State v. BuchState v. Buch
Lead Opinion
Defendant-appellant Walter L. Bueh appeals from his conviction, after a jury trial, for sexual assault in the' third degree, in violation of Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) § 707-732(l)(b) (1993).
I. BACKGROUND
At trial, the complaining witness, who was thirteen years old at the time of the incident in question, testified that, on the afternoon of March 11, 1992, he had finished lifting weights at the Central YMCA and was taking a shower. Buch, whom the complaining witness had never seen before, entered the shower room and initiated a conversation. Bueh kept saying how much he liked kids and told the complaining witness that he had a nice smile. When they had finished showering, Bueh took the complaining witness to the front desk to show him how to check out equipment. While he was talking to the complaining witness at the front desk, Buch kept placing his hand on the complaining
Buch then took the complaining witness upstairs to his room on the third floor so that he could give the complaining witness his telephone number. Once in Buch’s room, Buch opened his wallet, showed the complaining witness a badge, and told the complaining witness that he was a paramedic for the city and county. Buch then told the complaining witness that he had some cream that would help his acne. He asked the complaining witness if he had money, gave him five dollars, and offered the complaining witness cigarettes and beer.
Buch began to touch the complaining witness under his arms while the complaining witness sat on the bed and asked if it hurt. Buch then worked down to the complaining witness’s hips and, after taking off complaining witness’s shirt, pressed his lower abdomen. The complaining witness did not remember how his pants got off, but Buch then was holding the complaining witness’s penis and testicles, under his underwear, and asked if it hurt.
When Buch turned his back, the complaining witness put his clothes back on. Buch said, “Oh, yeah, put on your clothes.” Buch then put cream on the complaining witness’s face and told him that it was “real powerful” and that he should come back twice a week for more cream. The complaining witness asked Buch if Buch would like to meet his mother, and Buch said, “Oh, no. Don’t tell nobody.” At that point, the complaining witness suspected that something was wrong. Buch told the complaining witness to give him a hug and then walked him downstairs. Buch and the complaining witness were in Buch’s room for approximately fifteen minutes, between 6:15 and 6:30 p.m. On the way out, they saw Carey Won, the teen programs director for the YMCA, who told Buch that he was not supposed to have guests upstairs.
The complaining witness then took the bus to his mother’s work place. When asked why he was late, the complaining witness told his mother what had happened, and his mother called the police. Later the same evening, March 11, 1992, the complaining witness identified Buch at a field show-up in front of the YMCA, and Buch was arrested. The following day, Buch gave a tape-recorded statement to Honolulu Police Department (HPD) Detective Timothy Mimaki at the Honolulu Police Station. Buch signed an HPD form 81, indicating that he had been informed of his constitutional rights and waived the presence of an attorney. In his tape-recorded statement, Buch did not admit to any offense.
Buch was indicted on December 14, 1993. The single-count indictment alleged that:
On or about the 11th day of March, 1992, in the City and County of Honolulu, State of Hawaii, Walter L. Buch did knowingly subject to sexual contact, [the complaining witness], who is less than fourteen years old and not his spouse, by placing his hand on [the complaining witness’s] penis, thereby committing the offense of Sexual Assault in the Third Degree, in violation of Section 707—732(1) (b) of the Hawaii Revised Statutes.
On October 11, 1994, Buch filed a motion for mental examination of the complaining witness, arguing that
defendant is raising the issue of the effect of the victim’s mental and/or emotional condition upon his ... credibility based on his claim that the victim is homosexual and that the victim’s accusation was part of an attempt to gain money from the defendant. In addition, the defendant is undergoing a psyehosexual evaluation as part of his examination for fitness/responsibility.
The prosecution argued that the victim’s sexual tendencies and desire for money, even if true, did not present sufficient and compelling reasons for a court-ordered mental examination. On December 1,1994, following a November 14, 1994 hearing on the motion, the court issued its written order denying Buch’s motion. The court concluded that “the allegation that the complaining witness is a homosexual or that he wanted money is neither [a] sufficient [n]or compelling ground for such an examination. The issue of credibility is [an] insufficient basis to have the complaining witness undergo a mental examination; [credibility] is for the jury to decide.”
The effect of these pre-questioning statements on the defendant were to make the defendant: (1) suffer psychological trauma, (2) worry regarding his paramedic career, (3) be embarrassed by the entire situation, (4) worry about making the front-page of the local newspapers as he had in the past, (5) experience exacerbated symptoms of stress and hypertension for which he was already collecting worker’s comp[ensation] payments, and (6) be reminded of various unpleasant law-enforcement related memories of events which [had] occurred 30 years ago.
The court orally denied the motion to suppress following the November 30, 1994 hearing. The court’s “Findings of Fact [ (FOF) ], Conclusions of Law [ (COL) ] and Order Denying Defendant’s Motion to Suppress Statements” was filed on December 8, 1994. The court found, inter alia, that “Defendant was cooperative and willing to engage in the interrogation process[,]” FOF 6, and that “Defendant understood his Constitutional Rights and Defendant did waive his rights voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently.” FOF 18. The court concluded that “[i]n this ease, Defendant voluntarily gave a statement to Detective Mimaki.” COL 6.
The evidentiary phase of Buch’s trial began on December 20, 1994 and lasted only one day. In addition to the testimony of the complaining witness, the prosecution’s evidence included testimony from the complaining witness’s mother, the investigating HPD officers, and Won. At the close of the prosecution’s case, Buch moved for a judgment of acquittal, asserting that the prosecution had not proven beyond a reasonable doubt that Buch knew that the complaining witness was less than fourteen years old. The court denied the motion, ruling that the legislative history of the precursor statutes to the charged offense demonstrated that the legislature did not intend to require actual knowledge of the age of the victim, and, therefore, the prosecution was not required to prove that Buch knew that the complaining witness was less than fourteen years old.
Buch was the sole defense witness. With respect to the events of March 11,1992, Buch testified that he was showering at the YMCA when the complaining witness came in to take a shower. Buch testified that
the immediate thing that came to my mind was how come teenagers at the YMCA don’t have their own shower room because all the years that I worked at Saudi Arabia there’s shower rooms and bathrooms separately for the men and the boys as well as for the wom[e]n and for the girls. And then I had this idea maybe I should donate some money to the YMCA and match them so I can build a separate shower for the teenagers at the YMCA.
Buch stated that the complaining witness appeared to be between fourteen and sixteen years old. He said that the complaining witness initiated a conversation with him when the two were drying off. He testified that he could not remember exactly what the complaining witness said “because at the time I was thinking how come this teenager’s—this baby is showering with all the guys and especially knowing about the YMCA, .you know.” Buch said that, when the complaining witness asked him where the basketball court was, rather than tell him, he took the complaining witness to Won’s office, and Buch was “kind of upset with [Won] that time because I just made that announcement, $5,000 donation announcement, plus—plus donating that $400 cash to the teen youth program in February.” Buch then took the complaining witness to show him where the basketball and racquetball courts were located.
Buch testified that, because the complaining witness said that he was late to meet his mother, Buch said “[w]hy don’t you come up to my room and I’ll give you some money so you can catch a taxi[.]” The
Buch requested a jury instruction on the lesser included offense of sexual assault in the fourth degree.
if there is any evidence or if on the evidence there would be a question about the date of birth, then the giving of sexual assault in the fourth degree would be appropriate where sex assault in the third degree is charged under section (l)(b) as it is here. Therefore, I think in certain circumstances where that issue is in question at all, even a scintilla of evidence to question it or to be concerned about would make this an included offense.
But I also agree with [the prosecutor], since state of mind this court has ruled is not a burden of the state as to the age of the defendant, that it would not be appropriate to give the included offense where there is no basis in the evidence for doing so on the date of birth or the age of the person as opposed to the knowledge of the defendant about the person’s age.
The court indicated, however, that the ruling might have to be reconsidered and the instruction on sexual assault in the fourth degree given if the defense, in closing argument, planned to argue that the prosecution had not proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the complaining witness was less than fourteen years old on March 11, 1992. The following day, before closing arguments, the court stated:
The court needs to create a record regarding that defense’s proposed supplemental instruction which would purport to give an included offense under 707-733(l)(a). And the court rules as follows: Notwithstanding the argument made yesterday, ... 707-733(l)(a)[,] this court findsQ] is not an included offense of 707-732(l)(b) because under (l)(a) the state would have to prove an additional element of compulsion which is not required under 707-732(l)(b), thus taking it out under the law from the definitional section of included offenses and, therefore, refuses the instruction over the objection of the defense.
The jury found Buch guilty as charged, and he timely appealed from the judgment, conviction, and sentence.
II. DISCUSSION
A. The Trial Court Properly Refused to Instruct the Jury on Sexual Assault in the Fourth Degree.
“When jury instructions or the omission thereof are at issue on appeal, the standard of review is whether, when read and considered as a whole, the instructions given are prejudicially insufficient, erroneous, inconsistent, or misleading.” State v. Robinson,
Buch argues that,
[i]n not giving defendant’s lesser included jury instruction^] the court stated that sexual assault in the fourth degree is not a lesser included offense with respect to sexual assault in the third degree because to so rule would require that the state prove [an] extra element; i.e., that of compulsion. This conclusion of law was erroneous becauseit misapplied the State v. Kupau [ 63 Haw. 1 ,620 P.2d 250 (1980) ] test. That is, there was sufficient evidence adduced at trial that if believed could have led the jury to acquit defendant of the sexual assault in the third degree charge and yet convict him of the lesser included offense of sexual assault in the fourth degree.
Buch contends that his testimony that the complaining witness appeared to be between the ages of fourteen and sixteen at the time of the assault provides a rational basis for acquitting Buch of sexual assault in the third degree and convicting him, instead, of sexual assault in the fourth degree.
Buch apparently fails to recognize that he is not entitled to have the jury instructed on an offense other than the charged offense unless (1) that offense is a lesser included offense of the charged offense as defined in
1. Sexual assault in the fourth degree is not a lesser included offense of sexual assault in the third degree as charged in this case.
An offense is included in the charged offense when “[i]t is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged[,]”
Buch was charged with sexual assault in the third degree, in violation of
Nor is sexual assault in the fourth degree included in sexual assault in the third degree, as charged in this case, under
Therefore, we hold that sexual assault in the fourth degree is not included in the charged offense as defined by
2.
Even assuming, arguendo, that sexual assault in the fourth degree is a lesser included offense of the charged offense, Buch was not entitled to a lesser included offense
Therefore, the court expressly ruled that Buch was not entitled to a judgment of acquittal based on the prosecution’s failure to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Buch acted knowingly with respect to the complaining witness’s age.. In other words, even if the jury believed that Buch thought the complaining witness was between fourteen and sixteen years old, if the trial court’s interpretation of
This court has not had occasion to rule on this issue in the context of the Hawaii Penal Code. Prior to the adoption of the Penal Code, the court considered whether a mistake of fact regarding the victim’s age provided a defense to a charge of statutory rape. In State v. Silva,
This court disagreed and, relying on the reasoning in Territory v. Delos Santos,
The offense here is of that class which, by reason of an unbroken line of judicial holdings, it can be said that the statute denounces the mere doing of the act as criminal, regardless of whether the perpetrator had a bad mind, the generalized intent to engage in a course of criminal conduct. Second degree rape is a recognized judicial exception to the general rule that a mistake of fact is a defense to the charge[.]
Id. at 233,
Silva was decided before the enactment of the Hawaii Penal Code, 1972 Haw.Sess.L. Act 9, § 2, at 142. The Hawaii Penal Code was “originally drafted by the Committee on Penal Law Revision of the Judicial Council of Hawaii and [is] a derivative of the Model Penal Code as recommended, by the American Law Institute[.]” Conf.Comm.Rep. No. 1, in 1972 House Journal, at 1035. Its purpose was to “effect the first complete reorganization of the criminal law of the State of Hawaii by a redefinition of criminal of-fensesf.]” Id. As noted in the'dissenting opinion in Silva, the proposed draft of the Hawaii Penal Code would change the result in Silva, by requiring knowledge of the attendant circumstance of the victim’s age:
Nor does the view [expressed by the majority opinion] prevail with the Judicial Council of Hawaii, under whose auspices the proposed draft of the Hawaii Penal Code was propounded. Hawaii Penal Code § 731 (Proposed Draft, 1970). provides in pertinent part:
(1) A male commits the offense of rape in the second degree if:
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(b) he intentionally engages in sexual intercourse with a female whom he knows is less than 12 years old. (Emphasis added).
The Commentary on §§ 730-732 (footnotes omitted) includes the following:
The Code’s provisions dealing with a victim under 12 years old is in accord with the lower limit of the age of effective consent under previous Hawaii law. Formerly, in Hawaii, as in many jurisdictions which have not undergone recent revisions of their criminal laws, the actor was held strictly liable with respect to the victim’s age. Such strict liability runs contrary to the general principles of penal liability set forth in Chapter 2, which require a culpable state of mind with respect to each element of an offense.
Silva,
Like section 707-731(1)(b) of the 1970 Proposed Draft of the Hawai'i Penal Code, the “sex offenses” proscribed by sections 707-730(1)(b) (rape in the first degree), 707-733(1)(b) (sodomy in the first degree), 707-734(1)(b) (sodomy in the second degree), and 707-736(1)(b) (sexual abuse in the first degree) each included, as an element of the offense, a victim “whom [the defendant] knows is less than 12 years old.” See Stand. Comm.Rep. No. 599, in 1971 Senate Journal, at 1067,1077.
As the commentary to the Proposed Draft quoted by Justice Levinson explained, under previous Hawai'i law, the defendant had been held strictly liable with respect to the age of the victim, which was contrary to the general principles of criminal liability set forth in Chapter 2 of the proposed code. Chapter 2 of Act 9 includes among the “General Principles of Penal Liability”:
Sec. 207—Specified state of mind applies to all elements.
When the definition of an offense specifies the state of mind sufficient for the commission of that offense, without distinguishing among the elements thereof, the specified state of mind shall apply to all elements of the offense, unless a contrary purpose plainly appears.
1972 Haw.Sess.L. Act 9, § 207, at 44, now
[t]he phrase “unless a contrary purpose plainly appears” is intended to allow the courts to avoid an improper result when the language of a statute fails to indicate that the specified state of mind applies to less than all elements and legislative history indicates that this was intended.
(Emphasis added.)
Buch was charged with sexual assault in the third degree, in violation of
Buch, in support of his motion for judgment of acquittal, relied on
Sections 730 through 740: Sexual offenses
Your Committee has agreed to amend Seetion[s] 730(1)(b), 731(1)(b), 733(1)(b), 734(1)(b), 736(1)(b), 737(1)(b) and 738(1) toeliminate the requirement of actual knowledge and to increase the age of consent from 12 to 14 years.... Your Committee has agreed to amend Section 737(1)(b) to increase the age provision from fourteen to sixteen years. Similarly, the Committee has agreed to eliminate the requirement of actual knowledge, stated in that section.
Your Committee has agreed to amend Section 789 by deleting subsection (2) thereof because of prior amendment of Sections 730, 731, 736 and 737 to eliminate the knowledge requirement.
Conf.Comm.Rep. No. 1, in 1972 House Journal, at 1038; see also Conf.Comm.Rep. No. 2 (Majority), in 1972 House Journal, at 1044; Stand.Comm.Rep. No. 227, in 1971 House Journal, at 788; Stand.Comm.Rep. No. 599, in 1971 Senate Journal, at 1074; Supplemental Commentary to
The legislative history unequivocally indicates that, where the age of the victim is an element of a sexual offense, the specified state of mind is not intended to apply to that element. We therefore hold that a defendant is strictly liable with respect to the attendant circumstance of the victim’s age in a sexual assault; consequently, Buch’s testimony that the victim appeared to be between fourteen and sixteen years of age is not a rational basis in the evidence for a verdict acquitting him of sexual assault in the third degree and convicting him of sexual assault in the fourth degree.
This case is distinguishable ficom, and not irreconcilable with, In the Interest of John Doe, Born on September 5, 1977,
The dissent finds fault with each step of the preceding analysis. It argues first that the language of
As previously noted,
. The intent to require knowledge of the victim’s age is not clear and unambiguous from the face of
Presumably, then, it is the specific application of
Notwithstanding the dicta in Gaylord, the plain language of
When the definition of an offense specifies the state of mind sufficient for the commission of that offense, without distinguishing among the elements thereof, the specified state of mind shall apply to all elements of the offense, unless a contrary purpose plainly appears.
Id. (emphasis added). It is virtually impossible to conceive of a criminal statute that, plainly, on its face, evinces an intent to apply the specified state of mind to less than all of the elements of the offense, without distinguishing among the elements of the offense. Neither Gaylord nor the dissenting opinion attempts to reconcile the proposed interpretation of
Consulting the commentary to
The dissent’s assertion that “the appellate courts of this state have never interpreted
Even assuming that the plain language of
Our primary duty in interpreting and applying statutes is to ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intention to the fullest degree. Although the intention of the legislature is to be obtained primarily from the language contained in the statute itself, we have rejected an approach to statutory construction which limits us to the words of the statute for when aid to construction of the meaning of words, as used in the statute, is available, there certainly can be no rule of law which forbids its use, however clear the words may appearon superficial examination. Thus, the plain language rule of construction does not preclude an examination of sources other than the language of the statute itself even when the language appears clear upon perfunctory review. Were this not the case, a court may be unable to adequately discern the underlying policy which the legislature seeks to promulgate and, thus, would be unable to determine if a literal construction would produce an absurd or unjust result, inconsistent with the policies of the statute.
Richardson v. City and County of Honolulu,
Nor does State v. Meyer,
Finally, the dissent’s fear that the substantive provisions of the HPC—“a fragile organism that is subject to abuse and [that] requires vigilant protection,”—Concurring and Dissenting Opinion at 615-616 (footnote omitted), will potentially be rendered unconstitutionally vague as a result of the majority’s analysis, id. at 621, is unfounded. The dissent’s fear apparently stems from its misapprehension that, if a statute is not clear and unambiguous with respect to the requisite state of mind applicable to the attendant circumstances, the statute is unconstitutionally vague because it does not give the person of-ordinary intelligence the opportunity to know what conduct is prohibited.
This court considered, and soundly rejected, an identical argument in State v. Marley,
the failure of a statute to provide for knowledge as an element of a crime does not ipso facto render a statute unconstitutional. For not only are there statutory crimes without any requirement of intention or knowledge, but, as we noted in State v. Taylor,49 Haw. 624 , 636-37,425 P.2d 1014 , 1022 (1967), the applicable test for vagueness and overbreadth, which we adopted from Boyce Motor Lines v. United States,342 U.S. 337 , 340-1 [72 S.Ct. 329 , 330-1,96 L.Ed. 367 ] (1952), is not a checklist of requirements but is far more general. The test is that:
A criminal statute must be sufficiently definite to give notice of the required conduct to one who would avoid its penalties, and to guide the judge in its application and the lawyer in defending one charged with its violation.... Consequently, no more than a reasonable degree of certainty can be demanded. Nor is it unfair to require that one who deliberately goes perilously close to an area of •proscribed, conduct shall take the risk that he [or she] may cross the line.
Id. at 460,
Certainly
Moreover, in rejecting knowledge of the age of the victim as an element of sexual assault in the third degree, the legislature was merely refusing to change the law as it existed before the enactment of the penal code. See Silva,
It is well established that the Legislature may, pursuant to its police powers, define criminal offenses without requiring proof of a specific criminal intent and so provide that the perpetrator proceed at his [or her] own peril regardless of his [or her] defense of ignorance or an honest mistake of fact. In the case of statutory rape, such legislation, in the nature of “strict liability” offenses, has been upheld as a matter of public policy because of the need to protect children[.]
Id.
To further its policy of protecting children from sexual exploitation by adults, the legislature expressly deleted knowledge of the child’s age as an element of sexual assault offenses in which the child’s age is an attendant circumstance. By doing so, it fairly placed on the adult the risk of mistake with respect to the child’s age. Allocating that risk to the adult does not render
B. Buch’s Motion to Suppress
Buch argues that the motion to suppress his statement
Moreover, “[a]ppellate review of whether a defendant’s custodial statement to the police is the product of coercion requires us to ‘examine the entire record and make an independent determination of the ultimate issue of voluntariness’ based upon that review and ‘the totality of circumstances surrounding the defendant’s statement.’ ” State v. Kelekolio,
At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Buch testified that, prior to signing HPD form 81 and giving his tape-recorded statement, Detective Mimaki threatened him with higher bail, loss of his paramedic license, and return to prison for a parole violation if Buch did not give a statement. Detective Mimaki denied making those threats. The circuit court, as trier of fact, implicitly found that Detective Mimaki’s testimony was more credible. See, e.g., FOF 15 and 18 (finding that “Detective Mimaki’s conduct and practice during the interrogation was not egregious, his questions were not designed to illicit incorrect statements but to be truthful[,]” and that “Defendant understood his Constitutional Rights and Defendant did waive his rights voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently.”). As trier of fact at a motion to suppress hearing, it is the duty of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses and resolve factual conflicts in the testimony. See State v. Patterson,
Nor does Buch challenge any of the circuit court’s findings as clearly erroneous, but, rather, he argues that those findings support his contention that the statement was involuntary. Specifically, he cites the following FOF:
5. Defendant was asked about whether he was on any medication and he indicated he was for hypertension condition. Defendant also indicated that the medication did not impair his thinking or judgment in any[ ]way.
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9. Defendant has been arrested in the past and convicted.
10. Defendant has been subject to mental and physical abuse during his prior arrest and has filed complaints against 6 officers resulting in their suspension.
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16. Defendant appeared to be well aware of the criminal process. He is not a novice, not intimidated or overwhelmed by it. His prior experience of being beaten has not, in any[]way, affected his volun-tariness in giving the statement.
Buch asserts that these findings demonstrate that “the defendant’s statements were not voluntarily made due to the interaction of the social pressure exerted upon the defendant by the detective with the defendant’s preexisting physical, mental, and emotional conditions.”
By “social pressure,” Buch is apparently referring to Detective Mimaki’s repeated comments, during the course of the interrogation, that “you’re lying.” Based on our examination of the entire record, including the tape recording of Buch’s statement, it is our independent determination that these remarks were not accompanied by any threat, were made in a normal tone of voice, and, although phrased differently, are the fune-tional
are calculated to enhance, rather than diminish, the trustworthiness of an accused’s inculpatory statement or confession. Accordingly, the proposition that a police investigator’s unwillingness to accept a suspect’s initial version of events at face value amounts to “coercion” per se is not only naive and disingenuous, but falls of its own weight; were we to accept it, the legitimate right of law enforcement agencies to seek voluntary 'confessions would be rendered nugatory.
With respect to Buch’s “pre-existing physical, mental, and emotional conditions,” we have endorsed the general rule that, “in the absence of insanity or mental depletion, neither the voluntary character nor the admissibility of a confession is affected by the mental instability of the person making it.” Id. at 503,
Upon review of the entire record and considering the totality of the circumstances surrounding Buch’s statement, it is our independent determination that Buch’s statement was voluntarily and freely given. Buch’s voice on the tape is calm, and he remained lucid throughout the interview. He indicated that, although he was taking medication for hypertension, the medication did not affect his thinking or judgment. He never indicated any desire to terminate the interview and never admitted to having committed the offense. In fact, he challenged Detective Mi-maki to charge him and set bail so he could go to trial and be vindicated by a jury. Furthermore, the record indicates that Buch was not only well educated in general, but particularly sophisticated with respect to the criminal process and his rights as an accused.
We, therefore, hold that Buch knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights to counsel and to remain silent and that he voluntarily gave his statement to the police. Consequently, the motion to suppress was properly denied.
C. Buch’s Motion for Mental Examination of the Complaining Witness
Buch’s final argument is that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a mental examination of the complaining witness. We review the denial of Bueh’s motion for an abuse of discretion. See State v. Vincent,
In Vincent, we “agree[d] with courts of other jurisdictions that a trial judge in his [or her] discretion may order a psychiatric examination of a witness on the question of credibility when a movant shows a compelling reason for such examination.” Id. at 42,
In Kahinu, the defendant was convicted of burglary in the first degree and assault with intent to rape.
We submit ... that a general rule requiring a psychiatric examination of complaining witnesses in every sex case or, as an alternative, in any such case that rests upon the uncorroborated testimony of the complaining witness would, in many instances, not be necessary or appropriate. Moreover, victims of sex crimes might be deterred by such an absolute requirement from disclosing such offenses.
Rather than formulate a fixed rule in this matter we believe that discretion should repose in the trial judge to order a psychiatric examination of the complaining witness in a case involving a sex violation if the defendant presents a compelling reason for such an examination. [Citation omitted.]
Id. at 546-47,
Buch argues that a subsequent California case, People v. Russel,
In this case, Buch asserts that he “is raising the issue of the effect of the victim’s mental and/or emotional condition upon his or her credibility based on his claim that the victim is a homosexual and that the victim’s accusation was part of an attempt to gain money from the defendant.” Thus, Buch maintains there was a compelling reason for the mental examination of the complaining witness. These claims are even less compelling than the “bald allegations” of physical defects or mental illness that the court held were insufficient to warrant court-ordered examinations in Vincent and Kahinu because, even if true, neither homosexuality nor desire for money would affect the witness’s credibility in ways the jury would not be able to detect without the aid of psychiatric knowledge. We hold, therefore, that the denial of Buch’s motion to compel a psychiatric examination of the complaining witness was not an abuse of discretion.
III. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing discussion, we affirm Buch’s conviction, judgment, and sentence for sexual assault in the third degree.
Notes
.
.
.
.
. The ICA’s characterization of the Judicial Council of Hawaii’s Tentative Draft of the Penal Code and the Commentary to the Hawaii Penal Code, as legislative history, however, see id. at 454 n. 2,
In Hawaii [Hawai'i] case law, cases of ineffective consent are found in relation to various sex offenses, where the consent of the female is deprived of effectiveness because of her immaturity; furthermore, liability with respect to the female's age is absolute. This section of the Code, as well as the' definitions of sex offenses, changes this result.
Id. (brackets in original).
. Presumably this is why the Judicial Council deemed it necessary, in its original draft, to include the language “whom [the actor] knows is less than [fourteen] years old.” See supra majority opinion at 606-607.
. Scylla is a headland on the Italian side of the Straits of Messina, opposite the whirlpool Charybdis. Homer personified Scylla and Charybdis as female sea monsters imperilling sailors attempting to navigate between them.
. The dissent's contention that our analysis relies on the commentary to distill the legislative intent is patently disingenuous. As the dissent observes elsewhere, the legislative intent is discerned from the conference committee report and contemporaneous committee reports, Concurring and Dissenting Opinion at 620-621, which, as the dissent also concedes, reflect that the legislature expressly amended the proposed language of the statute to delete the requirement of knowledge of the victim’s age. Id. at 620.
. The Marley court further supported its conclusion with the observation that one of the trial court's instructions informed the jury that it must find that the defendants “intentionally remained upon the premises[.]” Id. The jury instructions, however, have no bearing on whether the statute itself is void for vagueness.
. The dissent spuriously asserts that our construction of
The case before the court, however, involves sexual exploitation of an adolescent by an adult, the veiy conduct at which the statute is aimed.
.Although Buch’s statement was not a confession and was not inculpatory, "the prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination.” State v. Russo,
. Not only has Ballard not been judicially expanded, it has been legislatively overruled. Section 1112 was added to the California Penal Code in 1980 and provides:
Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (d) of Section 28 of Article I of the California Constitution, the trial court shall not order any prosecuting witness, complaining witness, or any other witness, or victim in any sexual assault prosecution to submit to a psychiatric or psychological examination for the purpose of assessing his or her credibility.
West’s Ann.Cal.Penal Code § 1112 (1984).
Concurrence Opinion
concurring and dissenting, in which KLEIN, Justice, joins.
I fully agree with the majority’s holdings, for the. reasons stated therein, that: (1) “Buch knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights to counsel and to remain silent and that he voluntarily gave his statement to the police,” majority opinion at section H.B.; and (2) “the [circuit court’s] denial of Buch’s motion to compel a psychiatric examination of the complaining witness was not an abuse of discretion,” id. at section II.C.
I also agree with the majority’s holding that sexual assault in the fourth degree as
However, notwithstanding that the relevant “legislative history,” as reflected in the committee reports cited by the majority, indicates the legislature’s belief that the sexual offense laws, as codified in the Hawai'i Penal Code (HPC), establish that “where the age of the victim is an element of a sexual offense, the specified state of mind [was] not ... to apply to that element,” majority opinion at section H.A.2., the legislature’s failure to effectuate its belief impels me respectfully to disagree with the majority that
a defendant is strictly liable with respect to the attendant circumstance of the victim’s age in a sexual assault and that, consequently, Buch’s testimony that the victim appeared to be between fourteen and sixteen years of age is not a rational basis in the evidence for a verdict acquitting him of sexual assault in the third degree....
Id.
I. PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION TO WHICH THIS COURT ADHERES, WE MAY LOOK BEYOND THE PLAIN, OBVIOUS, AND UNAMBIGUOUS LANGUAGE OF A SUBSTANTIVE PROVISION—THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF WHICH IS NOT AT ISSUE—OF THE HPC, ONLY IF A LITERAL CONSTRUCTION OF THAT LANGUAGE WOULD PRODUCE AN ABSURD AND UNJUST RESULT.
I begin my analysis with some rules of statutory construction to which this court has
Second, “where the statutory language is plain and unambiguous, our sole duty is to give effect to its plain and obvious meaning.” Kwak I,
Third, implicit in the task of statutory construction is “our foremost obligation[, namely,] to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature, which is to be obtained primarily from the language contained in the statute itself.” Mathewson,
It is at this point that the canons of statutory construction begin to take on the quality of Aesop’s Fables, “ ‘pulling in opposite directions’ ” and “ ‘no more enabling] difficult questions of interpretation to be answered than the maxims of everyday life enable the difficult problems of everyday living to be solved.’ ” Richardson v. City and County of Honolulu,
For example, in State v. Meyer,
We cannot change the language of the statute, supply a want, or enlarge upon it in order to make it suit a certain state of facts. We do not legislate or make laws. Even where the Court is convinced in its own mind that the Legislature really meant and intended something not expressed by the phraseology of the Act, it has no authority to depart from the plain meaning of the language used.
Meyer,
Thus, substantially in the tradition of Meyer, this court has frequently reaffirmed the proposition that, for purposes of gleaning the intent of the legislature, ‘“where the language of the statute is plain and unambiguous, our only duty is to give effect to its plain and obvious meaning.’ ” Mathewson,
The body of case law flowing from Meyer would seem to suggest that this court is unwilling to dig for the intent of the legislature beyond the language of its enactments, assuming, of course, that the statutory language at issue is plain, obvious, and unambiguous. Indeed, one might assume—naively— that any further search would, by its very nature, be anathema to this court’s fundamental tenets of statutory construction. Such is not the case. As it happens, this court hedges its bets.
Stated most obliquely, this court subscribes to the “well settled” rule that
“where there is no ambiguity in the language of a statute, and the literal application of the language would not produce an absurd err unjust result[5 ], clearly inconsistent with the purposes and policies of the statute, there is no room for judicial construction and interpretation, and the statute must be given effect according to its plain and obvious meaning.”
Sandy Beach Defense Fund v. City Council of the City and County of Honolulu,
Stated more directly, “even absent statutory ambiguity, departure from literal construction is justified when such construction would produce an absurd and unjust result and the literal construction in the particular action is clearly inconsistent with the purposes and policies of the act.” Franks v. City and County of Honolulu,
Sandy Beach Defense Fund and Franks teach that this court is, indeed, willing to look beyond the plain, obvious, and unambiguous language of a statute, the facial constitutionality of which is not at issue, for the purpose
II. THE LANGUAGE OF
The HPC proscribes the offense of sexual assault in the third degree in
Sexual assault in the third degree. (1) A person commits the offense of sexual assault in the third degree if:
(a) The person recklessly subjects another person to an act of sexual penetration by compulsion;
(b) The person knowingly subjects to sexual contact another person who is less than fourteen years old or causes such a person to have sexual contact with the person;
(c) The person knowingly subjects to sexual contact another person who is mentally defective, mentally incapacitated, or physically helpless, or causessuch a person to have sexual contact with the actor;
(d) The person, while employed in a state correctional facility, knowingly subjects to sexual contact an imprisoned person or causes such person to have sexual contact with the actor; [or]
(e) The person knowingly, by strong compulsion, has sexual contact with another person or causes another person to have sexual contact with the actor[.] ...
(2) Sexual assault in the third degree is a class C felony.
Pursuant to
Within the framework of the HPC,
HRS § 701-114(1)(a) and (b) (1993) requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt of each element of the offense, as well as the state of mind required to establish each element of the offense. Moreover,HRS § 702-204 (1993) provides in relevant part that “a person is not guilty of an offense unless the person acted intentionally, knowingly, recklessly, or negligently, as the law specifies with respect to each element of the offense.” ...HRS § 702-207 (1993) provides that “[when] the definition of an offense specifies the state of mind sufficient for the commission of that offense, without distinguishing among the elements thereof, the specified state of mind shall apply to all elements of the offense, unless a contrary purpose plainly appears.” In addition, pursuant toHRS § 702-205 ..., the requisite state of mind applies to such conduct, attendant circumstances, and results of conduct as are specified by the definition of the offense.
State v. Wallace,
The parameters of the “knowing” state of mind applicable to
(2) “Knowingly.”
(a) A person acts knowingly with respect to [the person’s] conduct when [the person] is aware that [the person’s] conduct is of that nature.
(b) A person acts knowingly with respect to attendant circumstances when [the person] is aware that such circumstances exist.
(e) A person acts knowingly with respect to a result of [the person’s] conduct when [the person] is aware that it is practically certain that [the person’s] conduct will cause such a result.
If I read its opinion correctly, the majority concedes that the foregoing analytical framework applies to every form of sexual assault in the third degree proscribed by
a defendant could not be found guilty of the offense [of second degree sexual assault of a mentally defective person, in violation ofHRS § 707-731(1)(b) (1993)— which is a more serious analogue ofHRS § 707-732(1)(c) —] unless the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the complaining witness was mentally defective and the defendant was aware that the complaining witness was mentally defective.
As indicated above, a person commits the offense of sexual assault in the third degree, in violation of
Accordingly, the language of
The majority’s sole authority for the deletion of the fifth element is the commentary on
[t]he phrase “unless a contrary purpose plainly appears” is intended to allow the courts to avoid an improper result when the language of a statute fails to indicate that the specified state of mind applies to less than all elements and legislative history indicates that this was intended.
Commentary on
Aside from its disregard of our established rules of statutory construction, there are at least three deficiencies in the majority’s reliance on the commentary on
Second, as footnote five of the majority opinion takes pains to remind the ICA, “
The third and by far the most profoundly troubling aspect of the manner in which the majority utilizes
The intent to require knowledge of the victim’s age is not clear and unambiguous from the face ofHRS § 707—732(l)(b) ; indeed, like the intent to impose strict liability with respect to the victim’s age, the intent to require knowledge is “completely invisible to the naked eye; that is, the ‘ignorant’ reader would have absolutely no way of discerning it solely on the basis of the plain, unambiguous, and obvious language of the statute.” Concurring and Dissenting Opinion at 14.HRS § 707-732(1) (b) simply does not specify the requisite state of mind with respect to the attendant circumstances ....
Majority opinion at 608 (footnote omitted) (emphases added).
I believe, by virtue of the foregoing statements, that the majority unwittingly makes my point.
Due process of law requires that a penal statute state with reasonable clarity the act it proscribes and provide fixed standards for adjudging guilt, or the statute is void for vagueness. State v. Kameenui,69 Haw. 620 , 621,753 P.2d 1250 , 1251 (1988). Statutes must give the person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what conduct is prohibited so that he or she may choose between lawful and unlawful conduct.
State v. Gaylord,
Indeed, but for the HPC’s preliminary provisions and general principles of penal liability, this court, not to mention “the person of ordinary intelligence,” would always be forced to ‘ consult sources extrinsic to the HPC itself “to know what conduct is prohibited.” That is the quintessence of vagueness. That is also what is so mistaken about the majority’s belief that
By way of example, and to illustrate my argument, let us extend the majority’s logic with respect to another sexual offense. A person commits a form of sexual assault in the second degree if “[t]he person knowingly subjects another person to an act of sexual penetration by compulsion[.]”
According to the majority, however, I am merely indulging in an unwarranted and foolish assumption, because a clear and unambiguous legislative intent to require proof beyond a reasonable doubt of knowledge with respect to the attendant circumstance of “absence of consent” can never be ascertained without combing the Senate and House Journals to insure that there is no indication of a legislative intent to impose strict liability. How, then, is a person of ordinary intelligence, who reasonably believes that his or her partner is “willing,” or even “eager,” to know whether, under the law, he or she is engaging in the ultimate physical intimacy at peril of committing a class B felony? Must he or she do research? If so, what if the legislative journals are not part of the person’s library? What if the person visits the
State v. Marley,
[wjhoever, without right, enters or remains in or upon the dwellinghouse, buildings, or improved or cultivated lands of another or the land of another about or near any buildings used for dwelling purposes, after having been forbidden to do so by the person who has lawful control of such premises, either directly or by notice posted thereon ... shall be fined not more than $250, or imprisoned not more than three months, or both....
The relevance of this pre-HPC decision eludes me. What is relevant are the trespass offenses delineated in the HPC at
People v. Cash,
The bottom line is that, “[e]ven where [this] [c]ourt is convinced in its own mind that the legislature really meant and intended something not expressed by the phraseology of the Act, it has no authority to depart from the plain meaning of the language used.” Meyer,
III. THE CLEAR AND UNAMBIGUOUS LANGUAGE OF
My premise in this section is that there is nothing absurd or unjust about the clear and unambiguous language of
With particular reference to the issue of strict liability in the context of the age of the victim of a sexual assault, I fully subscribe to the views expressed by the late Justice Levinson, dissenting in State v. Silva, 53 Haw.
The common law principle that it is not conduct alone but conduct accompanied by certain specific mental states which concerns, or should concern the law is, to say the least, primordial. A mistaken belief in facts which if they did exist would render an act innocent, negates the requisite mens rea (the state of mind required to establish an element of the offense) and constitutes a defense in criminal prosecutions. This court has recognized the rule allowing a defense to a crime considered malum in se because of a mistake of fact subject to the qualification that the mistake must not be due to the negligence or carelessness of the defendant.[11 ]
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... [Judicially constructed strict liability in mid-twentieth century criminal law is an anachronism; it stands as the major bar to rational solution of important social problems.
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I agree that it is time to substitute knowledge of sex offenses for emotional fixations and to reform the rules in light of sound principles of penal liability. The judicially construed strict liability which the courts have given the law of mistake, we are free to take away.
Silva,
In promulgating the HPC, the legislature abolished the very “judicially construed strict liability” that Justice Levinson decried.
Need for revising Hawaii’s penal law is self evident. The existing criminal statutes find their origin, for the most part, in the Penal Code of 1869.... The organization of Hawaii’s penal laws defies rational explanation....
By way of contrast, the proposed [HPC] is subject to a unique organizational prin-cip[le]. The first six chapters of the [HPC] present the general part of thepenal law: those principles and rules which have or may have application regardless of the specific type of offense involved....
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2. Chapter [702] establishes the general principles of penal liability; the criminal law is concerned both with a man’s state of mind at the time of the crime as well as his conduct. This chapter codifies the generally accepted principle that penal liability must be based on voluntary action coupled with a culpable state of mind. Here the [HPC] would eliminate the wide diversity of words and phrases used to denote or connote a state of mind sufficient to impose penal liability, limiting the provisions of the law to four states of mind: intentional, knowing, reckless and negligent.
Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 227, in 1971 House Journal, at 784-85. I repeat my suggestion that there is nothing absurd or unjust about the foregoing approach, which, as discussed above, is now super-imposed on the entire HPC by
In fact, the majority’s construction of
Consider a more egregious hypothetical: Assume that the same two children “go all the way” one evening in a public park. A disapproving police officer happens upon them in flagrante delicto and makes a chapter 571 referral to the family court. As the majority would have it, the children are “class A felons,” having both violated
It is apparent, at least to me, that it is the majority’s construction of
IV. CONCLUSION
Because “the [legislature did not carry its intention into effect,” Meyer,
. It is somewhat ironic—not to mention unfortunate—that the majority reaches the issue at all. Insofar as sexual assault in the fourth degree in violation of
. On July 1, 1993, the Hawai'i legislature declared:
The [HPC] is the fundamental document by which the State addresses crime. It is imperative that so important a body of law receive full and deliberate attention from time to time, to assure its continued force and effectiveness.
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During the [last] ten years ..., numerous amendments have been made to the [HPC] on a piecemeal basis. However, there has not been comprehensive review as to the effect these amendments have on the principles and philosophy on which the [HPC] is based. Moreover there are concerns as to the structural and systemic impact these amendments have on the entire criminal justice system.... Accordingly, the legislature has determined that the time has arrived for a ... review to take place and that this review should not only be concerned with periodic changes that have been made to the original 1972 [HPC], but also with the concept that the [HPC] is not an isolated body of law but rather a part of the entire criminal justice system of the State.
1993 Haw. Sess. L. Act 284, § 1 at 525. See infra note 11.
.
Principles of construction. The provisions of this Code cannot be extended by analogy so as to create crimes not provided for herein; however, in order to promote justice and effect the objects of the law, all of its provisions shall be given a genuine construction, according to the fair import of the words, taken in then-usual sense, in connection with the context, and with reference to the purpose of the provision.
. I submit that section II.A.2. of the majority opinion fails completely to address the plain and obvious meaning of
.
. Section II.A.2. of the majority opinion nowhere considers whether a literal construction of
. This court has long recognized that, although “[i]t is elementary that a criminal statute be construed strictly .... where the [statutory] language is plain and unambiguous, there is no occasion for construction,” State v. Good Guys For Fasi,
When choice has to be made between two readings of what conduct the legislature has made a crime, it is appropriate, before we choose the harsher alternative, to require that the legislature should have spoken in language that is clear and definite.... [Thus, when] [i]t is virtually self-evident that the drafters of the [HPC] could easily have spoken in clearer and more definite terms ... [a]nd when language reasonably susceptible of two constructions is used in a penal law[,] ordinarily that construction which is more favorable to the offender will be adopted.
State v. Rodgers,
By the same token, we have also recognized that "the strict construction rule does not permit the court to ignore legislative intent, nor require the court to reject that construction that best harmonizes with the design of the statute or the end sought to be achieved.” State v. Gaylord,
. Of course, both objects of the "sexual contact” could easily be "less than fourteen years old.” See infra at section III.
. For example, I note that
. "Sexual penetration” is defined in
. It is worth mentioning that the December 28, 1994 Final Report of the Committee to Conduct a Comprehensive Review of the Hawai'i Penal Code, mandated by 1993 Haw. Sess. L. Act 284, § 2 at 525-26, recommended, inter alia, that the legislature amend
Sexual assault in the third degree. (1) A person commits the offense of sexual assault in the third degree if:
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(b) The person knowingly subjects to sexual contact another person who is less than fourteen years old or causes such a person to have sexual contact with the person; provided that it is an affirmative defense that the defendant reasonably believed that the other person was fourteen years of age of older [.]
Final Report at 131 (amending language emphasized). The comment accompanying the proposed legislation provides in relevant part:
The 1984-85 penal code revision project proposed strict liability for the “statutory rape” subsections, 707-730(l)(b) and 707-732(l)(b), but the Legislature rejected these proposals. The committee concedes that strict liability is an excessively harsh culpability criterion, but at the same time believes that the current statutes, requiring proof of knowledge and awareness that youthful victims are indeed under fourteen, are insufficiently protective of young children. To accommodate these apparently conflicting principles, the committee settled on an objective standard of culpability: It is an “affirmative defense," which according to [HRS] § 701-115(2)(b) [(1993)] must be proved by the defense by the preponderance of the evidence, "that the defendant reasonably believed that the other person was fourteen years of age or older.” The defendant must prove not only his or her honest belief that the partner was fourteen, but also that that belief was a reasonable one under the circumstances. This is negligence, and although negligence ordinarily will not justify criminal liability (negligent homicide and a few other ch. 707 offenses being exceptions), the need to protect children from sexual predation may very well, in the committee’s judgment, warrant such a strict standard here. In any event, requiring a defendant to establish that his claimed belief would have been shared by reasonable persons does not seem unduly burdensome.
Id. at 133. To date, as was true with respect to the recommendation of its predecessor committee, the legislature has not acted on the committee’s recommendation.