State v. Brooks

9 Ala. 9 | Ala. | 1846

GOLDTHWAITE, J.

1. One object of the sixteenth chapter of the penal code is to provide a select class of individuals to serve as grand and petit jurors, instead of permitting them to be constituted, as well as summoned, at the discretion of the sheriff, or other executive officer of the law, from the citizens of the county generally, and at large. The selection of this class of individuals is confided to a board composed of the clerk and officers of the county, and that is invested with large discretionary powers in regard to the selection and rejection of individuals who, of the free-holders and house-holders of the county first ascertained by the sheriff, are to discharge the responsible duties of jurors.

It does not admit of question, that a grand jury constituted in any other manner than is prescribed by this chapter, is without a legal warrant. [State v. Williams, 5 Porter, 135.] The board thus constituted is required to perform its .duties in a particular manner, but is entirely independent of any supervision or control; its action by the eighth paragraph of the ninth section is to be ascertained and made known by means of the certificate of the officers who compose it; when this certificate is made, its functions cease for the time, and there seems to be no mode by which its action upon tho matters confided to it can be collaterally called in’question or re-examined. The jurors then selécted, are ascertained from the certificate of the board, which, in effect, is the same as a commission emanating from a proper source.

It is not a question now to decide, whether fraud, mistakes, or irregularities, committed by this board, cannot be enquired into, and its action set aside by the Court previous to the organization of the grand jury, even though the proper certificate may be produced ; but we think no such enquiry can be made at the instance of one indicted, so as to affect the prosecution. The jurors when once selected and certified, seem to stand in the same condition as any other de facto functionaries, whose acts will not be vitiated, although they may afterwards be set aside as having had no right in the first instance to exercise the function.

2. It is urged, however, that this board is limited to the selection of individuals who are house-holders or free-holders, and of integrity for character and sound judgment, and that besides some grounds for positive exclusion, it cannot lawfully select any individual of the various professions, avocations and callings, which arc exempted from the duties of jurors. It does not seem to bo a consequence of the selection of one or more of those exempted persons, that an indictment found by a grand jury, of which they arc members, should be abated, whether the exempts are placed on the jury list through accident, ignorance or design ; because, though the privilege of exemption is conferred upon the individual, he is not disqualified so as to be'incapable of discharging the duties required of a juror. • The sentence at the end of the fifth section, providing that such exempted persons shall be excluded from serving on juries, unless by the consent of both parties, evidently applies alone to petit jurors; for consent can be gi-' von only when parties are ascertained, and not before the trial.

It must be conceded, this sentence seems to conflict in some degree with the sense of what precedes it; but it cannot control the construction called for by the otherwise apparent object and. intention of the chapter. In point of fact, this sentence was not in the code as submitted to the Legislature, but Avas adopted afterwards, as an amendment. Its effect is to make the exemption matter of exclusion, if demanded by either party at the trial of a cause.

The 35th section, for which so much effect is claimed, refers to the qualifications of jurors, when summoned by the Court, as they may be, whenever it becomes necessary to constitute a grand or petit jury in consequence of the neglect of the board to select the materials to compose one; or when those selected are set aside from any cause. It speaks of a jury summoned, in contradistinction to one selected. It adds nothing to the force of the previous sections, but merely provides, as also does the 31st section, that juro'rs, whether summoned or selected, shall possess the same qualifications and bo free from the same objections.

3. It is further urged, that the 39th and 51st sections recognize and permit the challenge of the panel and array, both of the grand and petit juries; also, that a plea in abatement is proper, either to the array of the grand jury, or to the disqualification of any member of it. There is no question of this, but the challenge to the array, or a plea in abatement to the panel, involves the inquiry only, Avhether the jury has boon selected in the manner directed by the several sections of this chapter. Upon such an issue, the certificate of the officers, as provided by the eighth paragraph of the ninth section is conclusive. This is the effect of the decisions in the cases of The State v. Allen, 1 Ala. Rep. N. S. 442, and The State v. Clarkson, 3 Ib. 370.

4. As one of the pleas seems to call in question the fact of this certificate, it is proper to refer to the paragraph. It provides, that a list of the names of the persons so drawn, with their places of residence, shall be made out, certified by the attending officers, and the Clerk of the County Court, who shall deliver the same to the Clerk of the Circuit Court. The direction to insert the places of the residence of the several jurors, is amere direction for the convenience of the sheriff in making the summons, and like a similar direction in the 10th section, for carrying it into the venire, is a matter which does not affect the essence of the certificate, as is evident from the 6th and 7th sections, when this is directed only in the event the residence is known. It is also said, the-certificate shall be signed by the attending officers and the Clerk of the County Court. We are inclined to .think this should be construed as or, for by the second section a majority of the officers named are competent to act, and therefore the Clerk of the County Court may not be present — a fact which certainly would not vitiate the proceeding, and which Avould render his certificate impossible. It is evidently a clerical misprision, and the object of the statute is fully-ansAvered by the certificate of the attending officers, or that of the Clerk of the County Court.

5. When the matter of the plea in abatement is the disqualification of a juror, Ave think that matters of exemption do not produce the same effect. Laying entirely out of view the inquiry, Avhether the direction in the first section, for the sheriff to prepare lists of the householders and freeholders, is to be considered as implying the disqualification of all who are not thus circumstanced — as to which Ave give no opinion —there is a class of persons Avho come within the purvieAV of the 51st section. ' Such are persons convicted of bribery, forgery, larceny, &c. &c. Avho, by the' act of 1827, (Dig. 169, § 2,) are disqualified from serving on juries in any suit. This act having been passed to conform with the constitutional requisition, extends to exclusion from grand juries ; but independent of it, the common law most probably excluded them, as not being within the terms good and legal men, who alone could serve as jurors.

6. The provision of the 36th section, that the time prescribed for the drawing and summoning of the grand and petit juries, shall be considered as directory merely, refers itself to the previous sections, which ascertain the time when the sheriff shall return the.list of freeholders and householders, the time when the board shall meet to select the jury, and the time within which it shall be summoned; and was intended to indicate to the board, that their powers were not confined to the precise periods previously mentioned, but might be exercised at other periods if necessary. In this connexion the expression affords no warrant to the argument based on it, that the legislative intention was to allow the proceedings of the beard selecting the jurors to be inquired 'into upon a collateral issue, i. e. upon a plea in abatement of the indictment. If such was the intention, the indictment might be abated, because the names of the jurors were not drawn out in a fair hand, the ballots with the names not rolled or folded, the box not shaken as well as it might have been, or the names of the jurors not written at length. Such •a construction we consider unreasonable, and the statement •of its effect seems fully to refute it.

One or more of the pleas asserts that a deficiency of selected jurors happened in consequence of the non-attendance ¡of those summoned in the first instance, and that a juror was ¡sworn without any order by the Court for the completion of the jury, as is required by the 16th and 17th sections. These .-sections direct what shall be done by the Court, when there as a deficiency of jurors previously selected to constitute a grand jury; the 16th directs, in that event, that the Court may, by an order to be entered upon its minutes, direct twice the deficient number to be summoned, from which the jury ¡shall be completed. This, in our opinion, is a matter for the ■direction of the Court, as to the manner in which it shall proceed; but docs not invest an accused person with the right to inquire whether the form has been pursued or otherwise. This will be perfectly apparent when it is considered, that the Court at any time during the term, may amend its minutes and have the order entered. ■ But independent of this, the previous decisions of this Court go ino further than the allowance of a plea to the array of the grand jury; for imperfections in the mode of constituting it, when the mode is under the direction of distinct officers; when -it is done by the Court itself, under this chapter, we consider that all collateral inquiry is precluded and the accused is thrown upoh his plea, or challenge to the array, or selection of the jurors $ or the individual disqualification of the jurors.

7. It becomes necessary, from the form and allegations of some of these pleas, to ascertain what certainty in them is necessary, whether with respect to existing facts or the negation of other facts which may be presumed from the state of the record. It is said the greatest accuracy and precision are required in framing pleas of this character, and that they should be certain to every intent. [Chit'ty’s Plead. 445.] Now under the chapter which we are considering, there are two modes by which a grand jury may be lawfully constituted. One is, when the jurors are selected and constituted under the proceedings of the board; the other is, when there has been a neglect of these proceedings, or the jurors thus selected are set aside; under these circumstances the Court is authorized to empannel a jury. As the record shows a jury was empannelled, the presumption is, that it was lawfully so; and a plea in abatement, to be sufficient, must show, that neither mode was pursued.

8. It is also necessary to ascertain what parts of the action of the board, are ofa nature to enter into, or are connected with, the administration of criminal justice,-as it may sometimes happen that no certificate may appear. T-hus it is evident thatá mistake of the board in selecting a person who is of fair character, cannot prejudice the proceedings; or the omission to state -the occupation -of the juror, even if that was known. The essential matters axe sufficiently apparent when the object of this legislation is inquired into. That was, as we have said, to select a class of individuals from the citizens at large. To effect this, a list of the freeholders and householders is to be obtained biennially, by the sheriff. Every matter beyond this, seems to be nothing more than a direction to the board as to the manner in which they shall perform their duties. By this we are not to be understood that the board has the discretion to do, or omit at pleasure, what is required. On the contrary, the oath of office of the several members composing the board, is regarded as a pledge for the faithful exercise of the discretion imposed, and it is not unlikely they may be liable to indictment for a neglect to perform the duties. Beyond this, it is their duty to pursue the entire requisitions of the act, in every particular.

9. In all pleas of abatement of criminal proceedings, it is essential that facts should be stated out of which the defence arises, or a negation of that state of facts, which is to be presumed from the existence of a record. In either case, facts must be stated, and not the conclusion of the individual, either of law or of the consequences arising out of facts, or the non-existence of them.

What we have said when applied to these several pleas, will enable us to determine whether the demurrers were properly .sustained.

The 1st, 3d, 4th, 10th, 11th and 12th pleas are defective, in not containing matter sufficient, if true, to abate the indictment.

The 2d and 5th are defective, because they assume legal conclusions, without setting out the necessary facts to sustain their conclusions, and do not negative the existence of other facts, which may be assumed, because a jury was empannelled by the Court, and it might lawfully be so, even if the facts asserted by these pleas are true.

The 6th plea is bad, because, if true, it cannot be collaterally ascertained.

The 7th, 8th and 9th would possibly be sufficient if they contained the negation that the jury was empannelled by the Court, upon the failure of a jury selected by the board of officers. In the absence of averments to this eifect, the legal presumption is, that the jury was thus empannelled.

On the whole, and after a most careful examination of the statute, we are satisfied the demurrers were properly sustained.

fl'f’ Decided at June term, 1845, and omitted by mistake;.