138 Wash. 2d 964 | Wash. | 1999
Lead Opinion
— Petitioner Jorge Luis Rustamante-Davila seeks discretionary review of an unpublished decision of the Court of Appeals, Division Two, affirming his conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm in the second degree under RCW 9.41.040(l)(b). The Court of Appeals concluded the firearm was not seized illegally by police officers who permissively entered Petitioner’s mobile home with an Immigration and Naturalization Service agent, under a presumptively valid deportation order, although Petitioner was not informed he had a right to refuse entry into his home. We affirm.
QUESTION PRESENTED
The question presented in this case is whether, under
STATEMENT OF FACTS
On March 5, 1997, an agent of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) went to Petitioner’s mobile home in Kelso, Cowlitz County, to arrest him under a “removal order” issued by an immigration judge.
The INS agent testified it was his normal practice to ask for “backup” from local law enforcement officers.
The INS agent knocked at the door of Petitioner’s residence (a single-wide mobile home).
After the INS agent entered the residence, he told Petitioner he was under arrest for an immigration violation.
Petitioner was initially charged on March 5, 1997 with unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree (by a convicted felon). The prior felony conviction was for rape of a child in the third degree.
RCW 9.41.040(l)(a) and (b) read:
Unlawful possession of firearms—Ownership, possession by certain persons. (l)(a) A person, whether an adult or juvenile, is guilty of the crime of unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree, if the person owns, has in his or her possession, or has in his or her control any firearm after having previously been convicted in this state or elsewhere of any serious offense as defined in this chapter.
(b) A person, whether an adult or juvenile, is guilty of the crime of unlawful possession of a firearm in the second degree, if the person does not qualify under (a) of this subsection for the crime of unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree and the person owns, has in his or her possession, or has in his or her control any firearm:
(i) After having previously been convicted in this state or elsewhere of any felony not specifically listed as prohibiting firearm possession under (a) of this subsection, or any of the following crimes when committed by one family or household member against another, committed on or after July 1, 1993: Assault in the fourth degree, coercion, stalking, reckless*971 endangerment, criminal trespass in the first degree, or violation of the provisions of a protection Order or no-contact order restraining the person or excluding the person from a residence (RCW 26.50.060, 26.50.070, 26.50.130, or 10.99.040).
The amended Information filed by the Prosecuting Attorney on May 13, 1997 read:
COMES NOW JAMES J. STONIER, Prosecuting Attorney of Cowlitz County, State of Washington, and by this Information accuses the above-named defendant(s) of violating the criminal laws of the State of Washington as follows:
UNLAWFUL POSSESSION OF A FIREARM IN THE SECOND DEGREE
The defendant, in the County of Cowlitz, State of Washington, on or about March 5, 1997, after having been previously convicted of Rape of a Child in the Third Degree, a serious offense, on April 15, 1992, did feloniously possess a firearm, to-wit: a.303 Caliber Withgow bolt action rifle; contrary to RCW 9.41.040(l)(b) and against the peace and dignity of the State of Washington.
On April 8, 1997, Petitioner moved to suppress the evidence, claiming his arrest was illegal.
The trial court, the Honorable Don L. McCulloch, ruling on the suppression motion, on June 21, 1997 rendered the following undisputed findings of fact:
1. That on March 5, 1997 INS agent Shephard went to the home of the defendant at 1450 Westside Hwy #38, in Kelso, a single wide trailer, to make an arrest for suspected violation of immigration laws.
2. That Agent Shephard knew that the defendant had been deported in the past and that another deportation order had been entered on the defendant by an Immigration Court.
3. That on March 5, 1997, Agent Shephard was unaware that an appeal had been filed by the defendant on the deportation order.
4. That Agent Shephard did not have an arrest warrant for the defendant. His intention was to make an arrest on the deportation order after obtaining consent to enter the defendant’s residence.
5. That Agent Shephard was assisted by local law enforcement officials as back up.
6. That Agent Shephard knocked on the door of the residence. The defendant opened the door. Agent Shephard asked permission to enter and the defendant responded affirmatively stepping back. Agent Shephard spoke in English because he knew that the defendant could speak and understand English based on prior conversations with him.
7. That after entry, Agent Shephard informed the defendant that he was being arrested on an Immigration violation. The defendant was told he should go get his clothes because he' would not be returning to the residence. The defendant then went to the back of the trailer to the bedroom.
8. That while following the defendant to the back bedroom, Shephard noticed a rifle leaning against the living room wall. Shephard knew that the defendant was an alien and not allowed to possess a firearm.
*973 9. That Longview Officer Ray Hartley also entered the residence from the front door and observed the rifle standing against the west living room wall in plain view.
10. That Hartley pointed out the rifle to Deputy Conner who had entered the residence through the open front door. Deputy Conner asked the defendant if the gun was his to which he acknowledged that it was. Deputy Conner knew that the defendant was both an alien and a convicted felon.
11. That the defendant was arrested on an immigration offense as well as the unlawful possession of a firearm charge.37
The court in its order stated the only disputed finding of fact:
1. That when Agent Shepard asked for permission to enter the residence, Officer Hartley was standing right next to him and both were in the immediate view of the defendant.
The trial court then rendered the following conclusions of law and its order:
III. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. That Agent Shephard did not have lawful authority to arrest the defendant on an immigration violation because there was a valid pending appeal on the deportation order.
2. That Agent Shephard and back up officers could lawfully approach the defendant’s home and ask permission to enter.
3. That the defendant gave permission to Agent Shephard to enter the residence. The defendant also gave permission to the officer standing next to Shephard by virtue of his knowledge that both officers were together and he did not limit his consent to only Officer Shephard.
4. That the rifle was observed in plain view and was properly seized as evidence.
5. That there was no lawful basis to arrest the defendant for an immigration violation because the deportation order was pending appeal.
*974 6. That the arrest of the defendant was lawful because probable cause existed to arrest the defendant for the crime of Unlawful Possession of a Firearm and/or Illegal Possession of a Firearm by an Alien at the time he was arrested.
BASED ON THE FOREGOING Conclusion of Law, the Court now enters the following:
ORDER
That evidence seized from the defendant’s home is admissible at trial.
s/Don L. McCulloch
Judge
In a non-jury trial on stipulated facts before Judge James E. Warme, Petitioner was convicted of unlawful possession of a firearm in the second degree on May 14, 1997.
Petitioner on May 14, 1997 appealed his conviction to the Court of Appeals, Division Two.
On September 11, 1998, in an unpublished decision, the Court of Appeals, Division Two, the Honorable Karen G. Seinfeld writing, affirmed Petitioner’s conviction.
On September 21, 1998, Petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration.
On October 2, 1998, the Court of Appeals, Acting Chief Judge C.C. Bridgewater writing, denied Petitioner’s motion.
Petitioner filed a petition with this court seeking review of the decision of the Court of Appeals. Review was granted on April 6, 1999.
DISCUSSION
The principal issue presented for review in this case
Petitioner does not argue that the INS agent did not have authority to arrest him without a warrant, although the trial court questionably concluded the agent did not have authority to arrest Petitioner because of the appeal and stay order. The United States Supreme Court in Reno v. Flores.
Though a procedure for obtaining warrants to arrest named individuals is available, see 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1); 8 CFR § 242.2(c)(1) (1992), the deportation process ordinarily begins with a warrantless arrest by an INS officer who has reason to believe that the arrestee “is in the United States in violation of any [immigration] law or regulation and is likely to escape before a warrant can be obtained,” 8 U.S.C. § 1357(a)(2). Arrested aliens are almost always offered the choice of departing the country voluntarily, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b) (1988 ed., Supp. Ill); 8 CFR § 242.5 ....
In State v. Ferrier, this court announced an explicit rule for “knock and talk” procedures employed by law enforcement officers seeking to search a home without a warrant.
In Ferrier, the police officers had reason to suspect marijuana was being grown in a private residence.
This court reversed, basing its conclusion on article I, section 7 of the Washington Constitution which provides “[n]o person shall be disturbed in his private affairs, or his home invaded, without authority of law.” This court examined the Gunwall factors to determine whether the state constitution provided greater protection of the defend
While we recognize that a home dweller should be permitted to voluntarily consent to a search of [the dweller’s] home, the waiver of the right to require production of a warrant must, in the final analysis, be the product of an informed decision. We, therefore, adopt the following rule: that when police officers conduct a knock and talk for the purpose of obtaining consent to search a home, and thereby avoid the necessity of obtaining a warrant, they must, prior to entering the home, inform the person from whom consent is sought that [the person] may lawfully refuse to consent to the search and that [the person] can revoke, at any time, the consent [that person gives], and can limit the scope of the consent to certain areas of the home. The failure to provide these warnings, prior to entering the home, vitiates any consent given thereafter.[68]
Petitioner challenges the validity of his consent under State v. Ferrier, contending this court, as it did in Ferrier, should make a determination based on independent state constitutional grounds.
When the issue of broader state constitutional protections arises, the party seeking that broader protection must discuss reasons for reading the state provision differently from its federal counterpart.
In the article I, section 7 context, it is necessary only to examine the fourth and sixth Gunwall factors as they apply to this case.
The sixth Gunwall factor requires a consideration of whether the privacy interest in the case is a matter of particular local concern.
violated her expectation of privacy in her home because they conducted the knock and talk in order to search her home, thereby avoiding the general requirement that a search warrant be obtained. . . . This right is clearly an interest of local concern under the sixth Gunwall factor due to “[t]he heightened protection afforded state citizens against an unlawful intrusion into private dwellings [that] places an onerous burden upon the government to show a compelling need to act outside of our warrant requirement.”[83]
Under the facts in this case, police officers did not go to Petitioner’s home to search for contraband without a search warrant. Petitioner has not demonstrated that the facts in this case present an issue of particular local concern.
This court limited its holding in Ferrier to employment of a “knock and talk” procedure. No such procedure was involved in this case. The police officers in this case did not proceed to Petitioner’s residence with the intent to find contraband without obtaining a search warrant. They merely accompanied the INS agent as backup, a standard practice in INS arrest and deportation matters.
Under the facts in this case, Ferrier is distinguishable. In this case, there is the unchallenged finding of fact that Petitioner allowed the INS agent to enter his home.
Because the police officers did not employ a “knock and talk” procedure in this case, the court employs a “totality of circumstances” test to determine whether the consent was valid. The State has the burden of demonstrating the voluntariness of the consent.
Although Petitioner was not informed of his right to refuse entry, he consented to entry into his residence by the INS agent and did not object to entry by the police officers accompanying the agent. There was no drawing of weapons by either the agent or the police officers, nor was Petitioner ordered to open the door. In addition, it is evident from Petitioner’s testimony that he is a person of at least average or higher intelligence.
A search exceeding the scope of consent is invalid.
In Ferrier, this court concluded that when police officers employ a “knock and talk” procedure, article I, section 7 of the state constitution requires that the person whose consent is sought be informed of the right to refuse entry. No “knock and talk” procedure was employed in this case. Consequently, the fact police officers did not inform Petitioner of his right to refuse entry did not vitiate his consent to their entry.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction in the Cowlitz County Superior Court of Petitioner Jorge Luis Bustamante-Davila for one count of unlawful possession of a firearm in the second degree under RCW 9.41.040(l)(b). The offense was based upon the fact that Petitioner was a convicted felon who had a firearm—a rifle—in his possession. The Court of Appeals concluded the evidence (the firearm—a rifle) was properly admitted because Petitioner’s consent to entry into his residence had been freely and voluntarily given and the plain view seizure of the firearm had not exceeded the scope of that consent.
Petitioner contends his consent was vitiated because the police officers did not comply with State v. Ferrier. In that case this court concluded that when police officers employ a “knock and talk” procedure the person from whom consent is sought must be informed of that person’s right to refuse entry. If the person is not informed of that right, any consent given is vitiated. No “knock and talk” procedure was employed by police officers in this case. They did not go to Petitioner’s house to search for contraband
Whether there was valid consent is established under the “totality of circumstances.” Petitioner gave consent to the INS agent to enter his residence. The agent was accompanied by local police officers who followed the agent into the house as backup under an established practice. Although Petitioner did not expressly consent to entry by the police officers, he impliedly consented by not objecting to their entry.
In addition, the firearm—the rifle—was observed in plain view before it was seized. Law enforcement officers who observed it knew at the time that Petitioner was not a United States citizen and was a convicted felon who could not lawfully possess a firearm. Petitioner’s consent was not vitiated simply because he was not informed of his right to refuse entry.
We affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals affirming the conviction of Petitioner Jorge Luis Bustamante-Davila in the Cowlitz County Superior Court for one count of unlawful possession of a firearm in the second degree.
Guy, C.J., and Durham, Talmadge, and Ireland, JJ., concur.
136 Wn.2d 103, 960 P.2d 927 (1998).
Report of Proceedings at 20-21 (Apr. 8, 1997). The order was based upon Petitioner’s arrest in 1995 for the immigration violation of illegal reentry into the United States after deportation. Id. at 20-21.
Id. at 21, 27, 30. The agent testified the order was in Petitioner’s file which he had since March 4, 1997. Id. at 25. The appeal was not in the file. Id. at 21. He had possession of Petitioner’s “A-file” which on March 5, 1997 contained no reference to an appeal. Notice of the appeal was not placed in the file until after the arrest on that date. Id. at 27. An “A-file” is the official INS “alien registration file” and contains “the history of all of the proceedings and all and any applications that the subject may make to the [INS].” Id. at 22. The appeal was filed February 27, 1997. Id. at 27. The INS agent did not learn of the appeal until March 7, 1997. Id. at 27-28.
Id. at 21. None of the immigration documents are in the record.
Id. at 28.
Id. at 25. The court in the suppression hearing concluded “there was no lawful basis to arrest the defendant for an immigration violation because the deportation order was pending appeal.” Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re: Suppression Hearing at 3.
Report of Proceedings at 18 (Apr. 8, 1997).
Id. at 33.
Id. at 32.
Id. at 4-5 (Apr. 14, 1997). A detective from the Cowlitz County Sheriffs office testified at the suppression hearing that there were a couple of deputies from the sheriffs office and some officers from the Longview Police Department. He stated “There were quite a few people.” Id. He estimated that there were possibly five altogether. Id. at 10. The INS agent testified he was “backed up by at least two other police officers” and another INS agent and another police officer were at the rear of the residence. Id. at 23.
Id. at 6 (Apr. 14, 1997).
Id. at 22.
Id. at 22-23 (Apr. 14, 1997).
The INS agent testified he had “encountered” Petitioner before March 5, 1997. Id. at 20. He had arrested Petitioner for reentering the country illegally in 1995. Id.
Id. at 16.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re: Suppression Hearing at 2.
Id. at 2.
Report of Proceedings at 29-30 (Apr. 8, 1997). The INS agent testified he believed Petitioner could see all of them when he opened the door. Id. The sole disputed finding of fact in the suppression hearing was whether a certain police officer was standing “right next” to the INS agent at the front door and in “immediate view” of Petitioner when the agent asked for permission to enter. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re: Suppression Hearing at 3.
Report of Proceedings at 15 (Apr. 14, 1997).
Id. at 41 (Apr. 8, 1997).
Id. at 6 (Apr. 14, 1997).
Id. at 23. The immigration offense is not otherwise identified in the record.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re: Suppression Hearing at 2.
Report of Proceedings at 24 (Apr. 8, 1997). See also Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re: Suppression Hearing at 2.
Id. at 2.
Id
M
Id. at 2-3.
Id. at 3. See also Report of Proceedings at 43 (Apr. 8, 1997). The word “alien” is used in testimony and in statutes to refer to persons born in another country who are not citizens of the United States. Our preferred reference is “foreign nationals” or “non-citizens.”
Clerk’s Papers at 1-2.
Id. at 10. The statute and charge make no reference to immigration status.
Id. at 4-8.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re: Suppression Hearing at 1-4.
Id. at 3.
Id
Id. at 3-4.
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re: Suppression Hearing at 1-3. The oral ruling on the suppression motion was made on May 6, 1997. Id. at 8.
Clerk’s Papers at 13-14.
Notice of Appeal to Court of Appeals (May 14, 1997).
See Br. of Appellant at 12-18.
See id. at 19-23.
See id. at 22-28.
State v. Bustamante-Davila No. 22023-7-II (Wash. Ct. App. Sept. 11, 1998).
Bustamante-Davila, No. 22023-7-II, slip op. at 5 (citing State v. Smith, 115 Wn.2d 775, 789, 801 P.2d 975 (1990)). See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 10 A.L.R.3d 974 (1966).
ld. at 6.
Mot. for Recons. (Sept. 21, 1998).
136 Wn.2d 103, 960 P.2d 927 (1998).
Mot. for Recons, at 5.
Order Denying Mot. for Recons. (Oct. 2, 1998).
Id. at 1. State v. Gunwall, 106 Wn.2d 54, 720 P.2d 808, 76 A.L.R.4th 517 (1986).
Id.
Order Denying Mot. for Recons. (Oct. 2, 1998).
State v. Stenson, 132 Wn.2d 668, 697, 940 P.2d 1239 (1997).
507 U.S. 292, 307, 113 S. Ct. 1439, 1449, 123 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1993).
Charles W Johnson, Survey of Washington Search and Seizure Law: 1998 Update, 22 Seattle U. L. Rev. 337, 494 (1998).
Ferrier, 136 Wn.2d at 106.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id. at 107.
Id. at 107-08.
Id. at 108.
Id.
Id. at 109.
Id.
Id. at 111-14.
68Id. at 118-19 (emphasis added).
Pet. for Review at 14.
State v. Gunwall, 106 Wn.2d 54, 720 P.2d 808, 76 A.L.R.4th 517 (1986).
Order Denying Mot. for Recons. (Oct. 2, 1998).
State v. Wethered, 110 Wn.2d 466, 473, 755 P.2d 797 (1988).
Pet. for Review at 14-17.
See State v. McFadden, 63 Wn. App. 441, 445-46, 820 P.2d 53 (1991), review denied, 119 Wn.2d 1002, 832 P.2d 487 (1992).
State v. Boland, 115 Wn.2d 571, 576, 800 P.2d 1112 (1990). Gunwall sets forth six nonexclusive factors to determine whether broader protection is available under the Washington Constitution: (1) the text of the state constitution, (2) differences in text between the state and federal constitutions, (3) state constitutional and common law history, (4) preexisting state law, (5) differences in structure between federal and state constitutions, and (6) matters of particular state interest or local concern. 106 Wn.2d at 61-62.
Gunwall, 106 Wn.2d at 61-62.
Pet. for Review at 15.
123 Wn.2d 173, 867 P.2d 593 (1994).
Id. at 185.
Gunwall, 106 Wn.2d at 62.
Pet. for Review at 16.
Ferrier, 136 Wn.2d at 112.
83Id. at 114 (quoting State v. Chrisman, 100 Wn.2d 814, 822, 676 P.2d 419 (1984)).
Report of Proceedings at 18 (Apr. 8, 1997).
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re: Suppression Hearing at 2. See also Report of Proceedings at 15 (Apr. 14, 1997).
Id. at 30 (Apr. 8, 1997).
See State v. Raines, 55 Wn. App. 459, 462, 778 P.2d 538 (1989), review denied, 113 Wn.2d 1036, 785 P.2d 825 (1990).
Id.
State v. Shoemaker, 85 Wn.2d 207, 210, 533 P.2d 123 (1975).
State v. Hastings, 119 Wn.2d 229, 234, 830 P.2d 658 (1992).
Shoemaker, 85 Wn.2d at 211-12.
Id. at 212.
State v. Smith, 115 Wn.2d 775, 789, 801 P.2d 975 (1990).
State v. Murray, 84 Wn.2d 527, 527 P.2d 1303 (1974).
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law Re: Suppression Hearing at 2.
id. at 2-3.
State v. Myers, 117 Wn.2d 332, 346, 815 P.2d 761 (1991).
Stenson, 132 Wn.2d at 697.
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(5)(A) states: “It shall be unlawful for any person . . . who, being an alien ... is illegally or unlawfully in the United States ... to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting com
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) — In my view, the rifle that was seized from Jorge Luis Bustamante-Davila’s house by officers of the Cowlitz County sheriff and Longview police should have been suppressed. I reach that conclusion because none of these officers, or the Immigration and Naturalization Service agent who accompanied them, advised Bustamante-Davila that he need not admit them into his home.
A requirement that such advice precede the officers’ entry into a home is consistent with the letter and spirit of
While the majority correctly observes that Ferrier is distinguishable, in that the plain view seizure of the rifle followed merely from the officers’ entry into Bustamante-Davila’s home rather than from a consent to search, the core privacy interest that we determined was protected by article I, section 7 of the constitution is identical to that which is at issue here. That interest is the protection of a private dwelling from intrusion without a warrant or compelling need. Ferrier, 136 Wn.2d at 114. In further distinguishing Ferrier, the majority makes the point that the state officers were merely accompanying an Immigration and Naturalization Service agent who in good faith believed he was executing a valid deportation order. The fact that the federal agent thought he was enforcing a valid deportation order is not, in my view, significant because, as the
Moreover, the fact that State officers are in the company of a federal officer does not excuse their noncompliance with State statutes
A law enforcement agency . . . cannot avoid the warrant requirement by asking to “tag along” on another agency’s warrant for its own purposes. Nor can an agency holding a warrant request unneeded assistance to enable another agency to conduct an otherwise illegal search. RCW 10.93.070 . . . should not be interpreted or used to circumvent the protections of the United States and Washington State Constitutions.
State v. Bartholomew, 56 Wn. App. 617, 622, 784 P.2d 1276 (1990). While I am not suggesting that the state officers’ participation in the visit to Bustamante-Davila’s residence was a mere ruse to gain entry into Bustamante-Davila’s home in order to see what was there to be seen, the power of the state officers is no greater than the authority of the federal officer who requested their participation. See United States v. Medlin, 842 F.2d 1194, 1196-97 (10th Cir. 1988).
As indicated above, the state and federal officers had no right to search or even enter the house, absent the giving
Johnson, Madsen, and Sanders, JJ., concur with Alexander, J.
RCW 10.93.070(3) states in pertinent part:
“In addition to any other powers vested by law, a general authority Washington peace officer who possesses a certificate of basic law enforcement training or a certificate of equivalency or has been exempted from the requirement therefor by the Washington state criminal justice training commission may enforce the traffic or criminal laws of this state throughout the territorial hounds of this state, under the following enumerated circumstances:
“(3). . .in response to the request of a peace officer with enforcement authority.”