State v. BrooksState v. Brooks
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- Before:
- Brett
Lead Opinion
OPINION ON REHEARING
BRETT, Presiding Judge:Aрpellants, Chester Lee Brooks, a/k/a Achisson Amenshi, and Larry Joe Brooks, were charged in Tulsa County District Court, Case No. CRM-84-1026, with violating sections of the Cigarette Tax Act. Specifically, they were charged with willfully failing to produce required cigarette sales records, hindering or preventing the inspection of such records, and hindering or preventing the examination of their store in which cigarettes were kept. These аcts constitute misdemeanor violations of Title
The State filed informations against ap-pellees in district court. Appellees then filed a motion to dismiss the charges, claiming that the land on which the alleged offenses occurred is “Indian Country” (see 18 U.S.C. 1151(c)) over which there is no state jurisdiction. (O.R. 23-25) In accordance with the appellees’ arguments, the trial judge ordered the cause dismissed. The trial judge’s order was affirmed by Special District Judge Gordon McCallister. 22 O.S.1981, Ch. 18, App.Rule 6.2, Rules of the Court of Criminal Appeаls. (O.R. 87-88) This case was then brought before this Court on the narrow question of whether the lower court properly dismissed for lack of jurisdiction the charges against appel-lees, (see 22 O.S.1981, Ch. 18, App.Rule 6.1, Rules of the Court of Criminal Appeals), and we affirmed the lower court’s ruling. That opinion, rendered on November 7, 1986, was vacated by order on July 26, 1988, and this opinion on rehearing is delivered.
Appellees are members of the Delaware Tribe of Indians who leased some property from members of the Creek Indian Nation and operated a cigarette store or “smoke shop” thereon. On May 11,1984, agents of the Oklahoma State Tax Commission went to appellees’ smoke shop to seize unstamped cigarettes and tobacco products. One of the agents, Rick Cleary, went into the shop and purchased a carton of cigarеttes on which no statutorily required Oklahoma Tax stamps were affixed. See
On May 16, Ms. Rogers signed an affidavit supporting a warrant to search appel-lee’s establishment for unstamped cigarettes and tobаcco products, and records of purchases and sales of these items. The next day, Deputy R.D. McAtee accompanied these agents to the smoke shop and attempted to executе the warrant. Appel-lees refused to comply and were subsequently arrested.
The sole issue before this Court is whether the district court had jurisdiction to enforce certain recordkeeping and inspection provisions of Oklahoma’s Cigarette Tax Act against Indians (appellees) who sold cigarettes from an establishment located on Indian lands. Appellees’ argument, both at the lower court level and on appeal, is that because they are Indians, and the *709land in question is Indian Country, they are absolutely shielded from state court jurisdiction under the doctrine of “sovereign immunity.” This argument, however, fails to consider thе fact that in this unique area of state taxation of Indian cigarette sales, the United States Supreme Court has authorized both state imposition of taxes on sales to non- and off-reservation Indians, and statе imposition of certain recordkeep-ing requirements designed to keep track of those sales — regardless of whether sovereign immunity would, under different circumstances, provide an absolute defense to such regulation. See Washington v. Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation, 447 U.S. 134, 155, 100 S.Ct. 2069, 2082, 65 L.Ed.2d 10 (1980). According to Colville, neither appellants’ status as Indians, nor the status of their land as Indian Country pursuant to
The United States Supreme Court has clearly espoused its view of statеs’ attempts to impose their taxes on Indians:
[I]n the special area of state taxation, absent cession of jurisdiction or other federal statutes permitting it, there has been no satisfactory authority fоr taxing Indian reservation lands or Indian income from activities carried on within the boundaries of the reservation, and McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission, [411 U.S. 164, 93 S.Ct. 1257, 36 L.Ed.2d 129 (1973) ], lays to rest any doubt in this respect by holding that such taxation is not permissible absent congressionаl consent.
Mescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones, 411 U.S. 145, 148, 93 S.Ct. 1267, 1270, 36 L.Ed.2d 1114 (1973). Thus, “[i]n the special area of state taxation of Indian tribes and tribal members, we have adopted a per se rule [against such a practice].” California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, 480 U.S. 202, 215 n. 17, 107 S.Ct. 1083, 1091 n. 17, 94 L.Ed.2d 244 (1987) (emphasis in original).
These cases were never intended, however, to establish “an inflexible per se rule precluding state jurisdiction over tribes and tribal members in the absence of express congressional consent.” Id. at 215, 107 S.Ct. at 1091 (emphasis added). In fact, “under certain circumstances a State may validly assert authority over the activities of nonmembers on a rеservation ... and ... in exceptional circumstances a State may assert jurisdiction over the on-reservation activities of tribal members.” New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe, 462 U.S. 324, 331-332, 103 S.Ct. 2378, 2385, 76 L.Ed.2d 611 (1983). Examples of those situations in which a state would be authorized to assert jurisdiction over otherwise immune tribal activities are found in Moe v. Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, 425 U.S. 463, 96 S.Ct. 1634, 48 L.Ed.2d 96 (1976) and Washington v. Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation, 447 U.S. 134, 100 S.Ct. 2069, 65 L.Ed.2d 10 (1980). See Cabazon, 480 U.S. at 215, 107 S.Ct. at 1091.
In both Moe and Colville the Supreme Court held that a State can, even in the absence of congressional consent, “require tribal smokeshops on Indian reservations to collect state sales tax from their non-Indian customers.” See Cabazon, 480 U.S. at 215, 107 S.Ct. at 1092. When the issue is whether an Indian selling cigarettes from a-store on Indian land is subject tо state regulation of their sales to non-Indians, traditional obstacles to state jurisdiction and control are simply not pertinent: “We do not believe that principles of federal Indian law, whether stated in tеrms of preemption, tribal self-government, or otherwise, authorize Indian tribes thus to market an exemption from state taxation to persons who would normally do their busi*710ness elsewhere.” Colville, 447 U.S. at 155, 100 S.Ct. at 2082. See also The Citizen Band Potawatomi Indian Tribе of Oklahoma v. The Oklahoma Tax Commission, No. CIV-87-0338-W, Order of April 15 (W.D.Okla.1988) [available on WESTLAW, 1988 WL 122606]. Consequently, even if the lands at issue in the case at bar met the definition of Indian Country under 18 U.S. C. 1151(c), and appellants were, according to current law, found to be Indians, these facts would not automatically preclude state jurisdiction. According to the Court, “[w]hat the smokeshops offer these customers, and what is not available elsewhere, is solely an exemption from state taxation.” Id. “[I]f a State’s tax is valid, the State may impose at least minimal burdens on Indian businesses to aid in collecting and enforcing that tax.” Id., 447 U.S. at 159, 100 S.Ct. at 2084.
The United States Supreme Court has thus granted to States the authority both to tax and to impose certain recordkeeping requirements on Indians in Indian Country, regarding their sales of cigarettes to non- or off-reservation Indians. See Colville, 447 U.S. at 161, 100 S.Ct. at 2085.1 While we believe that implicit in this grant of authority is the concomitant power of enforcement through the state court system {see also Citizen Band Potawato-mi) — which power the State was attempting to exercise in the instant case — such authority is not unconditional. Because the informations in this ease did not relate specifically to appellees’ cigarette sales to non-Indians or off-reservation Indians, and thus did not meet the United States Supreme Court prerequisitе to the exercise of state tax authority over Indians on Indian land, we hold that the,State of Oklahoma did not have the power to prosecute and the district court did not have jurisdiction to adjudicate this сontroversy. Whether these charges, if addressed solely to appel-lees’ sales to non-Indians and off-reservation Indians, would be considered valid under current United States Supreme Court precedent is nоt before this Court.
For the foregoing reasons, Case No. CRM-84-1026 is AFFIRMED.
PARKS, J., concurs. BUSSEY, J., dissents.Notes
. An example of a valid recordkeeping scheme can be found in Colville, 447 U.S. at 159, 100 S.Ct. at 2084.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I dissent. Even if the Creek allotment in this case were Indian Country, c.f Ex parte Nowabbi, 60 Okl.Cr. 111, 61 P.2d 1139 (1936),1 I do not believe that the defendants in this ease are entitled to any consideration for immunity from prosecution. They are Delaware Indians who leased a Creek Tribal allotment to operate a public business. The Supremе Court has determined that Indians who reside on a reservation but are not enrolled in the governing Tribe are not immune from taxation by the States. Washington v. Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation, 447 U.S. 134, 161, 100 S.Ct. 2069, 65 L.Ed.2d 10 (1980). If Indians in that situation are not immune from direct taxation by the State, I perceive no basis to consider immunity for these defendants who are not enrolled as members of the Creek Tribe. Furthermore, the State is not even trying to collect taxes from Indians. Rather, it is simply attempting to enforce its right to review records which .it may require Indians to keep, even if those Indians are immune from taxation. Ibid.
The majority holds that, “Because the chаrges in this case did not relate specifically to appellees’ cigarette sales to non-Indians or off-reservation Indians, and thus did not meet the United States Supreme Court prerequisite to the exerсise of state tax authority over Indians on Indian land,” (emphasis added) the State lacked *711jurisdiction. Aside from the fact that the Supreme Court has not announced the “prerequisite” on which this holding turns, the defendants in this case could not have claimed immunity from рrosecution in any event. The information filed in this case recited sufficient facts to state a crime under Oklahoma law, and I would reverse the decision of the District Court.
. The Oklahoma Supreme Court has disapproved and withdrawn .his case in part. State ex rel. May v. Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma, 711 P.2d 77 (Okla.1985). To the extent that Nowabbi may be construed to prevent lands in what was formerly Indian Territory which were allotted to tribes other than the Five Civilized Tribes from coming within the federal definition of Indian Country, I agree that the opinion was overly broad. However, this case involves land allotted to the Creek Tribe, which was among the Five Civilized Tribes.