OPINION
11 Rolando Cardona-Gueton appeals his conviction for possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance with an enhancement for commission of the offense in a drug-free zone. See Utah Code Ann. §§ 58-37-8(1)(a)iii), ~8(4)(a)(v) (LexisNexis 2012) 1 Cardona-Gueton contends that the State presented insufficient evidence that he possessed the drugs. He also contends that the State presented insufficient evidence that the offense occurred within a drug-free zone. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
12 On October 22, 2009, three police officers were on bicycle patrol at the intersection of 300 West and 400 South in Salt Lake City. One officer saw Cardona-Gueton at the "No. 4 corner of Pioneer Park or in that intersection of Pioneer Park," engaged in what he believed to be a drug deal.
{8 The officers approached Cardona-Gue-ton, who was sitting on a bench smoking a cigarette. The officers believed he was violating a prohibition on smoking in the park, and one officer began to write a citation for the violation. The officers noticed near Car-dona-Gueton a bicycle that they suspected was one that had been reported stolen. Two of the officers asked Cardona-Gueton if the bicycle was his, and he responded that it was. One officer asked Cardona-Gueton if he could look at the bicycle; Cardona-Gueton agreed. The officer turned the bicycle over to examine the serial number and noticed the first of two hidden compartments. When the officers indicated they would inspect the compartment, Cardona-Gueton stated, "That's not mine," and denied ownership of the bicycle. Inside the compartment was a removable container holding fourteen rocks of crack cocaine, amounting to "about two grams."
1 4 Cardona-Gueton was charged with one count of possession with intent to distribute. The State amended the charge to include a drug-free zone enhancement, elevating the offense to a first degree felony. Cardona-Gueton unsuccessfully objected to the amendment.
T5 The case was tried to a jury. At the conclusion of the evidence, Cardona-Gueton unsuccessfully moved for a directed verdict on three grounds: (1) insufficient evidence of possession, (2) insufficient evidence of intent to distribute, and (8) insufficient evidence to support the drug-free zone enhancement. The jury found Cardona-Gueton guilty of the charged offense and found the enhancement by special verdiet, After trial, Cardona-Gue-ton unsuccessfully moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the same three grounds. On January 14, 2011, Cardona, Gueton was sentenced to a prison term of five years to life.
ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW
T6 Cardona-Gueton presses two challenges on appeal. First, he contends that the evidence at trial was insufficient to prove that he possessed the cocaine. Second, he contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove the offense occurred in a public park. Cardona-Gueton frames these issues as challenges to the jury's verdict.
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ANALYSIS
I. Actual or Constructive Possession of the Drugs
17 Cardona-Gueton first contends that the State failed to present sufficient evidence that he possessed the cocaine. Specifically, he argues that the State "failed to establish a sufficient nexus between [himself] and the drugs to establish constructive possession."
T8 Conviction for possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute requires proof that (1) the defendant knowingly and intentionally possessed the controlled substance, and (2) the defendant intended to distribute the controlled substance. State v. Fox,
19 Cardona-Gueton argues that the State's evidence was insufficient to establish (1) that the bicycle was his, (2) that he knew the bicycle held drugs, and (8) that he intended to use the drugs as his own. However, the jury's verdict is supported by evidence of possession in the form of incriminating statements, suspicious behavior, and proximity. Cardona-Gueton was seen drinking from the bicycle's water bottle. The officers approached him because he appeared to have been involved in a drug deal. When they approached, he was sitting no more than six inches from the bicycle. When asked about the bicycle, Cardona, Gueton twice stated that it was his. He denied ownership only when an officer turned the bicycle over, exposing a hidden compartment. Finally, the amount of crack cocaine found in the bicycle was consistent with the officers' observation of a suspected drug deal, as was the $166 they found on Cardona-Gueton's person.
10 Cardona-Gueton argues that because the only evidence against him was "cireum-stantial, the evidence supporting a conviction must preclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence." See State v. Hill,
111 Whether an alternative explanation is "reasonable" depends on the credibility of the evidence supporting it. The law is well established that "[the existence of one or more alternate reasonable hypotheses
112 Stated another way, framing a claim as a reasonable-alternative-hypothesis claim presupposes that the alternative hypothesis is reasonable. But a finding that a defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt is necessarily a finding that any alternative hypothesis of innocenee presented at trial was mof reasonable under the jury's view of the evidence. Consequently, an appellate court will reverse such a finding only where no reasonable juror could have taken that view of the evidence.
113 Here, however, Cardona-Gue-ton asserts theories on appeal that were never presented to the jury. He did not argue at trial that he bought, found, or stole the bicycle wholly unaware of the cocaine hidden within it. Instead, he testified that the bicycle was not in his possession at all. The jury heard testimony that Cardona-Gueton first told the officers that the bicycle was his, then that it was not. The jury apparently believed the first statement and disbelieved the second. While it might have made the opposite credibility determination, it was not required to do so by the reasonable doubt standard.
"T An appellate court will not "substitute its judgment for that of the jury" and will reverse only "if the evidence is so insubstantial or inconclusive that reasonable minds must necessarily entertain a reasonable doubt as to a defendant's guilt." Hill,
IL -The Drug-Free Zone Enhancement
¶ 115 Cardona-Gueton also challenges the jury's special verdict on the ground that the State did not present sufficient evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the offense occurred in a public park. Cardona Gueton was convicted of possession of eo-caine. A first offense of possession of cocaine is a second degree felony when a person "knowingly and intentionally" possesses the drug with intent to distribute. Utah Code Ann. §§ 58-37-8(1)(a)(iii), -(b)(i) (Lexis-Nexis 2012); id. § 58-87-4(2)(b)(D). However, the offense is a first degree felony when committed within a drug-free zone, including "a public park, amusement park, arcade, or recreation center." Id. § 58-37-8(4)(a)(v).
116 The drug-free zone enhancement is an element of the crime and so must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt to the same trier of fact who decides guilt for the underlying crime. See State v. Davis,
1 17 Although Cardona-Gueton's challenge is framed as a sufficiency claim, he begins by asserting that the term "public park" as used in Utah Code section 58-87-8(4)(a) does not include sidewalks. His argument relies on related statutes, statutory history, dictionary definitions, and the Salt Lake City Code. However, he does not argue that the trial court erred in not instructing the jury on the definition of "public park" or otherwise frame his appellate challenge as a question of statu
18 We therefore do not view this claim as presenting a question of statutory interpretation. This approach is consistent with our holding in State v. Davis,
119 "Because we decline to view this case as presenting a question of statutory interpretation, and because the statute itself does not define ['public park'], we give broad deference to the jury's common sense understanding of this phrase." See State v. White,
20 Cardona-Gueton argues that none of these witnesses had "actual knowledge of whether the sidewalk was part of the park." However, we do not know whether they had such knowledge. None of the above testimony provoked an objection for lack of foundation. As a result, the record is silent as to the extent and nature of the witnesses' knowledge of the matter. The issue was not probed at trial because defense counsel did not challenge the State's evidence on this point. Indeed, the State correctly observes that "defense counsel did not even argue in closing that the bench was not in the park."
1 21 To successfully challenge the jury verdict, Cardona-Gueton must demonstrate that, viewing the evidence and all inferences which may reasonably be drawn from it in the light most favorable to the verdict, reasonable minds must have entertained a reasonable doubt that the offense occurred in Pioneer Park. See State v. Hamilton,
CONCLUSION
{22 The evidence presented at Cardona, Gueton's trial was sufficient for the jury to find that Cardona-Gueton possessed the cocaine and intended to distribute it. The evidence was also sufficient for the jury to find that the offense was committed within a park. Accordingly, we affirm.
23 WE CONCUR: WILLIAM A. THORNE JR. and STEPHEN L. ROTH, Judges.
Notes
. Because the statutory provisions in effect at the time of the offense do not differ from the provisions currently in effect in any way material to this case, we cite the current version of the Utah Code for the convenience of the reader.
. To the extent that Cardona-Gueton's arguments may be construed as claiming that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed verdict, we note that such claims involve "basically the same analysis" and may be considered together with the challenge to the jury's verdict. State v. Hirschi,
. Cardona-Gueton does complain, in a footnote in his brief, that "no instruction was given as to what qualifies as being 'in a public park'" and that the jury "was never provided a definition of 'in a public park.'" However, he did not object to the jury instructions on this basis at trial, nor does he identify this supposed omission as a claim of plain error on appeal or complain that his trial counsel was ineffective for not seeking such an instruction. Accordingly, we read these passages as an argument in support of his sufficiency challenge, not as an attempt to recast the issue as one of law.
. We do not suggest, and Davis does not hold, that a question of statutory interpretation could never be imbedded within a sufficiency claim. Indeed, the issue before us might, in a different case or context, be framed as one of statutory interpretation. Neither do we mean to imply that Cardona-Gueton would be likely to prevail if the issue were viewed as one of statutory interpretation. The State points out, for example, that Salt Lake City seems to regard Pioneer Park as encompassing the entire block. See Salt Lake City City Code § 15.04.150 (2009) (describing Pioneer Park as "(alll of ... the area between Third and Fourth South Streets and Third and Fourth West Streets"). But see id. § 1.04.010 (defining a "street" to include sidewalks). We express no opinion on that point.
. On appeal, Cardona-Gueton maintains that trial witnesses used the word "park" before the word "bench" to refer to its style, not its location. We agree that the term is ambiguous.