Cole, J.
I. After commencing to empanel a jury in the cause, and three jurors, at least, had been challenged, the 1. jury: chai-.ei: practice. defendant challenged the panel of petit jurors, It is not necessary to state the grounds of challenge or the facts respecting it, since we hold that the court properly overruled the challenge, because of the time it was interposed. Our statute provides, Code, § 4401, “ a challenge to the panel must be taken before a challenge to any individual juror.” The appellant’s counsel seek to avoid the effect of this provision, by showing that the venire was not returned at all so as to show its defects until ’just preceding the making of their motion. But this is sufficiently answered by the suggestion, that they might, by reasonable diligence, have ascertained the facts as they really existed before they made their challenges to the individual j urors.
II. One of the jurors summoned, James H. Price, being sworn, stated on oath thatheliad not formed an opinion in regard 2..-. an opinion, to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, but had in regard to some of the transactions, from what he had heard and. read of the case, which would require some proof to remove; that he had no bias or prejudice in favor of or against the defendant, and that he could render an impartial verdict upon the evidence, notwithstanding his opinion or impression in regard to some things. The defendant challenged this and other jurors, answering similarly, for cause. The court overruled the challenge.
Under our statute (Code, 4405, sub-div. 11,) a juror may ■be challenged, for canse, for “ having formed or expressed such an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the prisoner as would prevent him from rendering a true verdict upon the evidence submitted on the trial.” This question has been *381substantially determined by this.court, several times, against tbe position of appellant’s counsel and in accord with tbe ruling of tbe court below. The State v. Hinkle, 6 Iowa, 380" court="Iowa" date_filed="1858-06-22" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-hinkle-7091434?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7091434">6 Iowa, 380; The State v. Sater, 8 Iowa, 420" court="Iowa" date_filed="1859-06-08" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-sater-7091681?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7091681">8 Iowa, 420; The State v. GilliCk, 10 Iowa, 98" court="Iowa" date_filed="1859-12-06" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-gillick-7091899?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7091899">10 Iowa, 98; The State v. Lawrence, 38 Iowa, 51" court="Iowa" date_filed="1873-12-17" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-lawrence-7095878?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7095878">38 Iowa, 51. These cases are quite as strong in support of tbe challenge as tbe case made by the defendant here. Tbe rule applied in all cases seems to have been, that the party making tbe challenge for cause must show such cause as tbe statute specifies, or tbe challenge may be overruled. The opinion of tbe jurors in this case was not of tbe guilt or innocence of the prisoner, but was in regard to some of tbe transactions. It was upon tbe application of this rule to the juror, Bauder, that determined bis rejection; be stated that be had formed and expressed an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of tbe defendant, and it was a decided one.
III. Tbe counsel for the appellant make these further points, upon tbe sufficiency of the evidence, tbe sufficiency of the indictment and the correctness of the instructions. They all involve the single question, whether a demand upon the defendant and his refusal to pay over the money received by and due from him as treasurer is sufficient evidence of conversion, under our statute, to justify a conviction for embezzlement. Our statute enacts, Code, 3908, “ If any * county * officer * unlawfully converts to his own use in any way whatever, * any portion of the public money * that may come into his hands by virtue of his office, he shall be guilty of embezzlement to the amount of so much of said money as is thus converted. * * * .” The next section enacts what shall constitute embezzlement by clerks, servants, agents, officers of corporations, etc.; but the offense under this next section is very different from that defined in the section under which the defendant is indicted.
The crime with which the defendant is charged, is that of converting the money which came into his hands as treasurer 3. T sionidemand and refusal, to his own use. The rule is too well established to citation of authorities to verify it, that conversion may be shown either by direct proof *382of the fact of conversion, or by proof of a demand and refusal. Where the fact of conversion is sought to be proved by evidence of a demand and refusal, it may always be met and neutralized by evidence showing an excuse for this refusal; and when the excuse shown is sufficient, then the evidence of a demand and refusal does not establish the fact of conversion. These rules of evidence apply equally to civil and to criminal cases. The crime with which the defendant is charged consists in receiving the money as treasurer and in converting it to his own use. Whatever will establish these facts will prove the defendant’s guilt. That he received the money is proved and not disputed; and the proof of a demand and refusal was distinctly made and is not controverted, and this is evidence of a conversion. The defendant might have shown an excuse for his refusal, such as, if you please, that the bank with which he had deposited the money had failed; that he had been robbed of it; that the house where he kept it was burned and the money with it; that he had invested it in government bonds and could not pay until he could send them to mai’ket, etc., etc. This doctrine is directly supported by The State v. Leonard, 6 Coldw., (Tenn.) 307, and The State v. Cameron, 3 Heiskel, (Tenn.) 78; and indirectly by Regina v. Welch, 2 C. & K., 294, and Regina v. Neoah, 7 Cox Crim. C., 60.
But this doctrine does not apply to the crime of embezzlement as defined by the next section of our statute, (Code, 3909). There the doctrine relied upon by appellant’s counsel and vindicated by the authorities • they cite applies. See 2 Bishop on Grim. Law, § 360, and cases cited in the notes.
AFFIRMED.