96 Ohio St. 3d 235 | Ohio | 2002
{¶ 1} These cases ask us to decide whether R.C. 2953.21 and 2953.23 govern a Crim.R. 32.1 postsentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea. The answer is no.
I
A. Case Nos. 2001-1161 and 2001-1247: Appellant Bush
{¶ 2} In 1997, appellant, Raymond E. Bush, Jr., pled guilty to one count of each of the following offenses: breaking and entering, a violation of R.C. 2911.13(B); grand theft of a motor vehicle, a violation of R.C. 2913.02; breaking and entering, a violation of R.C. 2911.13(A); theft, a violation of R.C. 2913.02; and possessing criminal tools, a violation of R.C. 2923.24. The trial court sentenced Bush to consecutive terms of one year of incarceration on each breaking and entering conviction, eighteen months on the grand theft of a motor vehicle conviction, one year on the theft conviction, and one year on the possession of criminal tools conviction.
{¶ 3} After unsuccessfully moving for judicial release, Bush filed a Crim.R. 32.1 motion to withdraw his guilty plea in November 2000. As grounds for his
{¶ 4} The court of appeals affirmed. Citing our decision in State v. Reynolds (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 158, 679 N.E.2d 1131, the court of appeals majority reasoned that Reynolds’s “general syllabus language requires us to conclude that if a motion to withdraw a guilty plea is filed outside the time for a direct appeal and it alleges a constitutional violation as the basis for the request to vacate a conviction and sentence, the motion must be treated as one for post-conviction relief under R.C. 2953.21.” The appellate court concluded that because Bush had failed to satisfy either the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 or the R.C. 2953.23 exceptions to the timeliness requirement, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider the merits of his “petition for post-conviction relief.”
{¶ 5} The court of appeals sua sponte certified a conflict to this court.
B. Case Nos. 2001-1375 and 2001-1480: Appellant Northern
{¶ 6} In 1990, appellant, Amy Sue Northern, pled guilty to one count of murder, a violation of R.C. 2903.02. The trial court sentenced Northern to an indefinite term of fifteen years to life. Ten years later, Northern filed a pro se Crim.R. 32.1 motion to withdraw her guilty plea. The basis of Northern’s motion was that, because the Adult Parole Authority had determined that she was ineligible for parole by using the aggravated murder count with which she had been charged and not the murder count to which she pled, the state had breached the terms of her plea agreement. The trial court denied the motion without conducting a hearing, and Northern appealed to the Third District Court of Appeals.
{¶ 7} In a split decision, the court of appeals majority cited the Bush decision and affirmed on the basis that, because Northern’s Crim.R. 32.1 motion was in fact an untimely postconviction release petition under R.C. 2953.21 and 2953.23, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider the merits.
II
{¶ 8} Crim.R. 32.1 provides that “to correct manifest injustice[,] the court after sentence may set aside the judgment of conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his or her plea.” The majority of appellate districts, however, have at times rejected the Viability of postsentence Crim.R. 32.1 motions concerned with constitutional error. Those courts relied on our more recent pronouncement in Reynolds.
{¶ 9} ‘Where a criminal defendant, subsequent to his or her direct appeal, files a motion seeking vacation or correction of his or her sentence on the basis that his or her constitutional rights have been violated, such a motion is a petition for postconviction relief as defined in R.C. 2953.21.” Id., syllabus.
{¶ 10} The Reynolds syllabus must be read in the context of the facts of that case. When we decided Reynolds, our rules provided that “[t]he syllabus of a Supreme Court opinion states the controlling point or points of law decided in and necessarily arising from the facts of the specific case before the Court for adjudication.” (Emphasis added.) Former S.Ct.R.Rep.Op. 1(B), 3 Ohio St.3d xxi. Thus, when read in context, the rule of Reynolds reaches only a motion such as the one in that case —a “Motion to Correct or Vacate Sentence” — that
{¶ 11} Our precedent distinguishes postsentence Crim.R. 32.1 motions from postconviction petitions. See State ex rel. Tran v. McGrath (1997), 78 Ohio St.3d 45, 47, 676 N.E.2d 108 (unanimous court describing postconviction relief petition and postsentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea as “alternative remedies”); State ex rel. WLWT-TV5 v. Leis (1997), 77 Ohio St.3d 357, 360, 673 N.E.2d 1365 (unanimous court identifying postsentence Crim.R. 32.1 motion to withdraw a guilty plea and postconviction petition as separate remedies). We have continued to recognize a Crim.R. 32.1 postsentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea as a distinct avenue for relief following our decision in Reynolds. See State ex rel. Stovall v. Jones (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 403, 404, 746 N.E.2d 601 (unanimous court describing a postsentence Crim.R. 32.1 motion as an “adequate legal remedfy]”); State ex rel. Chavis v. Griffin (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 50, 51, 741 N.E.2d 130 (unanimous court summarizing trial court’s obligations in addressing a postsentence Crim.R. 32.1 motion); Douglas v. Money (1999), 85 Ohio St.3d 348, 349, 708 N.E.2d 697 (unanimous court citing Tran in identifying postsentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea as separate from postconviction relief petition); State v. Ashworth (1999), 85 Ohio St.3d 56, 70, 706 N.E.2d 1231 (discussing the operation of Crim.R. 32.1 without mentioning postconviction relief statutes); Shie v. Leonard (1998), 84 Ohio St.3d 160, 161, 702 N.E.2d 419 (unanimous court citing Tran for proposition that alternative legal remedies of postconviction relief petition and postsentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea existed). And we confirm today that our holding in Reynolds continues to be narrow.
{¶ 12} The state urges us to conclude, however, that because the General Assembly has provided a statutory remedy for addressing claimed constitutional error, the postconviction scheme is the exclusive avenue of redress. Thus, the state asserts, courts must construe postsentence Crim.R. 32.1 motions that are based on constitutional violations to be postconviction petitions. We disagree.
{¶ 13} R.C. 2953.21(J), part of the postconviction relief statutory scheme, provides that “the remedy set forth in this section is the exclusive remedy by which a person may bring a collateral challenge to the validity of a conviction or sentence in a criminal case * * Given that a postsentence Crim.R. 32.1 motion is not collateral but is filed in the underlying criminal case and that it targets the withdrawal of a plea, it is not a “collateral challenge to the validity of a conviction or sentence.” See State v. Calhoun (1999), 86 Ohio St.3d 279, 281, 714 N.E.2d 905 (“a postconviction proceeding is * * * a collateral civil attack on the judgment”); Black’s Law Dictionary (7th Ed.Rev.1999) 255 (defining “collateral attack” as “[a]n attack on a judgment entered in a different proceeding”). We thus reject the state’s contention that the statutory scheme set forth in R.C. 2953.21 and 2953.23 provides the exclusive means by which a criminal defendant can raise a constitutional attack on his or her plea.
{¶ 14} Accordingly, we hold that R.C. 2953.21 and 2953.23 do not govern a Crim.R. 32.1 postsentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea. Postsentence motions to withdraw guilty or no contest pleas and postconviction relief petitions exist independently. A criminal defendant can seek under Crim.R. 32.1 to withdraw a plea after the imposition of sentence. See State v. Smith (1977), 49 Ohio St.2d 261, 3 O.O.3d 402, 361 N.E.2d 1324, paragraph one of the syllabus. R.C. 2953.21 and 2953.23 do not govern the timeliness of such a motion. And Crim.R. 32.1 itself does not prescribe a time limitation. This is not to say that timeliness is not a consideration, however, as an “undue delay between the occurrence of the alleged cause for withdrawal of a guilty plea and the filing óf a motion under Crim.R. 32.1 is a factor adversely affecting the credibility of the movant and militating against the granting of the motion.” Smith, 49 Ohio St.2d 261, 3 O.O.3d 402, 361 N.E.2d 1324, paragraph three of the syllabus.
Ill
{¶ 15} We reverse the judgments of the court of appeals and remand these causes for further proceedings.
Judgments reversed.
. The conflict cases are State v. Cale (Mar. 23, 2001), 11th Dist. No. 2000-L-034, 2001 WL 285794, and State v. Talley (Jan. 30,1998), 2d Dist. No. 16479, 1998 WL 31516.
. Two Third District judges have since disavowed the Bush-Northern interpretation of our precedent. See State v. Reynolds, 3d Dist. No. 12-01-11, 2002-Ohio-2823, 2002 WL 1299990
. See footnote 1.
. See, e.g., State v. Idowu, 1st Dist. No. C-010646, 2002-0hio-3302, 2002 WL 1393653; State v. Deer, 4th Dist. No. 00CA24, 2001-0hio-2406, 2001 WL 243253; State v. Steward, 5th Dist. No. 01 CA 102, 2002-0hio-2680, 2002 WL 1159190; State v. Parra (Jan. 14, 2000), 6th Dist. No. L-99-1123, 2000 WL 20563; State v. Heddleston, 7th Dist. Nos. 98 CO 29, 98 CO 37, and 98 CO 46, 2001-Ohio-3391, 2001 WL 1155781; State v. Jackson (Nov. 29, 2001), 8th Dist. No. 79072, 2001 WL 1524437; State v. Lewis (Feb. 9, 1999), 9th Dist. No. 98CA007007, 1999 WL 66209; State v. Phelps (Sept. 26, 2000), 10th Dist. No. OOAP-109, 2000 WL 1376530; State v. Wesseler, 12th Dist. No. CA2001-08087, 2001-Ohio-8638, 2001 WL 1598282. But, see, State v. Cale (Mar. 23, 2001), 11th Dist. No. 2000-L-034, 2001 WL 285794; State v. Talley (Jan. 30, 1998), 2d Dist. No. 16479, 1998 WL 31516.