289 S.W. 792 | Mo. | 1926
The defendant was charged by indictment in the Circuit Court of Howard County with having feloniously sold hootch, moonshine or corn whiskey. Upon a trial he was convicted and his punishment assessed at a fine of five hundred dollars and twelve months' imprisonment in the county jail. This sentence was, before the entry of judgment, modified by the court, and judgment entered for five hundred dollars' fine and six months in the county jail. From this judgment he appeals.
In August, 1924, two persons, named Guthrie and Turner, who had been employed by the Sheriff of Howard County to ferret out violators of the prohibition law and to secure evidence against them, induced a negro, named Ben Pankard, to bring the defendant to them for the purpose of buying whiskey from him; Pankard brought the defendant to a car where they were awaiting him and he sold Turner a pint of moonshine whiskey for which the latter paid him three *1282 dollars. This bottle of liquor was placed in the custody of the sheriff and was identified at the trial, not only as that sold by the defendant to Turner, but as to its chemical content, showing that it was whiskey and contained twenty-five per cent of alcohol. Defendant denied the sale of the liquor, and on cross-examination admitted that he had theretofore been convicted of possessing intoxicating liquors.
The assignments of error submitted by counsel for the defendant in his brief and argument are four in number and will be considered in the order in which they have clearly been presented by counsel.
I. It is contended the bottle of liquor in question was not properly identified and that the defendant'sIdentification. possession of same was not sufficiently shown.
The defendant, upon being brought into court, was identified by a witness, named Guthrie, as the person from whom the liquor was alleged to have been bought. There is nothing in the testimony adduced on the part of the defendant to lessen, much less refute, his identification as the negro who sold the whiskey or that its possession was continuous by the persons to whom it was delivered from the time of the sale until it was offered in evidence at the trial. The defendant's contention in this regard must therefore be overruled.
II. It is contended that the court erred in failing to instruct the jury that the evidence of a former conviction of defendant could only be considered as affecting his credibility as a witness and not as affecting his guilt or innocence, or the penalty that might be imposed. The defendant asked no instruction of this character.
The rule, under subdivision 4 of Section 4025, Revised Statutes 1919, requiring the court to instruct the jury in writing upon all questions of law arising in the case necessary for their information in giving their verdict, is mandatory only within the terms of the statute. The questions of law arising under the facts in this case, within the meaning of the section, are those necessary to sustain a conviction. A summary of the instructions given are as follows: Instruction 1 was general in its terms and directly and conversely declared the law as to the facts necessary to sustain a conviction: Number 2 defined the word "feloniously;" Number 3 defined the charge as formal and constituting no evidence of the defendant's guilt; that a presumption of innocence attended the defendant and that his guilt must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and unless so established he should be found not guilty; following this is the usual instruction as to a reasonable doubt; Number 4 defines in unusually liberal terms that if they believed it had been shown that the witness Guthrie had induced and persuaded defendant to sell moonshine whiskey for the purpose of making a case against him and that he would not otherwise *1283 have made or consented to said sale he should be found not guilty; Number 5 fully instructed the jury as to the manner in which proof of good character was to be considered; Number 6 is the often-approved instruction concerning the province of the jury as to the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of their testimony; Number 7 was as to the forms of the verdict, whether guilty or not guilty.
The instructions asked by the defendant and refused were, first, a demurrer to the evidence and, second, an instruction which was fully covered by Number 4, given at the request of the State.
The instructions given covered every phase of the case under the evidence and were therefore sufficient to sustain a verdict. (An exception may be noted as to the giving of Instruction 4, which we will later consider). The court's failure therefore to give the instruction complained of concerning the limitations to be placed by the jury upon the evidence of the former conviction of the defendant was not an essential to a valid conviction. To have entitled the defendant to properly assign error on this account he should have requested that the instruction be given. An instruction of this character is in regard to a collateral matter which requires affirmative action on the part of the defendant by his demanding the giving of the same to entitle his contention to consideration.
In an exhaustive opinion by FERRISS, J. (State v. Starr, 244 Mo. l.c. 178), the question as to what constitutes a collateral issue was given discriminating attention and many cases were cited and discussed to sustain the conclusion that under the statute referred to, other instructions than those essential to sustain the verdict were not required unless requested. Summaries of the rulings in a number of these cases are not inappropriate in support of the conclusion reached in the case at bar. In State v. Kilgore,
A consideration of these cases and many others cited by the learned judge who wrote the opinion in State v. Starr, supra, shows that from 1842 this court has preserved a clear distinction between essential questions arising upon the issues and those merely collateral. In the earlier cases in which no mention is made of collateral questions and which hold that the court must instruct upon the law of the case it will be found that the law instructed upon related to essential questions. Citations to two early cases confirm this conclusion. In Couley v. State,
III. While the indictment was inartificially drawn in that it contained an allegation that the defendant had theretofore been convicted of a misdemeanor, this allegation is not of such a nature as to vitiate the charge and it may well be disregarded as surplusage. That it did not aggravate the offense in the minds of the jury is evident from their verdict. It is difficult to determine what is meant in this connection by theIndictment. contention of defendant that the indictment as thus drawn deprived him of a right to a trial by due process of law and his right to know the nature of the charge against him. The charge preferred is clear and conclusive and leaves no doubt in the mind of a man of average intelligence, lawyer or layman, as to its meaning. Under it the defendant was given a *1285 fair trial according to the forms of the law. He therefore could not have been deprived of due process of law, which means nothing more than that every citizen shall hold his life, liberty and property under the protection of the general law which governs society; and in the concrete, that in a contest concerning these rights he will be given the opportunity to contest the propriety of each step in the action sought to be taken against him. [City of St. Louis v. Railroad, 278 Mo. l.c. 211; Dartmouth College Case, 4 Wheat. 518.] There is therefore no merit in this contention.
IV. The defendant's instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence has been disposed of adversely to his contention in discussing the facts.
The defendant's instruction asked and refused telling the jury that if the defendant was induced or persuaded to violate the law he could not be held guilty; if this instruction had been proper, it was fully covered by Instruction 4, given at the request of the State. The instruction, as asked and refused, was, however, not proper and the court did not err in refusing to give it, but did err in giving one of like tenor at the request of the State. Whatever may be the general rule in regard to the effect upon the right to convict a defendant who has been entrapped into the commission of a crime (18 A.L.R. 146-149), it is usually held to have no application to cases involving the sale of intoxicating liquors or other violations of the prohibition laws. In this class of cases criminal intent is not, as a rule, a necessary element and need not be shown. [State v. Fenley, 275 S.W. (Mo.) 41-44; State v. Quinn, 170 Mo. l.c. 179; State v. Seidler, 267 S.W. (Mo. App.) 426 and cases; 18 A.L.R. 162-168.] The rule thus announced has been frequently applied in the Federal courts, [Goldstein v. United States, 256 F. 813, 168 C.C.A. 159; Ramsey v. United States (C.C.A.), 268 F. 825; Farley v. United States (C.C.A.), 269 F. 721.]
The giving of the instruction referred to (No. 4) was favorable to the defendant and while erroneous it constitutes no ground for a reversal of this case. The defendant has been given every right to which he was entitled in this prosecution. The judgment is affirmed. All concur.