Order of suppression vacated; remanded for further proceedings.
Notes
Defendant does not offer argument under the federal constitution in this appeal.
A detective who participated in the seizure testified that all of the items— including the computer, the microcassette audiotape, and the radio scanner — had been seized because they had something to do with manufacturing or delivering a controlled substance. With respect to the computer, he testified that people involved in the manufacture and distribution of narcotics keep very good records of what and how much they have grown. He explained that he had seized the micro-cassette audiotape because he thought it might have been used to keep audio notes of activities in the grow room and the radio scanner because people involved in file-gal drug manufacturing or distributing like to keep track of what the police are doing.
The state points out that a “search only” warrant might he useful for visiting a crime scene simply to observe its layout or to search the factory of a good-faith purchaser of stolen industrial equipment to look for the equipment but not to remove it. Likewise, the state points out that a “seizure only” warrant might be useful where there is consent to search but not to seize.