30 Conn. App. 346 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1993
This matter is now before us on remand from the Supreme Court. We previously considered it in State v. Carey, 25 Conn. App. 421, 594 A.2d 1011 (1991), in which we did not reach the merits of the appeal but remanded it to the trial court for dismissal of the probation revocation proceedings on jurisdictional grounds. The Supreme Court granted certification, reversed our judgment and remanded the case to this court for consideration of the merits of the defendant’s appellate claims. State v. Carey, 222 Conn. 299, 610 A.2d 1147 (1992).
This is the defendant’s appeal from the revocation of his probation. He claims that the evidence presented at his revocation hearing (1) was insufficient as a matter of law, (2) violated his constitutional right to due process of law and (3) violated his right to cross-examine witnesses. We reverse the judgment of the trial court.
The following facts are necessary to resolve this appeal. On June 13,1988, the defendant pleaded guilty to assault in the third degree in violation of General
At the commencement of the revocation hearing, the defendant requested, “in the nature of an oral bill of particulars,”
Rome was the only witness who testified at the hearing. Through Rome, the state introduced two police incident reports relating to the defendant’s arrests. Defense counsel repeatedly objected to the admission of the reports on the basis that they were hearsay. Although Rome testified that she had not personally
No further evidence was offered by either party. The court found that the defendant had violated his probation and reinstated the original sentence. As expressed in its memorandum of decision, the court appeared to have found that the defendant violated not only the no contact provision, but also the provision that he not violate any criminal law of the United States, notwithstanding that he was not charged with the latter as a probation violation. Because a defendant cannot be found in violation of probation on grounds other than those with which he is charged, we will disregard the second finding.
In his first claim, the defendant contends that the evidence produced at the hearing was insufficient as a matter of law because it consisted entirely of unsupported and unreliable hearsay evidence. We agree that the evidence was insufficient to establish a probation violation.
A subsequent arrest, by itself, is not a sufficient basis on which to find a violation of probation. Although there need not be proof of unlawful conduct sufficient to sustain a criminal conviction; Roberson v. Connecticut, 501 F.2d 305, 308 (2d Cir. 1974); there must be proof that the “defendant’s conduct constituted an act sufficient to support a revocation of probation . . . .” State v. Smith, 18 Conn. App. 368, 370 n.1, 558 A.2d 257 (1989); Payne v. Robinson, 10 Conn. App. 395, 402-403, 523
In the present case, because the revocation was not based on a subsequent conviction, the issue is whether the state presented sufficient evidence to show that the defendant’s conduct, leading to the arrests, constituted an act sufficient to support the revocation. The standard of proof to be applied by the trial court in deciding whether a probationer has violated a condition of probation is the reasonable satisfaction standard, wherein the trial court must have a rational belief that the “evidence is adequate or sufficient to prove a violation.” State v. Davis, 29 Conn. App. 801, 811, 618 A.2d 557 (1993). “[0]ur review is limited to reviewing whether such a finding was clearly erroneous.” Id., 805.
A probation revocation hearing is not a stage of a criminal prosecution; Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 782, 93 S. Ct. 1756, 36 L. Ed. 2d 656 (1973); State v. Wright, 24 Conn. App. 575, 580, 590 A.2d 486 (1991); but is a discrete statutory procedure to which many of the substantive and procedural rules of criminal law do not apply. Payne v. Robinson, supra, 207 Conn. 571.
General Statutes § 53a-32 (b) provides in pertinent part: “No such revocation [of probation] shall be ordered, except upon consideration of the whole record and unless [a] violation is established by reliable and probative evidence.” The only evidence offered by the state, over the defendant’s repeated hearsay objections, was the two police reports. These reports were admitted through the probation officer who had no independent knowledge of the material contained therein. She knew only that they were police reports pertaining to the defendant.
These reports were undisputably hearsay. In its brief, the state argues that the police reports qualified as busi
The state relies on State v. White, 169 Conn. 223, 239-40, 363 A.2d 143, cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1025, 96 S. Ct. 469, 46 L. Ed. 2d 399 (1975), for the proposition that hearsay evidence is admissible in probation violation proceedings. The White court recognized that “General Statutes § 53a-32 apparently contemplates use of hearsay testimony ... so long as it is not unsupported and is reliable, as the evidence was here.” (Emphasis added.) Id. The final five words of this quotation, however, are significant and were
The statement in White was dicta because the issue before that court was the admissibility of hearsay evidence at a preliminary probable cause hearing held within the probation department.
Careful examination of White, however, discloses that it is limited and is not authority for admitting all hearsay evidence in all probation violation cases. The White court expressly “contemplate[d] use of hearsay testimony ... so long as it is not unsupported and is reliable, as the evidence was here.”
Our analysis begins with a comparison of the White case with the present case. The alleged violation in White was the defendant’s departure from a residential drug rehabilitation program in violation of a special condition of probation that he remain there until
The record does not include a transcript of the testimony at the probable cause hearing. It includes only a brief report from the probation department that referred to hearsay material from the drug rehabilitation program.
Pursuant to White, hearsay testimony is admissible only if it is supported by other evidence. Hearsay evidence cannot be the basis of probation revocation if it is wholly unsupported by corroborative evidence, as it was here. If, for example, the probation officer had been competent to testify from personal knowledge, it would have been a question of the trial court’s discretion as to whether there was sufficient support to allow the hearsay evidence.
General Statutes § 53a-32 was passed as part of No. 828 of the 1969 Public Acts, which created the Connecticut penal code. It is readily apparent from the commentary by the commission appointed to revise the criminal statutes and to adopt the penal code that
The trial court acknowledged that the two hearsay police reports were the only evidence before it and the state agreed.
The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded with direction to render judgment denying the motion for probation revocation.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
There does not appear to have been a new conviction.
We know of no authority for an oral bill of particulars under these circumstances. See Practice Book §§ 812, 830 through 833.
General Statutes § 52-180 (a) provides: “Any writing or record, whether in the form of an entry in a book or otherwise, made as a memorandum or record of any act, transaction, occurrence or event, shall be admissible as evidence of the act, transaction, occurrence or event, if the trial judge finds that it was made in the regular course of any business, and that it was the regular course of the business to make the writing or record at the time of the act, transaction, occurrence or event or within a reasonable time thereafter.”
The specific claim in State v. White, 169 Conn. 223, 239, 363 A.2d 143 (1975), was that “the hearing officer at the preliminary hearing improperly relied on hearsay evidence in determining there was probable cause that he had violated the terms of his probation.” (Emphasis added.)
White established a two-prong test. The evidence must be both (1) supported and (2) reliable. Because we conclude that the defendant has not satisfied the first prong, we do not reach the second.
State v. White, A-857 Rec. & Briefs, Position 3, Record pp. 6-7, May Term, 1975.
Despite the White dicta suggesting that a defendant could be found in violation of probation on limited but supported hearsay, the actual probation violation finding was supported by substantial direct evidence. The defendant’s probation officer, Raymond Bykowski, testified that the defendant had been assigned to a treatment facility in Waterbury as the result of a court sentence. He further recounted that he had been notified by phone and later by letter that the defendant had left the facility. Francis Petrillo, senior coordinator and drug rehabilitation counselor at the facility, also tes
The trial court was not consistent in its hearsay evidence rulings. It is difficult to reconcile the ruling on admissibility of the police reports with the court’s ruling sustaining a hearsay objection to a question of what the victim may have said to the probation officer in a phone conversation.
Addressing the state’s attorney, the trial court commented, “Isn’t it true that the only actual evidence in this particular case is the two police incident reports? There is no warrant that is in evidence. The warrant was marked for ID purposes only.” The state’s attorney replied in the affirmative.