231 P.3d 833
Utah Ct. App.
2010

Lead Opinion

OPINION

THORNE, Judge:

1 Hаrold Earl Bushman appeals from his convictions on one count of securities fraud, a third degree felony, see Utah Code Ann. §§ 61-1-1,-21 (2006 & Supp.2009), and six counts of attempted securities fraud, each a class A misdemeanor, see id.; Utah Code Ann. §§ 76-4-101 to-102 (2008). Bushman entered a conditional guilty plea to these counts, see generally State v. Sery, 758 P.2d 935, 939 (Utah Ct.App.1988), preserving his right to appeal the district court's denial of his motion to dismiss all charges against him on double jeopardy grounds. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

12 On September 10, 2007, the State charged Bushman with twelve criminal counts arising from a series of financial *835transactions in which he had been involved. On July 30, 2008, Bushman filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the criminal prosecution against him violated the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, see U.S. Const. amend. V. Bushman's motion argued that he had already been punished for the acts alleged in the information when he entered into a Stipulation and Consent Order (the Consent Order) with the Utah Division of Securities (the Division) to resolve an investigation conducted by the Division regarding those same acts.

{3 The Consent Order, entered July 8, 2007, contained extensive investigative findings cataloguing Bushman's financial activities. The Consent Order concluded that Bushman's actions constituted willful violations of the Utah Uniform Securities Act (the Act), see Utah Code Ann. §§ 61-1-1 to-25 (2006 & Supp.2009), and required Bushman to cease and desist from any further violations of the Act. Finally, the Consent Order required Bushman to pay a fine. The Consent Order also stated that it did not protect Bushman from potential civil liability to third parties nor did it "affect any criminal cause of action thаt a prosecutor might bring."

T 4 The fine imposed by the Consent Order was structured to encourage Bushman to promptly compensate his victims for their losses and to obey the Division's cease and desist order. The Consent Order stated,

Harold Earl Bushman [shall] pay a fine of nineteen thousand three hundred dollars ($19,300) to the Division by Monday, October 1, 2007, reduced dollar for dollar for any money paid to the victims by July 15, 2007. The total owed to the victims is $14,300. If Bushman pays the victims in full by July 15, 2007, the Division will waive half of the remaining fine of $5,000, leaving $2,500 due by October 1, 2007. If at any time the Division discovers that Bushman acted in violation of Utah seeurities laws, the waived portion of the fine would be due to the Division within one month of the date on which the Division gives Bushman written notice. If Bushman fails to pay the victims in full by July 15, 2007, the entire amount of the fine (minus any amounts actually pаid to the victims) will be due to the Division by October 1, 2007.

Bushman repaid his victims in full within the time frame contemplated in the Consent Order and also timely paid the remaining $2500 of the fine to the Division.

T5 Bushman's motion to dismiss the erimi-nal charges against him argued that the Consent Order constituted a criminal punishment for his violations of the Act and that the subsequent criminal prosecution was therefore barred as placing him in double jeopardy. The district court denied Bushman's motion, ruling that the ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​​​​‍Consent Order imposed an administrative sanction rather than a punitive one and that Bushman had therefore not been placed in criminal jeopardy by the Consent Order. Bushman subsequently entered a conditional plea of guilty to reduced charges and now appeals the district court's ruling on his motion to dismiss.

ISSUE AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

16 Bushman's sole argument on appеal is that the district court erred in denying his motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds. "'A trial court's decision to grant or deny a motion to dismiss presents a question of law, which we review for correctness." State v. Bernert, 2004 UT App 321, ¶ 6, 100 P.3d 221 (quoting State v. Horrocks, 2001 UT App 4, ¶ 10, 17 P.3d 1145).

ANALYSIS

17 Bushman's appeal presents the issue of whether an administrative fine under the Act, such as that imposed in the Consent Order, triggers the Double Jeopardy Clause so as to preclude future eriminal prosecution for the same acts giving rise to the administrative action. We agree with the district court that such a fine does not constitute prior criminal punishment such as to implicate double jeopardy and, accordingly, we affirm Bushman's convictions.

¶ 8 The Double Jeopardy Clause provides that no "person [shall] be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb." U.S. Const. amend. V. In Hudson v. United States, 522 U.S. 93, *836118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d 450 (1997), the Supreme Court stated that it has "long recognized that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not prohibit the imposition of all additional sanctions that could, in common parlance, be described as punishment." Id. at 98-99, 118 S.Ct. 488 (internal quotation marks omitted). Rather, "[the Clause protects only against the imposition of multiple criminal punishments for the same offense, and then only when such occurs in successive proceedings." Id. Thus, "[the constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy affords a criminal defendant three separate protections by prohibiting: (1) a second prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; (2) a second prosecution for the same offense after conviction; and (8) multiple [eriminal] punishments for the same offense.". State v. Trafny, 799 P.2d 704, 709 (Utah 1990).

T9 Bushman argues that the Consent Order constitutes criminal punishment such that any subsequent criminal conviction and penalty would present "multiple punishments for the same offense," see id. Hudson, the Supreme Court's most recent decision on the subject, focused on the double jeopardy implications of administrative sanctions and outlined a two-step test for determining "Iwlhether a particular [prior] punishment is criminal or civil." 522 U.S. at 99, 118 S.Ct. 488. First, a court must "ask whether the legislature, 'in establishing the penalizing mechanism, indicated either expressly or impliedly a preference for one label or the other"" Id. (quoting United States v. Ward, 448 U.S. 242, 248, 100 S.Ct. 2636, 65 L.Ed.2d 742 (1980)). Then, "[even in those cases where the legislature has indicated an intention to establish a civil penalty," id., a court must also examine "whether the statutory scheme was so punitive either in purpose or effect as to transfor[m] what was clearly intended as a civil remedy into a criminal penalty," id. (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

I. Legislative Intent

110 The first prong of the Hudson test requires us to determine whether the legislature intended administrative sanctions under the Act to be criminal or civil in nature. Hudson hеld that certain sanctions-fines and occupational debarment-imposed by federal banking regulators pursuant to federal statutes were intended to be civil sane-tions. See id. at 103, 118 S.Ct. 488. The Court reasoned that "[wlhile the provision authorizing debarment contains no language explicitly denominating the sanction as civil," see id., it is "significant that the authority to issue debarment orders is conferred upon the appropriate Federal banking agenclies]," see id. (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court stated, "That such authority was conferred upon administrative agencies is prima facie evidence that Congress intended to provide for a civil sanetion." Id.2

T11 As with the debarment sanction in Hudson, the fine contained in the Consent Order was imposed pursuant to the Act's conferral of authority upon the Division, an administrative agency. Accordingly, such fines and other sanctions imposed by the Division under the Act are presumptively civil in purpose and intent. See id. Bushman's only real argument for criminal legislative intent is the fact that the Act authorizes both administrative ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​​​​‍and criminal sanctions. See Utah Code Ann. § 61-1-20 (Supp.2009) (authorizing agency enforcement of securities rеgulations), id. § 61-1-21 (authorizing criminal enforcement of, securities regulations). However, the fact that the administrative and criminal sanctions are authorized by two separate sections of the Act suggests to us that the administrative sanctions are not intended to be criminal in nature. See generally State v. Kirby, 2003-NMCA-074, ¶¶ 25-26, 133 N.M. 782, 70 P.3d 772 ("Of the fifty-seven sections in [New Mexico's Securities] Act, only one section specifies criminаl conduct.... We determine that, as opposed to [the section] that provides for eriminal penalties, the legislative purpose in enacting the civil penalty was that the penalty constitute an integral part of an overall remedial *837regulatory and administrative scheme to protect the public.").

§12 Bushman has failed to overcome the presumption that the legislaturе intended the Act's administrative sanctions to be civil in nature when it authorized the Division, an agency, to administer them. See generally Hudson, 522 U.S. at 103, 118 S.Ct. 488. We therefore hold that the legislature intended that administrative sanctions under the Act, such as those imposed by the Consent Order, be deemed civil in nature. '

II. Purpose or Effect

113 Having determined that the legislature intended administrative sanctions under the Act to be civil, we next turn to the question оf "whether the statutory scheme was so punitive either in purpose or effect as to transfor[m] what was clearly intended as .a civil remedy into a criminal penalty." Hudson v. United States, 522 U.S. 93, 99, 118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d 450 (1997) (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). In making this determination, the Hudson Court described the factors enumerated in Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144, 168-69, 83 S.Ct. 554, 9 L.Ed.2d 644 (1963), as "useful guideposts." See Hudson, 522 U.S. at 99, 118 S.Ct. 488.

" 14 The Kennedy factors include

(1) "[wlhether the sanction involves an affirmative disability or restraint"; (2) "whether it has historically been regarded as a punishment"; (8) "whether it comes into play only on a finding of scienter"; (4) "whether its operation will promote the traditional aims of punishment-retribution and deterrence"; (5) "whether the behavior to which it applies is already a crime"; (6) "whether an alternative ldurpose to which it may rationally be connected is assignable for it"; and (7) "whether it appears excessive in relation to the alternative assigned."

Id. at 99-100, 118 S.Ct. 488 (alteration in original) (quoting Kennedy, 372 U.S. at 168-69), 83 S.Ct. 554. "[These factors must be considered in relation to the statute on its face," id. at 100, 118 S.Ct. 488 (internal quotation marks omitted), and "only the clearest proof will suffice to override legislative intent and transform what has been denominated a civil remedy into a criminal penalty," id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

T 15 Addressing the seven Kennedy factors in order, we first conclude that the Act does not allow the administrative imposition of an affirmative disability or restraint. The sanctions that the Division can impose under the Act-cease and desist orders, monetary fines, and bars against association with licensees under the Act, see Utah Code Ann. § 61-1-20(1)-do not constitute affirmative disabilities or restraints for purposes of Kennedy. Seе Hudson, 522 U.S. at 104, 118 S.Ct. 488 (providing that a monetary fine coupled with an indefinite ban on working in the banking industry did not constitute an "affirmative disability or restraint" because the sanctions did not "approach[] ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​​​​‍the infamous punishment of imprisonment" (internal quotation marks omitted)). We also note that civil penalties under the Act do "not carry the stigma of a criminal conviction." See State v. Kirby, 2003-NMCA-074, ¶ 30, 133 N.M. 782, 70 P.3d 772.

T16 Second, neither monetary finеs nor the other administrative sanctions that may be imposed under the Act have historically been regarded as punishment. See Hudson, 522 U.S. at 104, 118 S.Ct. 488 ("[NJeither money penalties nor debarment has historically been viewed as punishment."); United States v. Ward, 448 U.S. 242, 256, 100 S.Ct. 2636, 65 L.Ed.2d 742 (1980) (Blackmun, J., concurring) ("[MJonetary assessments are traditionally a form of civil remedy.").

{17 Third, administrative sanctions under the Act do not require a finding of scienter or other mеntal state. Utah Code section 61-11-20 allows for the imposition of administrative sanctions "[wlhenever it appears to the director [of the Division] that a person has engaged, is engaging, or is about to engage in an act or practice constituting a violation of this chapter or a rule or order under this chapter," without regard to the violator's mental state. See Utah Code Ann. § 61-1-20. By сontrast, Utah Code section 61-1-21 allows for criminal penalties for securities violations only for actions that are willful or knowing. See id. § 61-1-21.

*838118 Fourth, we determine that the Act's administrative sanctions-fines, in particular-do incidentally promote retribution and deterrence, both of which are traditional aims of punishment. However, such sanctions are "plainly part of the [Division's] arsenal for regulation of persons dealing in the sale of securities to the public, and speak{[ ] as much, if not more, to that regulatory challenge than to a sole need to punish." Kirby, 2003-NMCA-074, ¶ 34. As such, we determine that "while the civil penalty may by its nature have effects of deterrence and punishment, those effects are incidental to and do not override the Act's and the civil penalty's primarily remedial purpоse." Id. « (19 Fifth, the actions for which the Act imposes administrative sanctions-violations of Utah securities laws-do not constitute criminal behavior under the Act unless undertaken with the appropriate mental state. See Utah Code Ann. § 61-1-21 (imposing criminal penalties only for willful or knowing acts). Thus, only some of the "behavior to which [the Division's civil authority] applies is already a crime" under the Act, and we do not deem this factor to cut in favor of a criminal purpose or effect. See Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144, 168, 83 S.Ct. 554, 9 L.Ed.2d 644 (1963). But see Kirby, 2003-NMCA-074, ¶ 35 (holding fifth Kennedy factor satisfied, despite differing scienter requirements, where "it is clear that the conduct upon which the civil penalty was based also formed the basis of Defendant's indictment").

120 Sixth, we determine that there are alternative, nonpunitive purposes to which the Aсt's administrative sanctions may be rationally connected. Certainly, the structured fine contained in the Consent Order, see supra T4, was intended to encourage Bushman's prompt restitution of his vietims, a purpose that is clearly nonpunitive. Although a small portion of the overall fine did not go towards restitution,3 securities regulations such as the Act also "regulate a lawful and important financial industry sо that investors are not deceived or swindled through acts and practices our Legislature believes to be wrongful and harmful to society." State v. Kirby, 2008-NMCA-074, ¶ 36, 133 N.M. 782, 70 P.3d 772; see also Securities & Exch. Comm'n v. Palmisano, 135 F.3d 860, 866 (2d Cir.1998) ("[The deterrence of securities fraud serves other important nonpunitive goals, such as encouraging investor confidence, increasing the efficiency of financial markets, and promoting the stability of the securities industry."). Additionally, fines imposеd by the Division go into a fund for investor education and training, further supporting the nonpunitive nature of such fines. See Utah Code Ann. § 61-1-18.7 (Supp. 2009); cf. Kirby, 2003-NMCA-074, ¶ 36 ("The Legislature has added substance to the remedial purposes of the Act by earmarking the civil penalty funds for public education and training on securities ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​​​​‍matters."). For these reasons, we determine that the Act's administrative sanctions may be rationally cоnnected to purposes other than punishment.

121 Finally, the administrative sanctions do not appear excessive in relation to the alternative purposes we have identified. As stated by the New Mexico Court of Appeals in discussing that state's version of the Act,

The Securities Act regulates lawful and often complex transactions in which New Mexico citizens engage for their financial security. Fraudulent practices in securities transactions required the United States Congress as well as states to pass comprehensive regulatory and administrative remedial legislation. The Securities Act's primary purpose is remedial, heavily oriented toward assuring that members of the public are not swindled through deceptive practices, The civil penalty is attached to an important part of the remedial aspect of the Securities Act. In any measurement, it is not a sanction that is out of proportion or excessive when consid*839ering the obvious legislative view that an essential, if not the most effective, way to prevent and remedy deceptive practices is through a comprehensive regulatory and administrative legislative scheme.

Kirby, 2003-NMCA-074, ¶ 37. We agree and determine that Utah's Act is similarly not excessive in relation to its beneficial and remedial purpose.4

22 In sum, the only Kennedy factor that could minimally suggest that administrative sanctions under the Act should be deemed criminal punishment is the fact that, in some cases, civil sanctions could be imposed for behavior that also constitutes a crime under the Act. See supra 119. Howevеr, this one factor alone is not enough to override the legislature's intent to make the Act's administrative sanctions civil in nature. See Hudson v. United States, 522 U.S. 93, 105, 118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d 450 (1997) ("[The conduct for which OCC sanctions are imposed may also be criminal (and in this case formed the basis for petitioners' indictments). This fact is insufficient to render the money penalties and debarment sanctions criminally punitive, particularly in the double jeopardy context." (citations omitted)); see also United States v. Dixon, 509 U.S. 688, 704, 113 S.Ct. 2849, 125 L.Ed.2d 556 (1993) (rejecting "same-conduct" test for double jeopardy purposes). Thus, we hold that administrative sanctions for violations of the Act are civil in nature and that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not preclude subsequent criminal prosecutions under the Act arising from the same underlying facts.

123 In light of our holding, the district сourt's order denying Bushman's motion to dismiss is correct. The Consent Order does not constitute a eriminal punishment and therefore does not implicate the Double Jeopardy Clause. Accordingly, the State was not barred from seeking and obtaining subsequent criminal convictions against Bushman for his violations of the Act.

CONCLUSION

[ 24 We conclude that Bushman's criminal convictions are not barred by double jeopаrdy because the fine imposed by the Consent Order is a civil penalty and not criminal punishment for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause. Accordingly, the district court properly denied Bushman's motion to dismiss, and we affirm Bushman's convictions.

25 I CONCUR: RUSSELL W. BENCH, Senior Judge.

Notes

. The Hudson court limited this line of reasoning to the debarment order because the fines at issue were expressly labeled as civil in the enabling statutes. Seе Hudson v. United States, 522 U.S. 93, 103, 118 S.Ct. 488, 139 L.Ed.2d 450 (1997).

. Bushman, citing State v. Mendoza, 938 P.2d 303 (Utah Ct.App.1997), argues that the portion of the fine not going toward restitution must be justified by some nonpunitive reason such as covering the cost of the administrative ‍‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​‌​‌‌‌​​​​‍investigation. However, we no longer view Mendoza as controlling authority in light of its reliance on the double jeopardy analysis contained in United States v. Halper, 490 U.S. 435, 109 S.Ct. 1892, 104 L.Ed.2d 487 (1989), which was substantially overruled by Hudson. See Hudson, 522 U.S. at 96, 118 S.Ct. 488.

. We note that the fines that the Division could impose and judicially enforce were limited to $500 for each violation of the Act at the time of the entry of the Consent Order, see Utah Code Aun. § 61-1-20(2)(b)(vii) (2006), and are now limited to $10,000 per violation, see id. § 61-1-20(2)(b){viii) (Supp.2009). We express no opinion as to whether a fine that is grossly disproportionate to the gravity of the underlying securities violation might give rise to some sort of as-applied double jeopardy challenge in the appropriate case; this case, however, does not present such circumstances.



Concurrence Opinion

ORME, Judge

(concurring in the result):

1 26 I concur in this court's judgment affirming the district court's denial of Bushman's motion to dismiss all charges against him on double jeopardy grounds. But I do not see any need to discuss at length the intricacies of double jeopardy jurisprudence. In my view, Bushman waived any claim he might otherwise have under the Double Jeopardy Clause when he voluntarily entered into the Consent Order and specifically agreed that the Consent Order was no bar to "any criminal cause of action that a proseeutor might bring."

T27 Without such a provision, Bushman might at least have a good due process argument that he should be relieved of his obligations under the Consent Order, as most citizens would assume that by entering into such an agreement with an enforcement arm of the State, they were buying comprehensive peace with the State. But with such a provision in place, Bushman did not proceed under any such misapprehension and, on the contrary, expressly recognized the possibility that a criminal prosecution might be forthcoming and that the Consent Order had no effect on the validity of any such prosecution.