20 N.C. App. 223 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1973
Lead Opinion
The question for determination upon this reconsideration is the constitutionality of G.S. 14-190.1, as applied to the defendants in light of Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 37 L.Ed. 2d 419, 93 S.Ct. 2607 (1973).
Defendants argue that G.S. 14-190.1 is unconstitutionally vague and is in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amend
“(a)‘[T]he average person, applying contemporary community standards’ would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest (citations omitted),
(b) [T]he work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law, and
(c) [T]he work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary artistic, political, or scientific value.”
The Supreme Court, holding that state statutes designed to regulate obscene material must be carefully limited, said in Miller, “ ... we now confine the permissible scope of such regulation to works which depict or describe sexual conduct. That conduct must be specifically defined by the applicable state law, as written or authoritatively construed.” However, the Supreme Court in Miller, supra, footnote 6, after citing examples of state laws directed at depiction of defined physical conduct, went on to say, “We do not hold, as Mr. Justice Brennan intimates, that all States other than Oregon must now enact new obscenity statutes. Other existing state statutes, as construed heretofore or hereafter, may well be adequate.”
The statute under which the defendants were indicted proscribes the selling, delivering, and providing, or an offer or agreement to sell, deliver or provide “ . . . any obscene writing, picture, record or other representation or embodiment of the obscene; . . .” On its face, this statutory terminology does not contain the specifics suggested by Miller. The difference between the Miller standards and the old standard as set out in Memoirs v. Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413, 16 L.Ed. 2d 1, 86 S.Ct. 975, is that Miller requires that the conduct be specifically defined by the statute. This requirement may be met, however, according to Miller, by authoritative judicial construction.
At no point did the Supreme Court indicate that Miller’s clarification and modification of Memoirs was the result of Memoirs having permitted unconstitutional infringement on
We are not convinced from the remand of the obscenity cases by the Supreme Court, without more, that the Supreme Court, in the interest of strengthening powers to regulate pornography, elected to eliminate constitutionally-valid law that would otherwise be available in prosecuting pending obscenity cases.
This Court, therefore, is faced with the obligation, in light of the Miller remands and in view'of its duty to assure protection of First and Fourteenth Amendment rights, to assure that the defendants will not be convicted under earlier standards if those standards are more restrictive of pornography than those in Miller. We therefore make, as we are required to do, an independent judgment on the facts of this case as to whether the materials in this case are constitutionally protected. Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 12 L.Ed. 2d 793, 84 S.Ct. 1676. In our review, we shall consider both the Miller and Memoirs definitions of obscenity. If the film is not obscene under both of these standards the charges must be dismissed.
We invoke this dual standard test upon the premise that the Supreme Court, by vacating and remanding the entire group of obscenity cases, indicated that defendants in pending prosecutions were entitled to the benefit, if any, of the new standards. We note that Miller, itself, was not reversed, but vacated and remanded for further proceedings.
In making our independent judgment in accordance with Jacobellis, we have reviewed the motion pictures in question and have applied both Miller and Memoirs standards. In our earlier opinion filed in this case the facts were reviewed as follows:
“In the case before us it was stipulated that the films ‘showed acts of sexual intercourse and oral sexual acts by and between human males and human females in a state*227 of undress.’ The films identified as State’s Exhibits 2, 3, 4 and 5 introduced into evidence in this case depicted sexual activity in what is customarily thought of as the normal manner by the insertion of the human penis into thé vagina of the human female. In addition, they depicted sexual activity by oral stimulation of the penis with the mouth of a nude female, and also sexual activity by the stimulation of the vulva and clitoris with the lips and tongue of a nude male. There were depictions of simultaneous acts of fellatio and cunnilingus between a nude male and a nude female. There were also depictions where the act of cunnilingus was performed by one nude male with a nude female while another nude female was engaged simultaneously with the same nude male in the act of fellatio. These depictions were not all simulated and little, if anything, was left to the imagination. The sole emphasis of these films is the revealing of the sexual activity of the moment. They have no plot, no real motive, and no objectives other than to appeal to the prurient interest in sex.”
The four films in this case are stark portrayals of sex acts without a suggested theme or purpose other than to portray the acts in the most blatant manner. They exhibit a morbid interest in nudity and portray sex acts far beyond customary limits of candor in description or representation of such matters.
Patently offensive “hard core” portrayals of sexual conduct such as described above, are proscribed by our statute regulating dissemination of obscene materials in a public place. Neither the defendants nor the general public need any further definition by statute to know that the four films in this case are obscene and are not entitled to the dignity of constitutional protection.
In the trial of these defendants the State carried the burden of proof under the Memoirs standards. That was a heavier burden than is required under the newer Miller standards. In our independent judgment of the four films we conclude that they are obscene when tested by both the Miller and Memoirs standards. This dual procedure protects defendants from a retroactive application of Miller standards which might ease the burden of the State. At the same time it grants to defendants the application of Miller standards which might place a heavier burden upon the State. In this opinion we concur in the rationale
We hold therefore that G.S. 14-190.1 is not unconstitutional on its face, and is not unconstitutional as applied in this case.
We abide by our earlier disposition.
No error.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
The United States Supreme Court has directed us to give further consideration to this case in the light of Miller v. California and its companion cases. Miller announced new guidelines for determining whether material may be considered obscene and therefore beyond First Amendment protection. In certain respects these new guidelines appear to be less rigorous than those which they replaced and to that extent Miller has eased the prosecution’s burden. The majority opinion in Miller, however, went further than merely announcing new guidelines. Insofar as pertinent to the case now before us, the importance of Miller is the requirement which it makes that a criminal statute dealing with obscenity to be constitutionally valid must be specific. Chief Justice Burger’s opinion, while regarding as categorically settled that obscene material is unprotected by the First Amendment, expressly acknowledged “the inherent dangers of undertaking to regulate any form of expression” and recognized that “State statutes designed to regulate obscene materials must be carefully limited.” The opinion then contains the following:
“As a result, we now confine the permissible scope of such regulation to works which depict or describe sexual conduct. That conduct must be specifically defined by the applicable state law, as written or authoritatively construed.” (Emphasis added.)
