Thе defendant claims his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the trial court’s response to a jury’s question and in failing to move for a judgment of *820 acquittal on the charge of first-degree sexual abuse. Finding no error, we affirm.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
A review оf the record reveals substantial evidence from which the jury could have found the following facts. On August 25, 1996, a young woman asked an acquaintance, the defendant, Robert Carter, for a ride to a lounge. The defendant agreed; however, during the car ride he turned off of the main road and stopped the vehicle near a cornfield. He struck the woman in the head with a metal bar that was approximately twelve inches long. Attached to the bar were log-type chains аnd hooks.
The defendant forcibly removed the victim from the car and pulled her by the hair into the cornfield. He continued to strike her with the metal bar. The defendant made the victim remove her pants and he vaginally penetrated her. The defendant then made the victim perform oral sex.
After the sex acts had been completed, the defendant grabbed the victim by the hair and made her walk back to the car. He continued to hit her in the back of the head. The defendant rеtrieved something from the vehicle and forced the victim to return to the cornfield. There he stabbed the victim in the neck with a utility knife, cutting her trachea nearly in half. The victim pretended to be dead and the defendant left the scene. The victim then made her way to a nearby house and help was summoned.
The defendant was arrested later that night at his motel room. Shortly before his arrest, the defendant had washed his shirt, using vinegar in an apparent attempt to destroy evidence. Evidеnce implicating the defendant in the crime was found in a search of his motel room.
The defendant was charged with first-degree sexual assault in violation of Iowa Code section 709.2 (1995) and attempted murder in violation of Iowa Code section 707.11. At trial the State presented a considerable amount of direct and circumstantial evidence of the defendant’s guilt. In addition to the victim’s identification of the defendant as her assailant, there was DNA evidence linking the defendant, the victim, and the weapons, as well as physical evidence tying the defendant to the crime scene.
After the case was submitted to the jury, the jury sent the court a note inquiring as to when sexual abuse ends. The State had no objection to the court’s proposed response. Defense counsel indicated he was not entirely satisfied with the answer, but he would not object because he could not think of a better response.
The jury found the defendant guilty on both counts, and he was sеntenced to life imprisonment on the sexual abuse charge and an indeterminate term not to exceed twenty-five years on the attempted murder charge. The defendant appeals only from his conviction on the sexual abuse charge.
II. Error Preservation and Scope of Review.
Recognizing that error was not preserved below, the defendant argues on appeal that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the court’s response to the jury’s question and in failing to move for a judgment of acquittal on the sexual abuse charge. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance, a defendant must show that his counsel failed to perform an essential duty and that prejudice resulted from this failure.
State v. Greene,
Since the defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance arises from his Sixth Amendment right to counsel, our review is de novo.
See State v. Westeen,
III. Serious Injury.
The defendant claims his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to move for a judgment of acquittal on the sexual abuse charge because there was insufficient evidence the victim sustained a serious injury. Iowa Code § 709.2. A “serious injury” means a bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death.
See
Iowa Code § 702.18.
1
“[A] substantial risk of death means more than just any risk оf death but does not mean that death was likely.”
State v. Anderson,
The record in this case reveals that Dr. Kathleen Haverkamp treated the victim when she was first admitted to the hospital. She testified the victim had extensive injuries, including multiple head and hand lacerations, and the victim’s trachea had been cut in half. The doctor considered the victim’s injuries to be serious and characterized the trachea injury as life-threatening because it could compromise the victim’s airway.
Dr. Allgood, the surgeon who operated on the victim, testified that the laceration to her neck had partially transected her airway and there was a life-threatening possibility that she could lose the ability to breathe. It was his opinion that the victim needed emergency surgical intervention to save her life. The victim required a tra-cheostomy tube while in the hospital.
The defendant argues no witness gave an оpinion as to the victim’s “percentage chance of death” or what “possibility of death was certain.” He alleges this case lacks the medical detail of past cases in which we have found a serious injury. We disagree. We have previously held that each case must be judged on its own facts when deciding if there has been a serious injury.
State v. Coburn,
IV. Iowa Code Section 709.2 — “In the Course of.”
The defendant claims that even if the victim did sustain a serious injury to her trachea, his counsel was ineffective in failing to move for a judgment of acquittal based upon the State’s failure to prove that the victim sustained the serious injury “during the commission of’ the sexual abuse. 2 The defendant contends the injury occurred after the completion of the alleged sex acts and therefore could not elevate his offense to first-degree sexual abuse under Iowa Code section 709.2. In response, the State argues the requirement that the serious injury occur “in the course of’ the sexual abuse is satisfied when the injury is sustained immediately before or after the sex act.
Our analysis begins with the statutory language. Section 709.2 provides:
A person commits sexual abuse in the first degree when in the course of committing sexual abuse the person causes another serious injury.
It does not appeаr we have previously addressed whether the phrase “in the course of’ requires that the actual infliction of a serious injury occur simultaneous with the commission of the sexual abuse. However, a review of our prior interpretations of similar phrases provides some assistance. For example, we have previously
*822
recognized that the phrase “during the commission of’ in Iowa’s statute prohibiting the nonconsenual termination of a pregnancy requires that there bе a temporal nexus or link between the underling felony and the termination of the pregnancy.
See State v. Hippler,
Even though we have determined that there must be a nexus between the serious injury and the sexual abuse, the question still remains whether the serious injury must occur simultaneously with the infliction of the sexual abuse. For guidance on this issue we look tо our prior interpretations of an earlier version of Iowa’s felony-murder rule. In
Conner v. State,
Reviewing the entirety of a sequence of events is not new. For example, we have previously declined to impose rigid time or geographic limitations when determining if a defendant’s subsequent assaultive behavior was in the furtherance of an escape and therefor elevated a theft to the offense of robbery.
See State v. Terry,
Other jurisdictions have rejected arguments similar to those made by the defendant. For example, the North Carolina Supreme Court has held the serious injury elеment is sufficiently established if there is “a series of incidents forming one continuous transaction between the rape or sexual offense and the infliction of the serious personal injury.”
State v. Blackstock,
The Missouri Court of Appeals has held the display of a dangerous weapon “in the course of’ rape or sodomy need not occur simultaneously with the sexual offense.
State v. Gray,
We think the analysis in these cases and in our prior felony-murder cases is persuasive. We hold that under Iowa Code section 709.2 the serious injury need not occur simultaneоusly with the commission of the sexual abuse in order to constitute first-degree sexual abuse under Iowa Code section 709.2. It is sufficient if the serious injury precedes or follows the sexual abuse as long as the injury and sexual abuse occur as part оf an unbroken chain of events or as part of one continuous series of acts connected with one another. There was substantial evidence in the record that the defendant’s act of cutting the victim’s throat occurred as рart of the entirety of a continuous series of acts involving the sexual abuse. Trial counsel breached no duty in declining to move for a judgment of acquittal on this basis.
*823 V. Response to Jury Question.
In his final argument the defendant claims his counsel should have objected to thе trial court’s response to the question the jury sent to the judge. During its deliberations the jury sent a note to the judge with the question: “Does sexual abuse end when the sex act ends?” The court responded: “Not necessarily. It depends if the subsequent actiоns occur as part of a continuing course of action.” The defendant contends the jury’s question indicates it was troubled by its responsibility to determine whether a serious injury was caused by the sexual abuse, and he claims the court’s responsе allowed the jury to find there was a serious injury without requiring it to find a causal connection between the injury and the sex act.
The court’s answer directed the jury to consider whether there was a “continuing course of action.” This response wаs sufficiently consistent with our holding in this opinion. Counsel did not err in acquiescing in the trial court’s response to the jury’s question.
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. The State concedes it did not attempt to prove any of the alternative definitions of "serious injury” found in section 702.18.
. The trial court, using Iowa's Uniform Criminal Jury Instruction 900.1, instructed the jury that the State must prove that "during the commission of sexual abuse, the defendant caused [the victim] a serious injury.”