783 N.E.2d 539 | Ohio Ct. App. | 2002
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *38
{¶ 1} This timely appeal comes for consideration upon the record in the trial court and the parties' briefs. Defendant-Appellant, James Edward Brown, appeals *39
from the judgment of the Mahoning County Court of Common Pleas that determined he was a sexual predator in accordance with R.C.
{¶ 2} During October 1978, Brown was found guilty of aggravated murder, aggravated robbery, kidnapping, and rape, and the trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment on the aggravated murder charge, and a term of seven to twenty-five years imprisonment on the remainder of the charges. Brown' sentence for aggravated robbery was vacated in 1984.
{¶ 3} In a letter dated February 9, 2001, the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction sent a letter to the trial court recommending that Brown be adjudicated a sexual predator. Accordingly, the trial court held a sexual predator hearing. During that hearing, Brown argued the trial court was without jurisdiction to make a sexual predator determination. He also objected to the introduction of certain materials into evidence. At the conclusion of the sexual predator hearing, the trial court allowed the parties to submit post-hearing briefs. After reviewing the record, the trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that Brown was a sexual predator.
{¶ 4} We affirm the trial court's decision for three reasons. First, a trial court has jurisdiction to conduct a sexual predator proceeding under R.C.
{¶ 5} Before addressing the substance of Brown's assigned errors, we note the statutory law surrounding sexual predator determinations, R.C. Chapter 2950, was amended effective January 1, 2002. However, Brown was determined *40 to be a sexual predator prior to the effective date of that amendment. Accordingly, all references to the Revised Code refer to the former version of R.C. Chapter 2950, which was in effect at the time of Brown's sexual predator proceedings.
{¶ 6} Brown's first assignment of error argues:
{¶ 7} "The trial court lacked jurisdiction to conduct sexual predator proceedings due to the fact that the Department of Rehabilitation and Correction's determination to recommend that the Appellant be classified as a sexual predator was defective and not in accordance with the provisions of Ohio Revised Code
2950.09 (C)(1). As a result, the trial court proceedings and judgment rendered must be considered a nullity and void."
{¶ 8} In this case, Brown's sexual predator proceeding began when the Department recommended to the trial court that Brown be adjudicated a sexual predator. According to Brown, R.C.
{¶ 9} R.C.
{¶ 10} "(C)(1) If a person was convicted of or pleaded guilty to a sexually oriented offense prior to January 1, 1997, if the person was not sentenced for the offense on or after January 1, 1997, and if, on or after January 1, 1997, the offender is serving a term of imprisonment in a state correctional institution, the department of rehabilitation and correction shall determine whether to recommend that the offender be adjudicated as being a sexual predator. In making a determination under this division as to whether to recommend that the offender be adjudicated as being a sexual predator, the department shall consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited to, all of the factors specified in division (B)(2) of this section. If the department determines that it will recommend that the offender be adjudicated as being a sexual predator, it immediately shall send the recommendation to the court that sentenced the offender and shall enter its determination and recommendation in the offender's institutional record, and the court shall proceed in accordance with division (C)(2) of this section." Id.
{¶ 11} According to Brown's argument, this section makes the Department's recommendation a jurisdictional pre-requisite before the trial court can conduct a sexual predator determination. Numerous Ohio courts have addressed this issue, *41 and have uniformly found that the Department's recommendation is not a jurisdictional requirement in order for the court to conduct a sexual predator determination. See State v. Shepherd (Feb. 6, 2002), 9th Dist. No. 20364; State v. Henes (Nov. 2, 2001), 6th Dist. No. L-01-1222; Statev. Clark (Mar. 29, 1999), 12th Dist. No. CA98-11-103; State v. Hardy (Oct. 16, 1997), 8th Dist. No. 72463. The reasoning behind this conclusion is best stated in Clark.
{¶ 12} In Clark, the court deemed it significant that R.C.
{¶ 13} Simply stated, R.C.
{¶ 14} "The offender is instead given the requisite procedural protections by the trial court. First, the offender is given notice of the hearing. R.C.
{¶ 15} We agree with the Twelfth District's reasoning in Clark. The language regarding the recommendation from the Department merely establishes a mechanism through which the trial court may consider the issue of whether an offender is a sexual predator. It is not a jurisdictional requirement that must be fulfilled in order for the trial court to engage in the sexual predator determination. Thus, the trial court had jurisdiction to conduct Brown's sexual predator *42 determination regardless of whether the Department properly completed its form recommendation. Brown's first assignment of error is meritless.
{¶ 16} In his second assignment of error, Brown argues:
{¶ 17} "The Appellant was denied due process of law and his confrontational rights at the sexual predator hearing due to the trial court's receipt and reliance upon letters purportedly written by the Appellant, the Appellant's institution record and a post sentence investigation report."
{¶ 18} Brown argues the trial court erred when it admitted three sets of documents into evidence. He first argues the trial court erred when it admitted two letters purportedly written by Brown to the trial court into evidence as they were not properly authenticated. Second, he argues the institutional record introduced into evidence was improperly admitted as it was also unauthenticated. Finally, he argues the post-sentencing report constitutes unreliable hearsay and should not have been admitted into evidence.
{¶ 19} It is well settled that a trial court enjoys broad discretion regarding the admissibility of evidence and, unless it has clearly abused its discretion and the defendant has been materially prejudiced thereby, an appellate court should not disturb its decision.State v. Issa (2001),
{¶ 20} Pursuant to Evid.R. 101(C), the Rules of Evidence do not strictly apply in a sexual predator determination. State v. Cook (1998),
{¶ 21} Brown challenges the admissibility of the Department's institutional records because they were not authenticated in accordance with the Rules of Evidence, claiming this violates his right to confront the evidence against him. It must be noted that Brown does not argue that the records would be inadmissible if they were properly authenticated. As the Eighth District stated in State v. Smith (Dec. 13, 2001), 8th Dist. No. 79892, an institutional report prepared by a Department administrator is reliable hearsay which a trial court can consider when making a sexual predator determination. Instead, he argues that the State's failure to properly authenticate those records deprives him of his constitutional rights to confront adverse witnesses.
{¶ 22} There is some disagreement among the various appellate courts in this state regarding whether it is proper for a trial court to consider unauthenticated documents when conducting judicial functions, such as sexual predator determinations, in which the Rules of Evidence are relaxed. For example, in Columbus v. Bickel (1991),
{¶ 23} As can be seen, these cases all agree the rules regarding admissibility of evidence have been relaxed in sexual predator hearings. The real issue is whether the rules regarding the authentication of evidence are also relaxed in these types of proceedings and, if so, to what extent. In order to make that determination, we must look to both the purpose behind exempting proceedings like sexual predator determinations from the Rules of Evidence and the function authentication performs in judicial proceedings. *44
{¶ 24} In proceedings ancillary to criminal convictions, such as sentencing, probation revocation, and sexual predator determinations, courts have long held it is proper for a trial court to consider evidence the defendant does not have an opportunity to confront. Williams v. NewYork (1949),
{¶ 25} "Tribunals passing on the guilt of a defendant always have been hedged in by strict evidentiary procedural limitations. But both before and since, the American colonies became a nation, courts in this country and in England practiced a policy under which a sentencing judge could exercise a wide discretion in the sources and types of evidence used to assist him in determining the kind and extent of punishment to be imposed within limits fixed by law. Out-of-court affidavits have been used frequently, and of course in the smaller communities sentencing judges naturally have in mind their knowledge of the personalities and backgrounds of convicted offenders. * * *
{¶ 26} "In addition to the historical basis for different evidentiary rules governing trial and sentencing procedures there are sound practical reasons for the distinction. In a trial before verdict the issue is whether a defendant is guilty of having engaged in certain criminal conduct of which he has been specifically accused. Rules of evidence have been fashioned for criminal trials which narrowly confine the trial contest to evidence that is strictly relevant to the particular offense charged. The rules rest in part on a necessity to prevent a time-consuming and confusing trial of collateral issues. They were also designed to prevent tribunals concerned solely with the issue of guilt of a particular offense from being influenced to convict for that offense by evidence that the defendant had habitually engaged in other misconduct. A sentencing judge, however, is not confined to the narrow issue of guilt. His task within fixed statutory and constitutional limits is to determine the type and extent of punishment after the issue of guilt has been determined. Highly relevant — if not essential — to his selection of an appropriate sentence is the possession of the fullest information possible concerning the defendant's life and characteristics. And modern concepts individualizing punishment have made it all the more necessary that a sentencing judge not be denied an opportunity to obtain pertinent information by a requirement of rigid adherence to restrictive rules of evidence properly applicable to the trial.
{¶ 27} "* * * *45
{¶ 28} "The considerations we have set out admonish us against treating the due process clause as a uniform command that courts throughout the Nation abandon their age-old practice of seeking information from out-of-court sources to guide their judgment toward a more enlightened and just sentence. * * * The due process clause should not be treated as a device for freezing the evidential procedure of sentencing in the mold of trial procedure. So to treat the due process clause would hinder if not preclude all courts — state and federal — from making progressive efforts to improve the administration of criminal justice." (Footnotes omitted) Id. at 246-251.
{¶ 29} Thus, the purpose behind exempting these sorts of proceedings from the Rules of Evidence is to more fully inform the court of the type of person it has before it in order that the court may tailor the correct punishment for this particular offender. The Ohio Supreme Court adopted Williams' rational in State v. Downs (1977),
{¶ 30} Merely because due process does not require strict compliance with the Rules of Evidence does not mean there are no due process limitations upon the evidence a trial court may rely upon in these proceedings. For instance, if the trial court is relying upon evidence that would not be admissible under the Rules of Evidence, the defendant must still be given an opportunity to challenge the accuracy or materiality of any such information. See Gardner v. Florida (1977),
{¶ 31} The point of this discussion is that the due process clause does not require a trial court provide an offender with an opportunity to confront the evidence against him in the manner contemplated by the Rules of Evidence during proceedings like sexual predator determinations. This is why, pursuant to the plain language of Evid.R. 101(C)(3) and the Ohio Supreme Court's decision in Cook, the Rules of Evidence do not apply in a sexual predator determination. This rule exists because, as Williams stated, a trial court is interested in knowing the "fullest information possible concerning the defendant's life and characteristics" and, thus, it may rely upon evidence which exhibits a probable degree of accuracy.Thompson at 2-3. Now that we know the reason for exempting proceedings such as sexual predator determinations from the strict application of the Rules of Evidence, we must examine the role authentication performs to see if the rules governing authentication must still be strictly enforced in spite of the relaxation of the other rules of evidence, such as the rules governing hearsay.
{¶ 32} Ohio law has long held documents must be authenticated before they may be introduced into evidence. For example, in Ex parteSheldon (1878),
{¶ 33} The hurdle the proponent of the document must overcome in order to properly authenticate a document is not great. See State exrel. Montgomery v. Villa (1995),
{¶ 34} "[T]he showing of authenticity is not on a par with more technical evidentiary rules, such as hearsay exceptions, governing admissibility. Rather, there need be only a prima facie showing, to the court, of authenticity, not a full argument on admissibility. Once a prima facie case is made, the evidence goes to the jury and it is a jury who will ultimately determine the authenticity of the evidence, not the court. The only requirement is that there has been substantial evidence from which they could infer that the document was authentic." Montgomery
at 484-485, quoting United States v. Reilly (C.A. 3, 1994),
{¶ 35} Thus, the purpose behind authentication is to connect the particular piece of evidence sought to be introduced to the facts in the case by giving some indication the evidence is relevant and reliable. The ultimate decision on the weight to be given to that piece of evidence is left to the trier of fact.
{¶ 36} Because the purpose behind authentication is to merely give some indication of the reliability and relevance of the evidence sought to be introduced, there is no need to strictly apply the Rules of Evidence governing authentication in proceedings like sexual predator determinations. As the United States Supreme Court explained inWilliams, in these types of proceedings the trial court's role is to tailor the consequences of the offender's criminal conduct to the defendant's life and characteristics. Thus, it is not focused on the narrow issues of, in a criminal case, guilt or, in a civil case, liability. Because the trial court is conducting a broader examination into the defendant's life and characteristics, it is not confined to the Rules of Evidence and may rely on evidence that demonstrates some indicia of reliability when acting as the trier of fact. We see no reason to limit the trial court's reliance on evidence which demonstrates some indicia of reliability to properly authenticated evidence as authentication merely is a way of demonstrating some indicia of reliability. Thus, we hold that in sexual predator determination hearings a trial court may rely on unauthenticated evidence as long as that evidence demonstrates some indicia of reliability.
{¶ 37} Turning to the facts of this case, the trial court properly relied upon the institutional report admitted into evidence as it has some indicia of reliability. Although it may not be self-authenticating under the Rules of Evidence, the fact that this document appears to be a computer printout of the Department's records is sufficient to demonstrate it's reliability for the purposes of a sexual predator determination. See Lane and Smith. Furthermore, Brown never challenged the accuracy of that report at either the trial or appellate level. Due process is not denied a defendant who is given the opportunity but fails to challenge the *48
accuracy of unauthenticated statements admitted in a sexual predator hearing. See State v. Williams (1986),
{¶ 38} Brown next challenges the trial court's decision to allow the State to introduce unauthenticated copies of letters he purportedly wrote to the trial court. Although neither party makes the argument that the letters were properly authenticated, it appears they may have been authenticated pursuant to Evid.R. 901(B)(4). Furthermore, the State's argument mirrors the reasons given in case law why the letters would be authentic under Evid.R. 901(B)(4). Of course, as stated above, evidence need not be properly authenticated in order to be admissible in sexual predator hearings. However, if the challenged evidentiary matter would be admissible under the Rules of Evidence, then it would demonstrate some indicia of reliability for the purposes of sexual predator determinations.
{¶ 39} Evid.R. 901 provides examples of the manner in which evidence may be properly authenticated. In one such example, the Rule states evidence is properly authenticated when its appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction with circumstances, is sufficient to support a finding that the evidence is what its proponent claims. Evid.R. 901(B)(4). The "distinctive characteristics" method of authenticating evidence has been invoked in only a few cases in Ohio. State v. Wheeler (July 16, 1993), 2nd Dist. No. 12290, at 2. However, it is clear that "a letter may be authenticated by evidence of its distinctive contents such as facts contained in the missive that only the writer may know." State v.Chamberlain (July 5, 1991), 8th Dist. No. 58949, at 4; State v. Weaver (May 24, 1995), 9th Dist. No. 94CA005864.
{¶ 40} In most cases, when there is some indication the letter in question may be authentic, it is introduced into evidence. Id; see alsoGerald; Kalola; Robinson v. State (May 12, 2000), 7th Tex. Dist. No. 07-99-0068-CR; 5 Weinstein Berger, Weinstein's Evidence P901(b)(4)[01], at 901-47; C. Mueller L. Kirkpatrick, Evidence 1127 (2d ed. 1999). Those indications of authenticity may be found in the contents of the document or on the letter's envelope. Id.; United Statesv. Moss (Dec. 4, 1995), 9th U.S. Cir. No. 95-30066. Thus, a document may be properly authenticated and admissible against a particular criminal defendant even when the author of the document is unknown if the circumstances demonstrate that, for instance, the document must have been authored by the defendant or a co-conspirator. Maldonando-Rivera at 957-958; United States v. Wilson (C.A. 8, 1976),
{¶ 41} In this case, the letters contain several characteristics which lead this court to conclude the letters would be authentic pursuant to Evid.R. 901(B)(4). The first letter, dated March 20, 2001, was addressed to the trial judge presiding over Brown's sexual predator hearing, mentioned that a hearing scheduled in this case did not take place on the scheduled date, talked about Brown's history in the correctional system, discussed issues to be addressed at the sexual predator hearing, spoke about witnesses from Brown's original trial, and was signed by "James Brown". The letter's return address was the Mahoning County Jail, where Brown was incarcerated. Finally, the envelope attached to the letter contained a postmark dated March 21, 2001, contained a stamp stating "Inmate Correspondence".
{¶ 42} The second letter, dated March 29, 2001, contains handwriting that appears to be similar to that in the March 20, 2001 letter. In addition, it mentions a continuance of a hearing, the case numbers of the present proceeding, his sentence, the name of the trial judge which presided over his original trial, the names of witnesses involved in that trial, and incidents contained in the institutional report submitted by the State. Like the first letter, this letter also was addressed to the trial judge presiding over Brown's sexual predator hearing, contained the same return address, and was signed by "James Brown". It's envelope was postmarked March 30, 2001, and also was stamped "Inmate Correspondence". Thus, these letters contain prima facie evidence that they were authored by Brown which would make them admissible under Evid.R. 901(B)(4) and, therefore, demonstrate some indicia of reliability. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted the letters into evidence.
{¶ 43} In his final argument regarding the admissibility of various types of evidence, Brown argues the trial court erred in relying upon the post-sentence investigation report. Ohio courts have unanimously found post-sentence investigation reports are a reliable form of hearsay admissible in a sexual predator proceeding. See State v. Miller (May 17, 2001), 8th Dist. No. 78032; State v. Smith, 3rd Dist. No. 3-2000-20, 2000-Ohio-1810; State v. Davis (Aug. 10, 2000), 10th Dist. No. 00AP-12. Thus, Brown does not challenge the admissibility of postsentence *50 investigation reports in general nor does he argue that any of the specific information in this post-sentence investigation report is inaccurate. Rather, Brown argues "[t]he passage of time between the date on which the crimes were committed in this matter and the preparation of the Post-Sentence Investigation report, in and of itself, renders the report unreliable."
{¶ 44} A review of the post-sentence investigation report does not reveal how the passage of time would have significantly affected the reliability of the report. The information regarding the disposition of Brown's case would be unaffected by the passage of time as it would all be on record. The details concerning the offense were all gleaned from the "prior case file material" on one of Brown's co-defendants. The report then states that, according to police department records and the coroner's report, the victim was dead on arrival at the hospital and what caused his death. The bulk of the report consists of statements witnesses, co-defendants, and Brown made to the police within seventeen months of the commission of the crime. Because all the information contained in the report was available either before, or very soon after, Brown was convicted of and sentenced for the offense, there is no reason to think that the passage of time between the date upon which Brown was convicted and the date when the post-sentence report was prepared would render the report unreliable. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it relied upon that post-sentence investigation report when determining whether Brown was a sexual predator.
{¶ 45} In conclusion, pursuant to Evid.R. 101(C) and the surrounding case law, the Rules of Evidence do not strictly apply in sexual predator proceedings. However, to comply with due process, evidence must have some indicia of reliability before it is admissible in those proceedings. In this case, the Department's institutional report on Brown's behavior while incarcerated would have some indicia of reliability even though it was not authenticated in accordance with the Rules of Evidence. The letters that Brown allegedly wrote to the trial court also contained some indicia of reliability as they would be properly authenticated under Evid.R. 901(B)(4) if those Rules did apply. Finally, there is no reason to doubt the reliability of the post-sentence investigation report the trial court relied upon when making its sexual predator determination as it was based on statements made at the time of the crime or very soon thereafter. Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion when allowing these documents into evidence, Brown's second assignment of error is meritless.
{¶ 46} In his third and final assignment of error, Brown argues:
*51{¶ 47} "The trial court erred in determining that the Appellant should be classified as a sexual predator as the State failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the Appellant is a sexual predator as defined in Ohio Revised Code
2950.09 (E)."
{¶ 48} The General Assembly has defined a sexual predator as "a person who has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to committing a sexually oriented offense and is likely to engage in the future in one or more sexually oriented offenses." R.C.
{¶ 49} When making its sexual predator determination, R.C.
{¶ 50} The factors in R.C.
{¶ 51} At the conclusion of the sexual predator hearing, the offender will only be classified as a sexual predator if the court so finds by clear and convincing evidence. Evidence is clear and convincing if it provides in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established. Cincinnati BarAssn. v. Massengale (1991),
{¶ 52} A sexually oriented offense includes any violation of R.C.
{¶ 53} The underlying facts of the case can be gleaned from the post-sentence investigation report. On the night of June 16, 1977, when Brown was sixteen, he and his friends were driving around Youngstown, Ohio, looking for something to do. One of them had a gun, so they held up a man on the street. After taking the man's money and beating him up, the group proceeded to Market Street, the next street over. There they saw the approximately thirty year old man passed out drunk in the front seat of his car. They forced open the door of the car and put a gun to the man's head. They then drove with the victim to another location where they beat him with fists and the butt of the gun. The victim was robbed of his money and placed in the trunk of his car. The group then drove the victim to Stambaugh Field in Youngstown, Ohio, where he was forced to walk to the baseball field area. The group beat the man again. One of Brown's co-defendants urinated on the victim and Brown forced his penis into the man's mouth and forced him to perform oral sex. The victim's shirt, belt, and shoes were removed and he was choked with his shirt and belt. This did not kill him, so one of the co-defendants choked the man with his hands. That person then pulled out a pocket-knife and each member of the group took turns stabbing the man in the heart and throat. Brown jumped on the victim in order to make him bleed faster. Brown also tried to cut the victim's penis off with the knife. The group left the victim for dead and threw his clothing in a dumpster. Brown was then taken home. One of the police officers that testified at the hearing stated *53 that he remembered the event due to the particular gruesomeness of the crime even though it had occurred twenty-four years before the hearing.
{¶ 54} As Brown was sixteen when he committed the offense, his case originated in juvenile court. However, he was eventually bound over to adult court. Before that happened, Brown was subjected to a psychiatric evaluation for a bind-over hearing. The psychiatrist who conducted that evaluation examined Brown's psychosexual development. According to the evaluation, Brown claimed he had his first heterosexual experience when he was fourteen years old and he denied any form of homosexual experiences. The psychiatrist felt that Brown was not relating truthfully about his psychosexual behavior and development. Regarding Brown's mental status, the psychiatrist found he was
{¶ 55} "a rather uncooperative, impulsive and considerably hostile youth. He doesn't want to talk about his problems and that he is not guilty of anything. He is seen as a somewhat insecure, self-centered, hostile, and anti-authoritarian youth. He said there is a lot of lying on the part of other people indicating his court papers were written by `a White man.' He would not elaborate on any problems. He uses denial and projection."
{¶ 56} Prior to the commission of the instant offense, Brown had a juvenile record consisting of two counts of breaking and entering, a curfew violation, and a criminal damaging charge. While incarcerated, he has been transferred for disciplinary reasons twice. Although there is no indication in any other place on the record why he was disciplined, in his letters written to the court, Brown explains that he was disciplined for fighting.
{¶ 57} The only other evidence on record that could be relevant to Brown's sexual predator status are the two letters he wrote to the trial court. In the first letter, he makes the following statement:
*54{¶ 58} "Those who lied about a Joseph Delisio rape have paid for their lye [sic] by anus and cap experiments. I am not homosexual anal wise or cap wise. I believe William Robinson and Clarence Thompson need to be tried over again in the Joseph Delisio case. I think perjury should be the issue in a legal nutshell. I think the case is a perfect case for a best seller book company. Because others were freed from or by their testimony and still got involved in other murders.
{¶ 59} "I believe crime or most crimes, start from a sex ritual. I believe aggravated murder in most cases start [sic] from a homosexual ritual. I believe someone in our case took rituals as children. But I am not sure.
{¶ 60} "I believe White Supremacist Judge theory was an anus sex ritual as well. I am well aware I have white descendant. Joseph Delisio was my descendant. He looked like my brother King Steven. Why would I killed [sic] my descendant."
{¶ 61} In this case, many of the factors found in R.C.
{¶ 62} However, while the factors listed above weigh against Brown being labeled a sexual predator, other factors clearly weigh in favor of designating him a sexual predator. For example, Brown concedes that his actions were cruel, a factor found in R.C.
{¶ 63} The level of cruelty involved in this offense, the sexual nature of Brown's conduct as a whole, the lack of rehabilitative efforts by Brown, the fact that Brown took advantage of the victim's vulnerability due to his drunkenness, and the additional behavioral characteristics exhibited in the letters Brown sent to the trial court all support the trial court's conclusion that Brown is a sexual predator. The trial court's determination that Brown is a sexual predator is *55 supported by clear and convincing evidence. Thus, Brown's third assignment of error is meritless.
{¶ 64} In conclusion, Brown's first assignment of error is meritless as case law indicates that the Department's recommendation is not a jurisdictional requirement that must be met before a trial court may conduct a sexual predator determination. His second assignment of error is also meritless as the Rules of Evidence are relaxed in sexual predator proceedings and evidence is admissible as long as it has some indicia of reliability. Finally, Brown's third assignment of error is meritless as the trial court's determination that Brown is a sexual predator is supported by clear and convincing evidence. The trial court's decision is affirmed.
Vukovich, P.J., concurs.
Donofrio, J., concurs.