220 S.E.2d 354 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1975
STATE of North Carolina
v.
Commie Lester BUNTON.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*356 Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Associate Atty. Sandra M. King, Raleigh, for the State.
Collier, Harris, Homesley, Jones & Gaines by Wallace W. Dixon, Statesville, for defendant appellant.
PARKER, Judge.
Defendant assigns error to the admission in evidence over his objection of the result of the breathalyzer test. He does not contend that the test was improperly administered or that he was not correctly informed of his rights. At the trial he stipulated to the contrary. He contends he was entitled to have the result of the breathalyzer test excluded from evidence solely because the arresting officer, after the test was administered, refused to take him to the hospital for the purpose of having a doctor give him a blood test.
Prior to ruling on the admissibility of evidence as to the result of the breathalyzer test, the court conducted a voir dire examination at which defendant testified that after he took the breathalyzer test, he didn't believe the reading and told Officer Smith he wanted to take a blood test. Defendant testified:
"He did not call anybody for me. I did all the calling myself. The first thing I called my brother to go on my bond and called Dr. Pressly and told him I wanted a blood test. He told me to go to the hospital. I had the jailer call Officer Smith to see if he could get Officer Smith to come back and tell him I would be out on bond and wanted to go get a test. In the meantime, I had called Dr. Pressly and he said to go to the hospital. The jailer told me Officer Smith wasn't coming back and I told my brother to take me to the hospital and I would have a blood test myself. When I got to the hospital about a quarter to three they told me a blood test would be no good without the arresting officer being there."
At the voir dire hearing defendant further testified on cross-examination:
"I did not ask the officer to call a doctor for me, I told him I wanted a blood test. Mr. Smith told me he couldn't transport me but he would help me contact somebody. I was not able to get a blood test but I did go to the hospital."
At the conclusion of the voir dire examination the court made findings, concluded that all of defendant's rights were fully protected, and overruled defendant's objection to introduction of the result of the breathalyzer test. In this we find no error.
Subsection (d) of G.S. 20-139.1 provides that a person who has been given a breathalyzer test "may have a physician, or a qualified technician, chemist, registered nurse, or other qualified person of his own choosing administer a chemical test or tests in addition to any administered at the direction of a law-enforcement officer," and further provides that "[a]ny law-enforcement officer having in his charge any person who has submitted to the chemical test under the provisions of G.S. 20-16.2 shall assist such person in contacting a qualified person as set forth above for the purpose of administering such additional test." (Emphasis added.) Here, defendant's own testimony discloses that Officer Smith told him "he would help (defendant) contact somebody," and it is apparent that defendant was able to contact the doctor of his choice without undue delay. All that the statute required of the arresting officer was that he assist defendant in contacting the doctor; he was not required in addition to transport defendant to the doctor. On this record we find no denial of defendant's statutory rights. Even had this not been *357 the case, the statute itself expressly negates the exclusionary rule for which defendant contends. G.S. 20-139.1(d) states that "[t]he failure or inability of the person tested to obtain an additional test shall not preclude the admission of evidence relating to the test or tests taken at the direction of the law-enforcement officer." There was no error in admitting the result of the breathalyzer test into evidence.
Defendant assigns as error certain questions asked by the trial judge of the State's witness, Officer Burton, during the trial. Defendant contends that by asking these questions, the judge violated G.S. 1-180. We do not agree. It is entirely proper, and sometimes necessary, that the trial judge ask questions of a witness for purposes of clarifying the witness's testimony and in order that the truth may be laid before the jury. State v. Colson, 274 N.C. 295, 163 S.E.2d 376 (1968). In so doing, the judge must, of course, exercise care to avoid prejudice to either party. Here, insofar as the record discloses only three questions were asked by the judge, and all of these were clearly designed simply to clarify the witness's previous testimony and were reasonably necessary for that purpose. This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant assigns as error that the court unduly restricted his cross-examination of the arresting officer by interposing objections without request of the district attorney. We find no error. In the first place, it is not entirely clear from the record that the objections were not in fact interposed by the district attorney rather than by the court on its own initiative. More importantly, the questions to which objections were sustained were asked when the witness was recalled for that purpose after having been previously cross-examined and recross-examined. It was within the discretion of the trial judge to permit or refuse a further cross-examination, 1 Stansbury's N.C. Evidence (Brandis Revision) § 36, and clearly the trial judge here did not abuse that discretion. The questions to which objection was sustained were either argumentative or were unduly repetitious. Defendant's right of cross-examination was not unduly restricted and this assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant, pointing to his stipulation at trial that he had been previously convicted in the District Court on 20 September 1972 of the offense of driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor, contends it was error for the court to submit as a permissible verdict in this case his guilt of first offense driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor. If so, the error was favorable to defendant and he has no just cause to complain. State v. Accor and State v. Moore, 281 N.C. 287, 188 S.E.2d 332 (1972); State v. Rogers, 273 N.C. 208, 159 S.E.2d 525 (1968); State v. Chase, 231 N.C. 589, 58 S.E.2d 364 (1950).
The court correctly instructed the jury in conformity with the opinion of our Supreme Court in State v. Cooke, 270 N.C. 644, 155 S.E.2d 165 (1967) concerning the permissible inference created by G.S. 20-139.1(a) as that statute was in effect prior to 1 January 1975. Defendant, pointing to the amendment effected by Ch. 1081 of the 1973 Session Laws which became effective 1 January 1975, contends that at the time defendant was tried in Superior Court the statutory presumption arising from a showing that a person's blood contained 0.10 percent or more by weight of alcohol was no longer in effect. For this reason, defendant contends that it was error in this case for the court to instruct the jury concerning the statutory presumption. We do not agree. Ch. 1081 of the 1973 Session Laws, ratified 2 April 1974, contains four sections. Section 1 amends G.S. 20-138 to create a new substantive offense by adding a provision making it unlawful for a person to operate a vehicle upon any highway when the amount of alcohol in such person's blood is 0.10 percent or more by weight. Section 2 rewrites G.S. 20-139.1(a) to make it applicable also to the new offense created by Sec. 1 and to abolish the presumption *358 that previously arose under the statute from a breathalyzer reading of 0.10 percent or more. Section 3 is not relevant to the present case. Section 4 provides: "This act shall become effective January 1, 1975." That the statute was made effective on a specified date subsequent to ratification is in itself an indication that it was intended to apply prospectively only. State v. Hart, 287 N.C. 76, 213 S.E.2d 291 (1975). Moreover, Section 1 of the statute, which creates a new offense, is clearly prospective only. Ch. 1081 of the 1973 Session Laws is a single statute directed toward a single problem, and it is not logical to suppose that the General Assembly intended for one section to apply prospectively only and for another section to apply retroactively to pending prosecutions, thus making convictions easier to obtain in some cases and more difficult to obtain in others. Instead, it is apparent that the General Assembly intended all sections of Ch. 1081 to take effect at the same time and in the same way, and this legislative intent should be given effect. We hold that the court in this case properly instructed the jury concerning the statutory presumption contained in G.S. 20-139.1(a) as that statute existed when the offense charged in this case was committed and when the present prosecution was commenced.
Defendant contends the court incorrectly instructed the jurors that if they had a reasonable doubt "as to one or more of" the elements of driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor, second offense, they should then proceed to consider whether defendant was guilty of driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor (first offense). Defendant contends this instruction was erroneous because if the jurors had a reasonable doubt as to any element of the offense other than the previous conviction, they should return a verdict of not guilty. The instruction given by the court, however, could not possibly have been prejudicial. If the jurors had a reasonable doubt as to any element of the offense other than the previous conviction, then, following the court's instruction, they would have proceeded to consider the question of defendant's guilt of driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor (first offense) and would have immediately acquitted the defendant thereof, because the State would likewise have failed to establish all of the elements of that offense. In this case the court correctly charged the jury concerning the offense of which he was found guilty.
Finally, citing State v. Medlin, 15 N.C.App. 434, 190 S.E.2d 425 (1972), defendant moves this court to arrest judgment, contending that a defect appears on the face of the record in that the jury's verdict "attempted to but did not spell out the conviction." The record before us fails to disclose any exception taken to the court's action in accepting the verdict and there is no assignment of error directed either to the acceptance of the verdict or to the form in which it was rendered. No error appears on the face of the record. A verdict is to be interpreted in the light of the evidence and of the charge of the court, State v. Jones, 211 N.C. 735, 190 S.E. 733 (1937); 7 Strong, N.C. Index 2nd, Trial, § 42. The verdict in the present case, unlike the verdict disclosed in the record in Medlin, fails to disclose any discrepancy between the verdict as returned by the jury and as recited in the judgment entered. There was no ambiguity in the verdict in the present case, and, when interpreted in the light of the evidence and the court's instructions to the jury, we find it sufficient to support the judgment.
No error.
BRITT and CLARK, JJ., concur.