delivered the opinion of the Court.
On August 12, 2008, a Dodge Viper sports car carrying two North Brunswick police lieutenants drove off Route 130 and collided with a utility pole. The passenger, Christopher Zerby, died shortly after the accident. The driver, defendant Keith R. Buckley, survived the impact with no serious injuries. He was indicted for second-degree vehicular homicide, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-5.
This case concerns the evidence that will be admissible at defendant’s trial on the issue of causation. The State will bear the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant caused Zerby’s death by driving recklessly. See N.J.S.A. 2C:1-13(a), :11-5(a); State v. Delibero, 149 N.J. 90, 99,
Before the trial court, the State moved in limine to exclude two categories of evidence from the jury’s consideration: evidence that the victim, Zerby, was not wearing a seat belt when he was killed in the accident, and evidence that the utility pole struck by defendant’s vehicle was positioned in a location that contravened recommendations set forth in the New Jersey Department of Transportation (DOT) Roadway Design Manual. The trial court denied the State’s motion, concluding that both categories of evidence may be admissible as relevant to the jury’s determination of the issue of causation. The Appellate Division granted the State’s motion for leave to appeal and affirmed. We granted the State’s motion for leave to appeal.
We reverse the Appellate Division’s determination. We hold that fact and expert testimony about the victim’s failure to wear a seat belt is irrelevant to both “but for” causation under N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(a)(1) and the jury’s causation determination under the first prong of N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c)’s statutory test — whether defendant was aware that the manner in which he drove posed a risk of a fatal accident. To ensure the jury’s complete understanding of the circumstances of the accident, the trial court may admit evidence that Zerby’s seat belt was not fastened when he was found in the vehicle’s passenger seat after the accident. If the trial court admits such evidence, it must give the jury an appropriate limiting instruction. We further conclude that the position of a utility pole, off the roadway on an asphalt berm, is similarly irrelevant to the “but for” causation inquiry under N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(a)(1) and to defendant’s awareness of the risk of his conduct under the first prong of N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c).
I.
In August 2008, defendant was a veteran police officer. He had served in the North Brunswick Police Department for fourteen years, and held the rank of lieutenant, supervising officers assigned to patrol responsibilities.
Defendant and Zerby, who also held the rank of lieutenant in the Department, were on duty on the day of the accident. At 10:00 a.m., defendant called his brother, who lived in North Brunswick. Defendant’s brother had rented a high-performance sports car from a local rental company. The rental agreement barred anyone other than defendant’s brother from driving the vehicle and required him to return it by 9:00 p.m. that evening. The car was a gray 2006 Dodge Viper convertible, capable of accelerating from 0 to 60 miles per hour in approximately 4.2 seconds, and from 0 to 100 miles per hour in 9.4 seconds. Defendant and his brother arranged to meet at the latter’s home at 10:30 a.m. Defendant arrived at the home in an unmarked patrol vehicle. Notwithstanding the restriction in the rental agreement, defendant’s brother permitted defendant to drive the Dodge Viper on the condition that he return the vehicle by 12:30 p.m.
Defendant left his brother’s home driving the rental car. Minutes later, he saw Zerby and another officer near an elementary school. Defendant pulled up next to Zerby and asked him if he wanted an “early lunch,” and Zerby said that he wanted a ride in the sports car. By agreement, the two met ten minutes later, at
Defendant and Zerby left police headquarters, proceeded down Georges Road, navigated an overpass across Route 1, drove on to Route 130 South and stopped at a red light at the intersection of Route 130 and Carolier Lane in North Brunswick. Shortly after the light at the intersection turned green, the Dodge Viper traversed the intersection and continued southward on Route 130. The weather was clear, the road was dry and no construction was taking place in the area. The speed limit on the relevant section of the road was 45 miles per hour.
The accident occurred at approximately 11:06 a.m., just past a shopping center and a corporate office facility on Route 130 South. Just north of the section of the highway where the accident occurred, there were multiple lane mergers and a curve in the road. Witnesses reported observing the vehicle shortly before the accident, and the collision was partially recorded by a DOT camera.
Defendant emerged from the driver’s side and was able to walk without assistance following the crash. Zerby was unresponsive when emergency aid arrived on the scene. He was transported by ambulance to Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center in New Brunswick and pronounced dead at 11:44 a.m. An autopsy was conducted, and the cause of Zerby’s death was determined to be multiple blunt force injuries to the head and chest due to a motor vehicle collision.
II.
Defendant was issued motor vehicle summonses under N.J.S.A. 39:4-98 (speeding) and N.J.S.A. 39:4-96 (reckless driving). On October 31, 2008, defendant was indicted for second-degree vehicular homicide, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-5. On July 7, 2009, he was separately indicted for two counts of second-degree official misconduct, N.J.S.A 2C:30-2(a) and (b). The second indictment was the subject of separate proceedings and is not before this Court. See State v. Buckley, No. A-3922-09, 2011 WL 3503158 (App.Div. Aug. 11, 2011), certif. denied, 210 N.J. 108,
Following his indictment, defendant proffered fact and expert evidence that Zerby was not wearing a seat belt at the time of the accident, and would have survived the accident had he worn a seat belt. Defendant also proposed to introduce evidence that the utility pole with which he collided was located in front of the guardrail,
The State filed a motion in limine and for other relief before the trial court. It sought to bar defendant from arguing a defense of remote causation, predicated on Zerby’s failure to wear a seat belt. It also requested an order precluding defendant from introducing evidence that Zerby would have survived the accident had he been wearing a seat belt, that the location of the utility pole violated the DOT Roadway Design Manual and that Zerby would have survived the accident had the utility pole been located in accordance with the DOT Roadway Design Manual’s guidelines. The State also requested a limiting charge instructing the jury that Zerby’s failure to wear a seat belt did not give rise to a defense to the charge of vehicular homicide, and that the jury should not consider for any purpose whether Zerby was wearing a seat belt when he was killed.
The trial court denied the State’s motion. It determined the jury could consider Zerby’s failure to wear a seat belt as an intervening act within the meaning of N.J.S.A 2C:2-3(c). Relying on the dissent in State v. Pelham, 176 N.J. 448, 470,
The State moved for leave to appeal, and an Appellate Division panel affirmed. Distinguishing Pelham, based upon the sequence of the series of events at issue in this case, the panel concluded that the jury could consider the victim’s failure to wear a seat belt and the placement of the utility pole as potential intervening causes of the accident.
We granted the State’s motion for leave to appeal. 209 N.J. 99,
III.
The State argues that defendant’s proffered evidence of Zerby’s decision not to fasten his seat belt and the location of the utility pole constitutes an attempt to encourage jury nullification. It contends that the Appellate Division panel erred in its conclusion that Zerby’s failure to wear a seat belt could be an intervening cause of his death and improperly introduced the concept of contributory negligence, rooted in civil law, into the issue of causation under the Code of Criminal Justice. The State argues that Zerby’s failure to wear a seat belt cannot be construed to be a cause of defendant’s loss of control of the Dodge Viper or of the collision, and that it cannot, as a matter of law, be considered an intervening cause under N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(e). Although the State addressed both components of N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c)’s causation standard in its brief, it represented at oral argument that it intends to rely upon the first prong of the statutory test, under which “the actual result must be within the risk of which [defendant was] aware.” N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(e). The State’s position is that the first component of the statutory test is satisfied and that the second prong is not applicable in the setting of this vehicular homicide ease.
Defendant counters that his proffered evidence is not intended to encourage jury nullification. He argues that the “bright
Amicus curiae Attorney General of New Jersey contends that a victim’s decision not to wear a seat belt cannot break the chain of causation that commenced with defendant’s driving, at what amicus characterizes to be excessive speed, because it occurred prior to defendant’s driving conduct. It argues that the defendant’s seat belt evidence supports nothing more than a conclusion that Zerby was not saved from the consequences of defendant’s reckless conduct by a safety device, and that the victim’s failure to use this device cannot constitute an intervening act.
IV.
A trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence is “subject to limited appellate scrutiny.” State v. Buda, 195 N.J. 278, 294,
The application under review consisted in part of a motion in limine, governed by N.J.R.E. 401’s definition of relevancy. Evidence is relevant if it has “a tendency in reason to prove or disprove any fact of consequence to the determination of the action.” N.J.R.E. 401. Relevancy consists of probative value and materiality. State v. Hutchins, 241 N.J.Super. 353, 359,
V.
The relevancy determination requires that we consider the statutory elements
The mental state of recklessness, which the State must prove to support a conviction under N.J.S.A. 2C:11-5, is defined in N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(b)(3). See Cannel, New Jersey Criminal Code Annotated, comment 2 on N.J.S.A 2C:11-5 (2012). N.J.S.A. 2C:2-2(b)(3) provides:
A person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of an offense when he consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material element exists or will result from his conduct. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that, considering the nature and purpose of the actor’s conduct and the circumstances known to him, its disregard involves a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the actor’s situation.
As explained by the drafters of the Code, recklessness “involves conscious risk creation,” and requires “that the risk thus consciously disregarded by the actor be substantial and unjustifiable.” II The New Jersey Penal Code: Final Report of the New Jersey Criminal Law Revision Commission, commentary to § 20:2-2, at 41-42 (1971) [hereinafter Final Report ]. A driver need not be intoxicated or under the influence of drugs to drive recklessly; a finding of recklessness can be premised upon excessive speed, among other factors. State v. Stanton, 176 N.J. 75, 85,
We construe the language of N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c)’s causation standard in accordance with established principles of statutory construction. “When interpreting statutory language, the goal is to divine and effectuate the Legislature’s intent.” State v. Shelley, 205 N.J. 320, 323,
Under N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3, the issue of causation is determined by a multi-step analysis:
a. Conduct is the cause of a result when:
(1) It is an antecedent but for which the result in question would not have occurred; and
(2) The relationship between the conduct and result satisfies any additional causal requirements imposed by the code or by the law defining the offense.
e. When the offense requires that the defendant recklessly ... cause a particular result, the actual result must be within the risk of which the actor isaware or, ... if not, the actual result must involve the same kind of injury or harm as the probable result and must not be too remote, accidental in its occurrence, or dependent on another’s volitional act to have a just bearing on the actor’s liability or on the gravity of his offense.
[N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3.]
While “[c]ausation is a factual determination for the jury to consider ... the jury may consider only that which the law permits it to consider.” Pelham, supra, 176 N.J. at 466,
The “actual result,” as the term is used in N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c), denotes the harm inflicted on the victim. Specifically in a case in which the State alleges that the defendant’s reckless conduct caused a fatality, the “actual result” is the victim’s death in the accident. The Code’s drafters limited N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3 to “offenses which are so defined that causing a particular result is a material element of the offense.” Id. at 49. Thus, when the defendant is charged with a violation of N.J.S.A. 2C:11-5, the result that is a material element of the offense is the death of another person. See N.J.S.A. 2C:11-5; see also Pelham, supra, 176 N.J. at 460, 467,
Thus, in this vehicular homicide case, the first prong of N.J.S.A 2C:2-3(c) requires the jury to assess whether the defendant was aware that his allegedly reckless driving gave rise to a risk of a fatal motor vehicle accident. If the jury determines that the State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant understood that the manner in which he or she drove created a risk of a traffic fatality, the element of causation is established under the first prong of N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c). See Martin, supra, 119 N.J. at 12,
The second prong of N.J.S.A 2C:2-3(e), on which the State does not rely here, requires proof that the actual result — in this case the victim’s death — “involve[s] the same kind of injury or harm as the probable result” of the defendant’s conduct. Under the second component of the test, when permitted by the law, “ ‘it is for the jury to determine whether intervening causes or unforeseen conditions lead to the conclusion that it is unjust to find that the defendant’s conduct is the cause of the actual result.’ ” Pelham, supra, 176 N.J. at 461,
The prior jurisprudence of this Court and the Appellate Division addressing N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c) has focused on the second prong of the statutory test. See Pelham, supra, 176 N.J. at 450-52,
Because the State relies exclusively on the first prong of N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c), we do not consider the potential import of defendant’s arguments with regard to the statute’s second prong. Based on the State’s representations, the second prong is not part of the pending prosecution, and the State may not rely on it as a basis to convict defendant.
VI.
Defendant claims that Zerby declined to wear a seat belt, as required by law.
As we noted in Pelham,, “the jury may consider only that which the law permits it to consider.” Pelham, supra, 176 N.J. at 466,
The first of these determinations is whether the defendant’s conduct is “an antecedent but for which the result in question would not have occurred.” N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(a)(1). The “but for” test is a simple one. If the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt the “result” would not have occurred without the “conduct,” it has met its burden on this threshold issue. Martin, supra, 119 N.J. at 11-12,
We next consider whether evidence regarding Zerby’s failure to wear a seat belt is relevant to the first component of N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c)’s two-pronged test for causation: whether “the actual result” was “within the risk of which the actor is aware.” Under this portion of the statutory test, the jury will determine whether defendant was aware that, by virtue of the manner in which he drove the vehicle, he created a risk of a fatal collision. See Pelham, supra, 176 N.J. at 467,
Our holding does not require the trial court to bar all evidence that Zerby failed to use a seat belt. The trial court may exercise its discretion to permit the admission of testimonial or documentary evidence regarding the condition in which Zerby was found following the collision, including evidence that his seat belt was observed to be unbuckled. The admission of such evidence may be necessary for the jury to gain a thorough understanding of the findings of the investigating officers and the circumstances of the accident. Cf. State v. Rose, 206 N.J. 141, 181,
If such evidence is admitted, the trial court must instruct the jury that Zerby’s failure to use a seat belt is not relevant to
VI.
We also review the Appellate Division panel’s decision affirming the trial court’s denial of the State’s motion in limine on a second category of evidence: defendant’s proposed evidence regarding the location of the utility pole. The panel reasoned that the utility pole may have been positioned in a manner inconsistent with the DOT Roadway Design Manual, and thereby contravened N.J.S.A. 48:17-11, which provides that “poles, wires, conduits and other fixtures ... shall be so placed as not to interfere with the safety or convenience of persons or vehicles traveling on any such street, road or highway.”
We do not concur with the Appellate Division panel’s ruling. We hold that fact and expert testimony regarding the claimed discrepancy between the utility pole placement and the guidelines in the DOT Roadway Design Manual is inadmissible on the issue of causation under N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c). First, the claimed discrepancy between the recommended location of a specific utility pole and its actual location is irrelevant to the threshold decision that the jury will make — whether defendant’s driving was “an antecedent but for which” the accident would not have occurred. N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(a)(1). Second, under the first prong of N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c), the jury’s determination of whether a fatal accident was “within the risk of which [defendant was] aware” does not, as a matter of law, implicate a particular utility pole’s compliance with DOT recommendations. The question of defendant’s awareness that his driving posed a risk of a fatal accident bears no nexus to the precise placement of a single utility pole, one among many structures and other stationary objects located near the road on which he drove on the day of the accident.
Accordingly, the trial court should have granted the State’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of the allegedly improper placement of the utility pole. We reverse
VII.
The Appellate Division’s judgment is reversed, and the matter is remanded for proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
For reversal and remandment — Chief Justice RABNER, Justice LaVECCHIA, Justice HOENS, Justice PATTERSON, Judge RODRÍGUEZ (Va), Judge CUFF (Va) — 6.
Opposed — None.
Notes
The factual record before the Court consists almost entirely of grand jury testimony. The testimony is not sealed. The parties and amicus curiae rely upon it, as did the trial court and Appellate Division panel, and it is summarized here.
The parties dispute the precise series of events preceding the accident, particularly the Dodge Viper's rate of acceleration after the light turned green, the vehicle's speed at the time of the accident and the driver's actions immediately before impact. Those issues were not the subject of any factual finding by the trial court on the motion, and are not before this Court.
Relevant evidence may be excluded under one of several rules of evidence, including N.J.R.E. 403, which excludes relevant evidence "if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk of (a) undue prejudice, confusion of issues, or misleading the jury or (b) undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” In this case, no evidentiary issue other than the relevance of the contested evidence to the issue of causation is raised by the parties.
See N.J.S.A. 39:3-76.2f (requiring driver and all front-seat passengers to "wear a properly adjusted and fastened safety seat belt system").
The record before the Court does not contain the DOT Roadway Design Manual that was at issue before the trial court, identify the date of that document, specify what provisions of that manual defendant contends would be relevant to the utility pole at issue in this case or identify the person or entity responsible for the placement of the utility pole. We note that DOT currently publishes a Roadway Design Manual. That document provides in part that "[i]n no case, shall utility poles on new or upgraded guide rail installations remain in front of guide rail[,]” and that "[d]esirably on projects where new right-of-way is to be purchased, sufficient right-of-way should be acquired to permit the placement of the poles beyond the clear zone." Roadway Design Manual, State of New Jersey Department of Transportation, § 8.2.4(B)(2) (Oct. 13, 2010), http:// www.state.nj.us/transportation/eng/documents/RDM/zip/RDM20120223b.zip.
"On existing highways,” however, the Roadway Design Manual permits a "crash analysis” to be performed to determine if "utility pole relocation ... should be considered instead of guide rail” because “[i]t is questionable whether a safer roadside would result from installing guide rail for the sole purpose of shielding utility poles within the clear zone.” Ibid. The guidelines contained in Section 8 of the Roadway Design Manual “are primarily informational or guidance in character and serve to assist the engineer in attaining good design. Deviations from this information or guidance do not require a design exception.” Id. §1.1 (May 9, 2008). Thus, contrary to the Appellate Division panel's suggestion, there is no indication in the record before the Court that the Roadway Design Manual imposed any mandatory requirement applicable to the utility pole at issue here.