State v. BrightmanState v. Brightman
¶ 1. Nathan Brightman seeks reversal of his conviction for the second degree murder of Dexter Villa. Brightman claims that his
¶ 2 We conclude that the trial court erred when it directed that the courtroom would be closed to spectators during jury selectiоn, without fulfilling the requirements set forth in State v. Bone-Club, 128 Wash.2d 254, 258-59, 906 P.2d 325 (1995). This error entitles Brightman to a new trial. Because the issue may arise again on retrial, we also conclude that the trial court did not err when it refused to give Brightman‘s proposed instruction on the defense of justifiable homicide.
I
Statement of Facts
¶ 3 On October 1, 1998, Brightman approached Villa in the parking lot of Tacoma Community College and asked him for a ride to Gig Harbor. Villa agreed, but instead of driving to Gig Harbor, the pair ended up at a parking area near Titlow Beach. According to three witnesses,1 after Villa parked, the men began fighting inside the car. Then Brightman got out of the car and headed toward the driver‘s side. Villa jumped out of the car, and the fight continued. One witness testified that each man remained on his feet, and it seemed to be a fair fight. Another testified that Villa looked like he was trying to get away, but Brightman was holding onto Villa‘s shirt. The third testified that he saw Villa waive his hands in fear. Each witness saw Brightman shoot Villa. Brightman looked over at one of the witnesses in the parking lot, pulled his coat over his face, got in Villa‘s car, and drove away.
¶ 4 According to Brightman‘s testimony, when he and Villa were driving away from the community college, he gave Villa $7 for gas. The conversation turned to parties and drugs, and Brightman claims he gave Villa $20 to get him some marijuana. Villa then drove to the parking arеa near Titlow beach. After Villa parked, he ordered Brightman to get out of his car. Brightman replied that he wanted his money back. Villa leaned across him to open the passenger door, Brightman shoved his hand away, and a fight ensued. Brightman claims that he yelled “‘help me,‘” tried to fight back, and eventually got out of the car. Report of Proceedings (RP) at 1081-82. Villa also got out of the car, and the fight continued. Brightman testified that both men threw punches and both stayed on their feet. Significantly, Brightman admitted that he resumed the fight once both men were outside of the car, and he had no fear of Villa during the fight.
¶ 5 Brightman claimed that he eventually drew a gun, intending only to club Villa with it. Brightman hit Villa with the gun twice, and the second time the gun went off. Villa fell to the ground and Brightman panicked. He testified that he had the clip in his pocket, and he did not know there was a bullet in the chamber. Brightman picked up his money, threw his coat over his face, got in Villa‘s car, and drove away.
¶ 6 Brightman drove across the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. He tossed the gun and the clip out of the sunroof and off the bridge. They were never recovered. A police officer testified that he tried to stop Brightman, and Brightman started to pull over but then sped away. Brightman parked the car on a gravel road, threw the keys in the bushes, and ran home. Later that night, Brightman‘s friends returned to Villa‘s car аnd stole his stereo, CDs, and other items. The police eventually connected Brightman to the shooting, and he was arrested. He was charged with premeditated first degree murder and, in the alternative, first degree felony murder based on robbery, on the theory that he was trying to steal Villa‘s car. He was also charged with unlawful possession of a firearm in the first degree.2
In terms of observers and witnesses, we can‘t have any observers while we are selecting the jury, so if you would tell the friends, relatives, and acquaintances of the victim and defendant that the first two or three days for selecting the jury the courtroom is packed with jurors, they can‘t observe that. It causes a problem in terms of security.
When we move to the principal trial, anybody can come in here that wants to. It is an open courtroom.
Any other problem?
RP at 19-20. Neither party objectеd, and defense counsel immediately asked the judge a question about an unrelated matter. The record reflects that there was no other discussion of the courtroom closure. Clerk‘s Papers (CP) at 147-48 (declaration of court reporter indicating that a review of her transcription of jury selection revealed no other reference of spectators being in the courtroom or being denied access to the courtroom).
¶ 8 A jury was selected and the case went to trial. At the close of evidence, the defense sought to have the jury instructed that “[h]omicide is justifiable when committed in the actual resistance of an attempt to commit a felony,” CP at 30, and that “[r]obbery is a felony.” CP at 26. The defense also proposed an instruction explaining that the use of force is lawful when someone reasonably believes he is about to be injured, so long as the force used is not more than necessary. CP at 32.3
¶ 9 he trial court did not give any of the defendant‘s proposed instructions on justifiable homicide or self-defense because the court concluded that the evidence did not support these instructions. See CP at 56-84. Instead, the trial court instructed:
Under certain circumstances and conditions a homicide may be justifiable, that is one committed in self defense or in defense of a felony. As a mattеr of law such circumstances and conditions do not exist in this case. Therefore you may not consider justifiable homicide as a defense to the charge of Murder in the First Degree, Murder in the Second Degree, or Manslaughter in the First Degree.
CP at 80 (Instruction 23). Defense counsel objected to this instruction. The trial judge explained that because defense counsel had argued justifiable homicide in opening statements and questioned some witnesses about issues surrounding the justifiable homicide theory, the judge felt it necessary to explain to the jury that justifiable homicide was no longer an issue in the case.
¶ 10 Brightman was convicted by the jury of murder in the second degree. Brightman appealed, arguing that the trial court violated his right to a public trial by closing the courtroom during jury selection. State v. Brightman, 112 Wash.App. 260, 48 P.3d 363 (2002) (published in part); No. 25220-1-II, slip op. at 11 (Wash. Ct.App. June 21, 2002). The Court of Appeals noted that there is no evidence that the court enforced its ruling, there is no record of a written order, and there is nothing else in the record indicating that anyone was denied access to the courtroom. Brightman, slip op. at 12. Relying on State v. Gaines, 144 Wash., 446, 463, 258 P. 508 (1927), the Court of Appeals concluded that in the absence of a record reflecting actual closure, it would not presume that the courtroom was closed, and thus Brightman had not shown he was denied a public trial.
¶ 11 In his appeal Brightman also argued that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on justifiable homicide. Brightman, 112 Wash.App. at 264, 48 P.3d 363. Although Brightman admitted that he was never afraid of Villa, he claimed on appeal that when a homicide is committed in the actual resistance of an attempt to commit a felony upon the slayer, then the use of deadly force is per se reasonable. See id. at 266-67, 48 P.3d 363;
¶ 12 Brightman petitioned for review in this court and review was deferred until the publication of our decision in In re Personal Restraint of Orange, 152 Wash.2d 795, 100 P.3d 291 (2004), at which time we granted review.
II
Analysis
¶ 13 In this case, we determine whether the trial court committed reversible error by closing the courtroom to spectators during jury selection. We also consider whether the trial court erred when it refused to give the defendant‘s proposed instructions on justifiable homicide and instead gave an instruction indicating that as a matter of law, there was no justifiable homicide in this case.
¶ 14 Closed Courtroom: Article I, section 22 of the Washington Constitution and the sixth amendment to the United States Constitution both guarantеe criminal defendants the right to a public trial. The public trial right serves to ensure a fair trial, to remind the officers of the court of the importance of their functions, to encourage witnesses to come forward, and to discourage perjury. Peterson v. Williams, 85 F.3d 39, 43 (2d Cir.1996) (citing Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 46-47, 104 S.Ct. 2210, 81 L.Ed.2d 31 (1984)). Whether a defendant‘s right to a public trial has been violated is a question of law, subject to de novo review on direct appeal. See Bone-Club, 128 Wash.2d at 256, 906 P.2d 325; see also United States v. Al-Smadi, 15 F.3d 153, 154 (10th Cir. 1994).
¶ 15 In Bone-Club, without objection from the defendant, the trial court closed the courtroom during a pretrial suppression hearing that was necessary to decide the admissibility of the defendant‘s statements to police. 128 Wash.2d at 256-57, 906 P.2d 325. On direct appeal, the defendant claimed the temporary, full closure of the pretrial suppression hearing violated his right to a public trial under article I, section 22. Id. at 257, 906 P.2d 325. We held that the defendant‘s failure to object at trial to the courtroom closure “did not effect a waiver,” neither did it free the court from having to consider the defendant‘s public trial rights. Id. at 257, 261, 906 P.2d 325.4 We also concluded that, in order to protect the defendant‘s right to a public trial, a trial judge may not close the courtroom without complying with the following five requirements:
“1. The proponent of closure or sealing must make some showing [of a compelling interest], and where that need is based on a right other than an аccused‘s right to a fair trial, the proponent must show a ‘serious and imminent threat’ to that right. 2. Anyone present when the closure motion is made must be given an opportunity to object to the closure.
3. The proposed method for curtailing open access must be the least restrictive means available for protecting the threatened interests.
4. The court must weigh the competing interests of the proponent of closure and the public.
5. The order must be no broader in its application or duration than necessary to serve its purpose.”
Id. at 258-59, 906 P.2d 325 (quoting Allied Daily Newspapers of Wash. v. Eikenberry, 121 Wash.2d 205, 210-11, 848 P.2d 1258 (1993)).5
¶ 16 While the Bone-Club court addressed the complete closure of the courtroom for a prеtrial suppression hearing, not jury selection, it is well settled that the right to a public trial also extends to jury selection. Orange, 152 Wash.2d at 804, 100 P.3d 291 (citing Press-Enter. Co. v. Superior Court of Cal., 464 U.S. 501, 505, 104 S.Ct. 819, 78 L.Ed.2d 629 (1984)). This court has noted that a closed jury selection process harms the defendant by preventing his or her family from contributing their knowledge or insight to jury selection and by preventing the venire from seeing the interested individuals. Orange, 152 Wash.2d at 812, 100 P.3d 291. Thus, in order to support full courtroom closure during jury selection, a trial court must engage in the Bone-Club analysis; failure to do so results in a violation of the defendant‘s public trial rights. See id. at 809, 100 P.3d 291.
¶ 17 In this case, the State does not dispute that the trial court failed to comply with the Bone-Club requirements before ruling that spectators would not be allowed in the courtroom during voir dire. The State contends, however, that before applying Bone-Club at all, this court should “look beyond the plain language of the [trial] court‘s ruling in order to determine the nature of the closure.” Suppl. Br. of Resp‘t at 14. The State relies on Orange, in which this court looked to the nature of the closure before evaluating the trial court‘s compliance with the Bone-Club factors. Orange, 152 Wash.2d at 807, 100 P.3d 291. However, the Orange court defined the nature of the closure by looking solely to the transcript of the trial court‘s ruling to determine the presumptive effect of the closure order. Id. at 807-08, 100 P.3d 291. The majority ultimately refused to impose upon the defendant the burden of proving that the trial court‘s ruling was carried out. Id. at 813, 100 P.3d 291. Instead, “the very existence of the mandated order create[d] a strong presumption that the order was carried out in accordance with its drafting.” Id. Thus, once the plain language of the trial court‘s ruling imposes a closure, the burden is on the State to overcome the strong presumption that the courtroom was closed.6 Here, the State presents no evidence to overcome the presumption that closure in fact occurred.
¶ 18 The State also relies on Gaines, 144 Wash. 446, 258 P. 508, to support its argument that the defense should have to prove closure in fact.7 However, as the
¶ 19 Finally, the State cites to cases that conclude that no infringement on the public trial right occurs wherе the closing is de minimis. Yet, it is clear that the guaranty of open criminal proceedings extends to the jury selection process. Compare id. at 804, 100 P.3d 291 (evaluating closure during jury selection) with United States v. Ivester, 316 F.3d 955, 959-60 (9th Cir.2003) (evaluating closure during midtrial colloquy with jury after jurors raised courtroom security concerns). While some courts have concluded that limited seating by itself is not enough to violate a defendant‘s public trial right, requiring some affirmative act from the trial judge, see, e.g., United States v. Shryock, 342 F.3d 948, 974 (9th Cir.2003), the trial court‘s ruling in this case clearly amounts to an affirmative act. In addition, the cases cited to exemplify trivial closures involve only brief and inadvertent closures. See Peterson, 85 F.3d at 42-43; Al-Smadi, 15 F.3d at 154-55; Snyder v. Coiner, 510 F.2d 224, 230 (4th Cir.1975). Thus, even though a trivial closure does not necessarily violate a defendant‘s public trial right, the сlosure here was analogous to the closures in Bone-Club and Orange. The above cases cited by the State are distinguishable.
¶ 20 We conclude that based on the plain language of the trial court‘s ruling, there is a strong presumption that the court‘s directive in this case was carried out. See Orange, 152 Wash.2d at 813, 100 P.3d 291. The State has presented no evidence to overcome this presumption. Moreover, the defendant‘s failure to lodge a contemporaneous objection at trial did not effect a waiver of the public trial right. Bone-Club, 128 Wash.2d at 257, 906 P.2d 325. Because the record in this case lacks any hint that the trial court considered Brightman‘s public trial right as required by Bone-Club, we cannot determine whether the closure was warranted. Id. at 261, 906 P.2d 325. Accordingly, we remand for a new trial. See id.
¶ 21 Jury Instruction on Justifiable Homicide: We also take this opportunity to resolve the issues surrounding certain jury instructions because they will likely recur on retrial. Brightman‘s version of the facts was that Villa needed money, that he talked Brightman into giving him $20 on the ruse that Villa would provide marijuana, and then Villa tried to eject Brightman from the car without producing the drugs. RP at 1338-39, 1341. Because Villa refused to return the money, a fistfight ensued. During the fight, Brightman drew his gun and clubbed Villa with it. RP at 1354. The gun accidentally discharged killing Villa. RP at 1354. Notably, Brightman testified that when he got out of the car and resumed the fight, he was not afraid of Villa. RP at 1153.
¶ 22 The trial court refused to give Brightman‘s proposed instructions on justifiable homicide. Instead the trial judge affirmatively told the jury, in instruction 23, that justifiable homicide was not a defense in this case as a matter of law. CP at 80.8
¶ 23 Brightman argues that rejection of his proposed instruction on justifiable homicide violated his rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments because the issue of justifiable homicide was properly raised and the State should have been required to
¶ 24 Where a trial court has refused to give a justifiable homicide or self-defense instruction, the standard of review depends upon why the trial court did so. State v. Walker, 136 Wash.2d 767, 771-72, 966 P.2d 883 (1998). If the trial court‘s refusal is based on a factual dispute, then it is reviewable only for abuse of discretion. Id. If the court refused to give the instruction based on a ruling of law, then review is de novo. Id.; see also Castro v. Stanwood Sch. Dist. No. 41, 151 Wash.2d 221, 224, 86 P.3d 1166 (2004) (reviewing question of statutory interpretation de novo). Here, Brightman does not challenge the factual conclusion that he did not fear Villa; he challenges only the trial court‘s legal conclusions regarding the justifiable homicide instruction. Therefore, our standard of review is de novo.
¶ 25
Homicide is also justifiable when committed either:
(1) In the lawful defense of the slayer,. . . when there is reasonable ground to apprehend a design on the part of the person slain to commit a felony or to do some great personal injury to the slayer. . . and there is imminent danger of that design being accomplished; or
(2) In the actual resistance of an attempt to commit a felony upon the slayer. . . .
In addition,
The use, attempt, or offer to use force upon or toward the person of another is not unlawful in the following cases:
. . . .
(3) Whenever used by a party about to be injured . . . in preventing or аttempting to prevent an offense against his or her person, . . . in case the force is not more than is necessary;
“Necessary” is defined for purposes of chapter 9A.16 RCW to mean “that no reasonably effective alternative to the use of force appeared to exist and that the amount of force used was reasonable to effect the lawful purpose intended.”
¶ 26 A defendant is entitled to an instruction on justifiable homicide when he or she has raised some credible evidence, from whatever source, to establish that the killing occurred in circumstances that meet the requirements of
¶ 27 Actual Defense of an Attempted Felony: Brightman‘s arguments in this court focus on
¶ 28 Brightman argues that whenever the defendant can present evidence that a robbery was being attempted or was already in progress when the defendant acted in self-defense, then the defendant need not show that he or she feared death or great bodily injury to justify deadly force. However, Brightman concedes that even under
¶ 29 Justifiable homicide, and indeed all self-defense, is unmistakably rooted in the principle of necessity. Deadly force is only necessary where its use is objectively reasonable, considering the facts and circumstances as they were understood by the defendant at the time. See
“The class of crimes in prevention of which a man may, if necessary, exercise his natural right to repel force by force to the taking of the life of the aggressor, are felonies which are committed by violence and surprise; such as murder, robbery, burglary, arson, . . . sodomy, and rape.”
47 Wash.2d 240, 242, 287 P.2d 345 (1955) (quoting State v. Moore, 31 Conn. 479 (1863) (first emphasis added)). In all of these felonies, human life could be presumed to be in peril. Id. at 243, 287 P.2d 345. But the Nyland court also noted that “a killing in self-defense is not justified unless the attack on the defendant‘s person threatens life or great bodily harm.” Id. (emphasis added).10 Thus, the Nyland court contemplated an individualized determination of necessity, even where an attack on the defendant‘s person occurred. See also State v. Griffith, 91 Wash.2d 572, 576-77, 589 P.2d 799 (1979) (“A self-defense instruction, or a justifiable homicide instruction, is appropriate only where the slayer has used such force as is reasonably necessary under the circumstances.” (emphasis added)).
¶ 30 In State v. Brenner, Division One of the Court of Appeals read Nyland and Griffith to establish that even where a homicide is committed in defense of a felony or attempted felony, “the attack on the defendant‘s person [must threaten] life or great
“in resisting an attempt to cоmmit a felony the person so resisting is not required to determine with absolute certainty what force is necessary for that purpose, but it does exact of him that he shall not use any more force than shall seem to him to be reasonably necessary for that purpose.”
Id. at 589-90, 636 P.2d 1099 (quoting State v. Harper, 149 Mo. 514, 51 S.W. 89, 93 (1899)). We agree that
¶ 31 Brightman argues that reading
¶ 32 The Nyland, Griffith, Brenner, and Castro cases support a conclusion that a justifiable homicide instruction based on either .050(1) or .050(2) depends upon a showing that the use of deadly force was necessary under the circumstances. All of these courts implied that an individualized determination of necessity is required, contradicting the notion that deadly force is per se reasonable whenever a robbery or other violent felony is attempted. Thus, a trial court may conclude, as a matter of law, that the use of deadly force was unreasonable where the defendant was attempting to recover a small amount of money from someone whom the defendant did not fear. See State v. Madry, 12 Wash.App. 178, 181, 529 P.2d 463 (1974) (“A small sum of money is not wоrth the injury to human life or even the threatening of such injury which results from the use of deadly force.“). Because Brightman freely admitted that he did not fear Villa, we hold that the trial court was entitled to refuse to give a justifiable homicide instruction in this case.
¶ 33 Claim of Accident: In the alternative, Brightman argues that while he may not have been justified in using deadly force against Villa, he intended only to strike Villa with the gun, but the gun accidentally went off. In other words, Brightman claims he was using reasonable force to repel Villa by hitting him with the gun, and Villa‘s death was merely an unintended consequence.
¶ 34 Washington‘s excusable homicide statute reads:
Homicide is excusable when committed by accident or misfortune in doing any lawful act by lawful means, without criminal negligence, or without any unlawful intent.
¶ 35 The Court of Appeals holding is consistent with Kerr. In that case, the defendant intended only to hold the victim at gunpoint until police arrived, but the gun accidentally went off. 14 Wash.App. at 586-87, 544 P.2d 38. Division Two held that “[j]ustifiable homicide implies an intentional act of killing which is, nevertheless, justified by exigent circumstances enumerated by statute.” Id. at 587, 544 P.2d 38 (citing State v. Clarke, 61 Wash.2d 138, 377 P.2d 449 (1962); New York Life Ins. Co. v. Jones, 86 Wash.2d 44, 541 P.2d 989 (1975)). Because Kerr insisted that he did not intend to shoot, much less kill, it
¶ 36 Similarly, in State v. Baker, 58 Wash.App. 222, 792 P.2d 542 (1990), the defendant admitted to brandishing a gun at his friend, Bryant, because Bryant was intoxicated and had been picking fights with Baker all day. Id. at 223, 792 P.2d 542. The gun accidentally discharged, killing Bryant. Id. at 224, 792 P.2d 542. Comparing the case with Kerr, Division One of the Court of Appeals held that Baker was not entitled to a justifiable homicide instruction because he never argued that he intentionally shot Bryant. Id. at 227, 792 P.2d 542.12 In fact, Baker admitted that he never feared Bryant. Id. at 224, 792 P.2d 542.
¶ 37 The reasoning articulated in Kerr and Baker is founded in common sense. The legislature provided two defenses that are specific to homicides — justifiable homicide and excusable homicide.
¶ 38 Fundamentally, Brightman‘s theory of the case was that he was using reasonable force to defend himself against Villa by striking him with the butt of a gun. As a result, the gun accidentally went off, killing Villa. Thus, Brightman‘s theory of the case involved self-defense, followed by excusable homicide. But Brightman did not present evidence to show that the homicide was justifiable. Brightman did not show that he intentionally used deadly force against Villa or that deadly force was necessary to defend himself. Thus, the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on justifiable homicide. If, on remand, Brightman argues that he committed an excusable homicide that was precipitated by an act of self-defense, then the trial court will have to evaluate whether he has raised sufficient evidence to support jury instructions on those issues.14
¶ 39 We conclude that the trial court did
III
Conclusion
¶ 40 The trial court in this case ruled that spectators would be excluded from the courtroom during jury selection. On appeal there is a strong presumption that the trial court‘s directive was carried out and the courtroom closure occurred and here the State offers no evidence to overcome this presumption. Because the trial court failed to comply with the Bone-Club closure requirements before closing the courtroom, Brightman‘s right to a public trial was violated. We reverse the Court of Appeals on this issue and remand for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
WE CONCUR: ALEXANDER, C.J., C. JOHNSON, MADSEN, SANDERS, CHAMBERS, OWENS, FAIRHURST and J.M. JOHNSON, JJ.