State v. Burke

| Mo. | Jun 26, 1899

SHERWOOD, J.

The defendants, nine in number, were all found guilty “as charged in the indictment herein,” and fined each in the sum of $1,000.

The grand jurors for the State of Missouri, now here in court, duly impaneled, sworn and charged to inquire within and for the body of the county of St. Louis and State of Missouri, upon their oath present and charge that Richard R. Burke, Edward Fitzgerald, William Dunn, Charles Mason, Isaac Cohen, Michael Healey, William Mathews, John Cohiclc, Joseph Donegan, Joseph Daily, Curley Britt, David Sabine, Burt Kreler and Howard Ellis, on the 4th day of February, 1899, at said county of St. Louis, in said State of Missouri, then and there did unlawfully, willfully, injuriously, wickedly and knowingly record and register by mechanical and other means,' diverse and sundry bets and wagers and sell auction pools and engage in book-making with divers and sundry persons to said grand jury unknown, by and through certain devices, books, instruments and contrivances, to the said grand jurors unknown, upon the result of certain trials and contests of skill, speed, and power of endurance of man and beast which was to take place within and beyond the limits of this State, to wit, at the city of New Orleans in the State of Louisiana, without then and there first having obtained a license from the State Auditor so to do [such licenses stating that the contest upon which said pools, books and wagers made were actually to take place upon the race courses and fair grounds where they, the said Richard R. Burke, Edward Fitzgerald, William Dunn, Charles Mason, Isaac Cohen, Michael Healey, William Mathews, John Oohick, Joseph Donegan, Joseph Dailey, Curley Britt, David Sabine, Burt Kreler and Howard Ellis, desired to carry on their business, the character of the business they the said Richard R. Burke, Edward Eitzgerald, William Dunn, Charles Mason, Isaac Cohen, Michael Healey, William Mathews, John Cohick, Joseph Dailey, Curley Britt, David Sabine, Burt Kreler and Howard Ellis, then and there desired to conduct, the length of time during which they desired to carry on their business — or any other legal authority so to do.] Contrary to the form of the statute in such cases made and provided against the peace and dignity of the State.”

That portion of the indictment within brackets will not be considered in the remarks which we shall make touching the sufficiency of that instrument, inasmuch as that bracketed portion has no proper place nor function to perform in the indictment.

“An Act to punish book-making and pool-selling by unlicensed persons, to provide for the issuance of such a license, and to dispose of the funds arising from such license,” Laws 1897, p. 100, is the statute upon which the indictment in question is drawn. Section 1 of that statute, so far as necessary to quote it, is the following:

“Section 1. No person or persons shall record or register, by mechanical or other means, bets or wagers, or sell auction pools, or engage in book-making by or through any device, book, instrument or contrivance whatever, upon the result of any trial or contest of skill, speed or power of endurance of man or beast which is to take place within or beyond the limits of this State without first having obtained la license so to do as herein provided; . . . . Any person violating any of the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for a period of one year, or a fine of one thousand dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment.”

. The motion in arrest challenges the sufficiency of this indictment. But under our former rulings, advantage can be taken of serious and substantial defects in an indictment in this court for the first time, or by this court of its own motion. [State v. Meyers, 99 Mo. 107" court="Mo." date_filed="1889-10-05" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-meyers-3522863?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="3522863">99 Mo. 107, and cases cited, and subsequent cases.]

This indictment is bad in many respects, of which a few will now be noted.

The statute speaks of “bets or wagers,” etc., etc., “whatever, upon the result of any trial or contest of skill, speed or power or endurance of man or beast which is to take place within or beyond the limits of this State.”

Such bets or wagers, etc., are prohibited upon the result, etc., “within or beyond the limits of this State.” If within the limits of this State, it is an offense, and it is equally an offense if beyond the limits of this State.

But the draftsman of the indictment, not content to follow the statute, charges an offense .upon a result “which was to take place both within and beyond the limits of this State.”

¡£>uch an offense is unknown to the statute, and therefore no offense and non-punishable. Touching this subject, an eminent author says: “Meaning of Strict Interpretation.— Such statutes are to reach no further in meaning than their words; no person is to be made subject to them by implication, and all doubts concerning their interpretation are to preponderate in favor of the accused. Only those transactions are covered by them which are within both their spirit and their letter.” [Bish. Stat. Crimes, (2 Ed.), sec. 194.]

. Now, looking again at the statute, we find that the acts mentioned in the section heretofore quoted, are made to turn and their criminality to depend “upon the result of any trial, etc., which is to take place within or beyond the limits of this State.” Under the express terms of the-statute, therefore, unless the bets or wagers or the selling of the auction pools or the book-making, etc., etc., are based upon the result, etc., to take place either within or else beyond the limits of this State, there is no offense committed; inasmuch as the indictment does not charge that the result, etc., was to take place in any one of the two localities specified in the statute, it necessarily follows that the indictment charges no offense and is bad throughout. As Lord Mansfield observed in Browning v. Morris, 2 Cowp. 190, “the statute itself has marked the criminal.”

The persons on whom the penalties are to fall, and in what circumstances, are thus designated by the statute. [Howell v. Stewart, 54 Mo. 400" court="Mo." date_filed="1873-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/howell-v-stewart-8004278?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8004278">54 Mo. 400.]

In continuation of the subject of the strict interpretation given to criminal statues, and citing cases illustrating such strictness, the author already quoted observes:

“In slightly different language, though a case of this sort is fully within the mischief to be remedied, and is even of the same class and within the same reason as other cases enumerated in the statute, construction will not be permitted to bring it within the staute unless it is also within the statutory words. Thus, under words making punishable those who, with intent to commit any felony, ‘shall in the nighttime enter without breaking, or in the daytime break and enter, any warehouse,’ an entry in the night by breaking, was held not to be included.

“It being forbidden to set up a faro-table ‘in any dwelling house, outhouse or place occupied by any tavern keeper, retailer of wine, spirituous,liquors, beer, or cider,’ one in a locality not in terms mentioned — as, for instance, in a house used solely for this purpose — was held not to be prohibited.

“By a former Georgia statute, ‘if any slave, free negro, Indian,’ etc., shall do certain things mentioned, ‘any such slave or slaves, and his and their accomplices,’ .shall suffer death. This was held not to apply to a free negro, who was mentioned only in the first clause.

“Intoxicating liquor was forbidden to be sold at a ‘booth, tent, wagon, huckster’s shop, or other place erected, brought, kept, continued, or maintained within the distance aforesaid.’ And it was held, that a sale within the prohibited distance was no offense, unless made «t one of the specified places.” [Bishop, Stat. Crim. (2 Ed.), secs. 220, 222 and 223.]

But for divers other reasons the indictment is bad.

There are cases where it will do to follow and simply employ the language of the statute, which creates and defines ai new crime, and prescribes its punishment.

Wharton, treating of this subject, says:

“On the general principles of common law pleading, if may be said that it is sufficient to frame the indictment in the words of the statute, in all cases where the statute SO' far individuates the offense that the offender has proper notice, from the mere adoption of the statutory terms, what the offense he is to be tried for really is. But in no other case is it sufficient to follow the words of the statute. It is no more allowable, under a satutory charge, to put the defendant on trial without specification of the offense than it would be undér a common law charge.” [Whart., Cr. PI. and Prac. (9 Ed.), sec. 220.] To the same effect see, Heard on Grim. Pl, pp-. 161, 162, 163, 165, 166; Stuer v. State, 59 Wis. 472" court="Wis." date_filed="1884-01-29" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/steuer-v-state-6604303?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6604303">59 Wis. 472 ; State v. Gardner, 28 Mo. 90" court="Mo." date_filed="1859-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-gardner-8000508?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8000508">28 Mo. 90 ; State v. Rochforde, 52 Mo. 199" court="Mo." date_filed="1873-03-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-rochforde-8003955?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8003955">52 Mo. 199 ; U. S. v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1882-04-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-carll-90615?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="90615">105 U. S. 611 ; U. S. v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1876-03-27" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-cruikshank-89309?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="89309">92 U. S. 542 ; 1 Arch. Cr. Proc, star p. 88 ; 2 Hawk. P. C., ch. 25, sec. 11.]

And Bret, L. J., in Broadlaugh v. Queen, E. L. R. 3 Q. B. D. 607 ; s. c., 3 Am. Crim. Rep. 464, says: “Every pleading, civil or criminal, must contain allegations of the existence of all the facts necessary to support the charge or defense set up by such pleading.”

Archibolb says: “The indictment must state all the facts and circumstances comprised in the definition of the offense, by the rule of the common law or statute on which the indictment is founded. And these must be stated with clearness and certainty, otherwise the indictment will be bad. Tlie principal rule, as to the certainty required in the indictment, may, I think, be correctly laid down thus: That where the definition of an offense, whether by a rule of common law or by statute, includes generic terms (as it necessarily must), it is not sufficient that the indictment should charge the offense in the. same generic terms as in the definition, but it must state the species — it must descend to particulars.” [1 Arch. Grim. Proc., star p. 88.] “Certainty may be defined to be a clear and distinct setting down of facts, so that they may be understood both by the party who is to answer the matters stated against him, the counsel who are to argue them, the jury who are to decide upon their existence, and the court who are the judges of the law arising out of. them.” [Rex v. Griffith, 3 Mo. 201.]

And where the statute states its definitions and prohibitions in general terms, there the indictment must make specific what the statute makes general. “A statute having made it punishable for one not a ‘qualified voter’ to vote at an election, a charge of the offense simply in these words was adjudged inadequate. Eor whether or not the defendant is such voter is a deduction of the law from the facts; and though a statute may define an offense by its legal result, not so an indictment. It must state the facts whence the result comes; thus notifying the defendant of what he must meet, and putting upon the record a proper case for the court’s adjudication.” [1 Bishop New Grim. Proc., sec. 621.]

“A statute on creating a new offense describes it by a popular name. It is made indictable, for instance; to obtain goods by ‘falsely personating’ another. But no one would maintain that it is enough to charge the defendant with ‘falsely personating another.’ So far from this being the case, the indictment would not be good unless it stated the kind of personation, and the person on whom the personation, took effect. An act of Congress to take another illustration, makes it indictable to ‘make a revolt’ but under this act it has been held necessary to specify what the revolt is. /Fraud’ in elections, in a Pennsylvania statute, is made indictable; but the indictment must set out what the fraud is. It is not enough to say that the defendant ‘attempted’ an offense, though this is lall'that the statute says; the particulars of the attempt must be given.” [Whart. Grim. Plead. & Prae. (9 Ed.), sec. 221.]

The indictment under review does not make specific what the statute makes general; it does not descend into particulars, on the contrary it indulges in a series of legal conclusions ; it alleges: “At said county of St. Louis, .in said State of Missouri, then and .there did unlawfully, willfully, injuriously, wickedly and knowingly record and register by mechanical and other means, divers and sundry bets and wagers, and sell auction pools and engage in book-making with divers and sundry persons to said grand jurors unknown, by and through certain devices, books, instruments and contrivances, to the said grand jurors unknown, upon the result of certain trials and contests of skill, speed and power of endurance of man and beast which was to take place within and beyond the limits of this State.” It should have described what were the mechanical and other means employed to record and register the divers and sundry bets and wagers, and stated with whom the bets, etc., were made, because these means, mechanical and otherwise, are not alleged to be the grand jurors unknown; it is only the divers and sundry persons to whom the auction pools were sold and with whom defendants engaged in book-making, that are alleged to be unknown. Nor is “book-making” described in order to show by facts stated whether an infraction of the law in that particular had occurred. And the indictment, as last quoted, winds up by alleging “upon the result of certain trials and contests of skill, speed and power of endurance of man and beast,” etc.

The matters just quoted are not alleged to be unknown to the grand jurors, and therefore no excuse is given for their non-statement. What were those trials and. in what did they consist? Were they such as the statute forbids? Surely defendants had a right to know this in order to prepare for their defense.

Surely, the court had to have them set forth in order to determine whether an offense against the statute had been committed. The language of Porter, J., is very apropos this point, where he says: “In the spirit of that principle which presumes innocence until guilt be established, we infer that what is not charged in an indictment does not exist, and it is the business of the pleader to exclude, by proper averments, the conclusions to1 which the accused is thus entitled.” [Mears v. Com., 2 Grant 385" court="Pa." date_filed="1858-05-27" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mears-v-commonwealth-6315262?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6315262">2 Grant (Pa.) 385.]

And just here it is proper to remark that although in certain circumstances pointed out in State v. Stowe, 132 Mo. 199" court="Mo." date_filed="1896-01-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-stowe-8012006?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8012006">132 Mo. 199, and cases cited, it is permissible to allege that certain matters are unknown to the grand jury, yet it is not always permissible to make this excuse.

An omission from an indictment of what is a vitally essential element of the offense intended to be justified by such an excuse, can not be thus justified. [Com. v. Clancy, 7 Allen, 537 ; Wallace v. People, 27 Ill. 45" court="Ill." date_filed="1861-11-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/wallace-v-people-6950415?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6950415">27 Ill. 45.] In Wallace’s case, the indictment expressly alleged “that the substance of the certificate (on which the indictment was grounded) wais known to the grand jurors.” And the indictment, was held fatally defective.

On this topic Bisi-iop thus remarks: “As already seen, this allegation of unknown, will not excuse the setting out of the substance of the essentials. So that if the grand jury can not state what is necessary for the defendant to' know in making his defense, they can not indict him.” [1 Bishop New Grim. Proc., sec. 547.]

Moreover, the indictment is baid because it does not inform defendants of the’“nature and cause of the accusation” against them, and in this transgresses section 22 of our Bill of Rights.

On this question our decisions respecting the constitutional invalidity of section 3826, Revised Statutes, 1889, and the form of indictment which it sanctions, are directly in point. It is only necessary to cite them. [State v. Terry, 109 Mo. 601" court="Mo." date_filed="1891-10-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-terry-8010472?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8010472">109 Mo. 601 ; State v. Fleming, 117 Mo. 377" court="Mo." date_filed="1893-06-27" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-fleming-8011020?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8011020">117 Mo. 377 ; State v. Cameron, 117 Mo. 371" court="Mo." date_filed="1893-06-27" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-cameron-8011019?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8011019">117 Mo. 371 ; State v. Levy, 119 Mo. 434" court="Mo." date_filed="1894-01-31" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-levy-8011169?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8011169">119 Mo. 434. See also State v. Krueger, 134 Mo. 262" court="Mo." date_filed="1896-05-12" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-krueger-8012127?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8012127">134 Mo. 262.]

As before stated, the verdict of the, court found defendants “guilty as charged in the indictment herein.” Considering the utter insufficiency and vexatious indefiniteness of the indictment as heretofore pointed out, this verdict was no doubt the best the trial court could do; but we have determined, in State v. Pierce, 136 Mo. 34" court="Mo." date_filed="1896-11-20" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-pierce-8012237?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8012237">136 Mo. 34,'that where an indictment contained two counts, one for forgery of a written instrument, and the second for uttering the same, that a verdict, “We the jury find the defendant guilty and assess his punishment at two- years in the penitentiary,” was wholly insufficient and not responsive to the issues joined, and besides would not enable the defendant to successfully plead auterfois convict or auterfois acquit, or to secure a pardon, because it would be impossible to tell of what he was convicted.

If "such remarks were applicable to that verdict, then a fortiori so to the one at bar.

We have not discussed the various constitutional ques: tions which were raised in the court below, because it will be time enough to do that when we have an indictment to deal with that does not so closely resemble the condition of the earth when it “was without form and void.” State v. Hathaway, 106 Mo. 236" court="Mo." date_filed="1891-04-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-hathaway-8010208?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8010208">106 Mo. 236, and other cases.]

As the result of the foregoing views, we reverse the judgment and discharge the defendants.

All concur.