Reed J.
The indictment on which the defendant was tried, omitting the portions which are merely formal, is as follows: “The said Samuel W. Briggs did, on the sixteenth day of March, 1884, and on divers other days and times *418'witliin eighteen months prior to the finding of this indictment, in the county aforesaid, commit the crime of adultery, by then and there having carnal knowledge of one Essie Etta ■Hutzell, she being at the time an unmarried woman, and not the wife of defendant, and the said Samuel W. Briggs being at the time a married man, having a lawful wife then living, to-wit: Lizzie Briggs, and the said defendant then and there having committed said acts contrary to and in violation of law; that on the second day of February, 1885, the said Lizzie Briggs, still being the lawful wife of the said Samuel W. Briggs, did commence prosecution by filing in the office of 0. Burling, a justice of the peace of Ilardin county, Iowa, her information, charging said defendant with said crime; that in the further progress of said prosecution said defendant was, on the sixth day of February, 1885, held to answer said charge at the next term of the district court of said county, in accordance with law, by said j ustice of the peace.”
On the back of the instrument were indorsed the names of the witnesses on whose evidence the grand jury acted in ■finding it, and, among the names so indorsed, was that of Lizzie Briggs. When the grand jury returned the indictment they also returned what purported to be a minute of the evidence taken by them. Attached to the minutes was the following certificate, which was signed by the foreman of the grand jury: “ The State of Iowa v. Samuel W. Briggs. Evidence returned by the grand jury with the indictment in the above case.” . These minutes were placed by the clerk with the indictment, and retained in his office, but he did not mark them as filed. The defendant, filed. a demurrer to the indictment, which was overruled by the district court.
• cíupUoiiy^t: what is not. The first ground of the demurrer was that .the indictment charges a series of offenses. It is provided by section 4300 of the Code that the indictment must charge but one offense. It is insisted that under this provjsion indictment in question is bad. It is ■very clear that the state would not be permitted to charge in *419the s'ame indictment distinct acts of adultery committed with' different persons. It must also be admitted that each act of sexual intercourse between the accused and the woman named in the indictment, within the time covered by the indictment would be a distinct offense. The state, in making its proof, however, would not be confined to the date named or to any particular date within the time covered by the indictment, but would be permitted to prove the commission of the crime upon any day within that period, or within eighteen months before the finding of the indictment, the time not being an ingredient of the offense, and that being the period after its commission within which'the indictment must be found. Code, §4166. State v. Bell, 49 Iowa, 440. The defendant could be convicted of but one offense under the indictment, and, as the state would be permitted to prove its commission either on the sixteenth of March, 1884, or on any other day within the eighteen months prior to the finding ;of the indictment, the allegation that he committed it on divers other days within that time may be rejected as surplusage. Cook v. State, 11 Ga., 53; U. S. v. La Costa, 2 Mason, 129; Wells v. Com., 12 Gray, 326.
2.--: prosfuisbaiidor wife: what is sufficient. II. Another ground of the demurrer was that it did not appear by any averment of the indictment, or by any indorsement thereon, that it was found at the instance of a private prosecutor. Section 4008 of the Code . . . . . _ contains the following provision: “JNo prosecution for adultery can be commenced but on the complaint of the husband or wife.” Another provision contained in section 4292 requires the grand jury, when an indictment is found at the instance of a private prosecutor, to state in an indorsement thereon the fact that it was found at the instance of such prosecutor. The position of the counsel is that, as the prosecution can be commenced only on the complaint of the husband or wife, such husband or wife is necessarily a private prosecutor, and, consequently, that the failure to indorse upon the indictment the fact that it was found at the *420instance of such prosecutor is fatal to the indictment. This position is not sound. The prosecution may be commenced either by making the complaint before the grand jury or by filing a preliminary information before a magistrate. When it is commenced by filing an information before a magistrate, it is not essential that the husband or wife should appear further in the case to prosecute it. State v. Baldy, 17 Iowa, 39; Same v. Roth, Id., 336.
s. indictyate prcSecugrán'ajury? code, § 4292, directory.
It is averred in the indictment that the wife of the defendant did commence the prosecution against him in that rnantier, and that he was held to answer the charges preferred against him by her. This averment fully meets the requirements of section 4008. , . x The indorsement required by 4292 is not essential to the validity of the indictment. The requirement is merely directory, and the indorsement is required to be made to enable the court to tax the costs against the prosecutor, if it should be satisfied that the prosecution was malicious or without probable cause.
4.__. fan-minutes of murrer. ' III. Another ground of the demurrer was that the minutes of evidence returned by the grand jury had not been filed by the clerk as required by section 4293. It is apparent that questions of this character cannot be raised by demurrer to the indictment. The facts constituting the crime of which the defendant is accused must be stated in the indictment, and questions as to the sufficiency of the statement of facts can be raised by demurrer, and its sufficiency as a pleading must be determined from its averments. The minutes of evidence returned by the grand jury, when filed by the clerk, constitute part of the record in the case, but they are no part of the indictment. The district court rightly overruled the demurrer.
*4215. adultery: prosecution made avail-' able: practice. *420IY. The defendant also filed a motion to dismiss the cause. This motion was supported by the affidavit of de*421fendant’s wife, in which she swore that, while she signed and swore to the preliminary information accusing defendant of the crime, she did not do ° so voluntarily, but acted under duress, and the coercion of threats by her parents and other persons; and that she did not voluntarily appear before the grand jury when that body was investigating the charge, and that she requested them to dismiss the charge, and not return an indictment thereon against her husband. In State v. Roth, supra, it was held that the defendant was not concluded by the averment in the indictment that the prosecution was commenced on the complaint of the husband or wife, but that he might show by evidence that it was not commenced on such complaint. The defendant in that case, as in this, filed a' motion to dismiss, and supported the same by the affidavit of his wife. He also offered evidence on the trial to disprove the allegation that the prosecution was commenced on the complaint of his wife, and, while it was held that the defendant was entitled in some manner to show the real fact, the question as to which was the proper practice was left undetermined. In the later case of State v. Henke, 58 Iowa, 457, it W'as held that the allegation that the prosecution was commenced on the complaint of the husband or wife must be proved by the state like the other material averments of the indictment. Under the rule established by that case the question is to be determined by the jury upon the evidence given upon the trial of the indictment. The motion to dismiss was therefore properly overruled.
6. indictmbmteso'tevidence: what is sufficient, Y. On the trial counsel for the defendant objected to the examination of the witnesses whose names were indorsed on the back of the indictment, on the ground that no minutes of their evidence before the grand . - f.-r-itiiT A it jury had been filed by the clerk. As stated above, no certificate of the filing of the minutes was indorsed thereon by the clerk. The minutes of evidence, however, were presented by the grand jury with the indictment, and *422were placed by tbe clerk with the indictment in his office, and remained there as part of the records in the case. This was a filing of them within the meaning of the statute. Code, §4293. It was not essential that they should be indorsed as filed by the clerk, although the better practice doubtless would be to so indorse them. The indorsement of the clerk, however, is simply evidence of the filing. The filing consists in the delivery of the paper to the clerk, and his receiving them to be kept on file in his office. Bouv. Law Diet.; State v. Guisenhause, 20 Iowa, 227.
7._. nesses onWlt' tityoi witness: pracdence^'pre sumption. YI. One of the names indorsed on the back of the indictment was that of “Mrs. Hutzell.” The state' introduced as a witness in support of the indictment one Mrs. Mary E. Hutzel. Defendant’s counsel objected to her examination on the ground that it did not . appear that she had been examined before the grand jury. The state was entitled to examine in support of the indictment only such witnesses as had been examined before the grand jury, and a minute of whose testimony had been presented by the grand jury with the indictment. Code, § 4421. When the objection was made, it was the duty of the district court to determine whether the facts were such as entitle the state to examine the witness. It could not be determined from the indorsement on the back of the indictment whether the witness produced ivas the identical person who was examined before the grand jury or not. But the indorsement was by no means the only evidence which might be received on the question of her indentity. The minutes of evidence might be examined in determining it. • It does not appear from the record, however, that they were introduced for that purpose. But they constituted part of the records in the case, and might be examined by the court for that purpose without being formally introduced. It may be that they showed that the name of Mrs. Hutzel who was examined before the grand jury was Mary E. Hutzel. If so, they afforded jjyt'ima facie evidence *423at least of the identity of the witness. The minutes are not' before us, and we will indulge the presumption in favor of the correctness of the ruling of the district court in overruling the objection that they were examined, and afforded satisfactory evidence of her identity.
8. adultery: letsno?oi charged in indictment, VII. The evidence which tended to prove the commission of the offense in Hardin county within eighteen months’ before the indictment was found was purely cir-' cumstantial, and, standing alone, perhaps, would-V , I, not establish the guilt oi the accused. I he state was permitted, against his objection, to introduce evidence which tended very strongly to prove that he had sexual inter- '■ course with the woman named in the indictment at a time more than eighteen months before the finding of the indictment; and also that within that period he and the woman-left Hardin county, and went to Council Bluffs, where they* lived together, representing themselves to be husband and: wife, and occupying the samé room and bed. The court’ instructed the jury that the defendant could not be convicted on that indictment, on evidence of acts of adultery committed more than eighteen months before the finding of the indictment, or of acts committed outside of Hardin county;but that in determining whether he had committed the offense within Hardin county, and within that period of time,' they might consider the relations which existed between the', parties as the same was shown by the evidence objected to.' We think the evidence was clearly admissible for the -pur-pose for which it was admitted. The evidence showed that; at one time within the eighteen months before the indict-* ment was found the woman Essie Etta Ilutzel lived several weeks in the same house in which defendant and his tarn-* ily resided, but in different apartments. It also tended to show that during that time the parties were guilty of such acts of familiarity as attracted the attention of defendant’s wife, and led her to remonstrate with him concerning his eon-* duct. This evidence, standing alone, as we have seen, would* *424not establish his guilt. But it showed that the parties then had the opportunity for indulgence, and the fact that they had the disposition, and on previous occasions had been guilty of acts of intercourse, was of the highest importance in determining whether they did indulge at that time. The evidence of their conduct at Council Blnlfs was also admissible on the same principle. It showed the relations and disposition of the parties, and tended to explain their conduct and actions at the time in question.
9. criminal evidence: voluntary -wiiatis. Till. When the defendant was arrested and taken before the magistrate for preliminary examination the information was read to him, and lie was asked by the matris0 trate what plea he desired to enter, and he answered that he pleaded guilty to the charge. lie had not then been informed by the magistrate of his right to the aid of counsel. On the trial the state was permitted, against his objection, to prove this admission. The ground of the objection urged against the admission of the evidence is that under the statute defendant could not be required, on preliminary examination, to plead to the information, and that his plea of guilty was therefore a mere nullity, and was not admissible in evidence for any purpose; also that, as he was not then informed as to his legal rights in the matter, but was required by the magistrate to enter a plea, his plea of guilty was not a voluntary admission of his guilt, and was therefore not admissible in evidence against him. It is true that the statute does not contemplate or require the entry by the defendant of a formal plea to the preliminary information. The plea entered by the defendant, however, was an admission by him of his guilt; and it cannot be said that such admission was extorted from him by the magistrate. He was required to enter a plea, it is true, but he had the privilege of pleading either guilty or not guilty; and, as he elected to enter the former plea, his admission must be regarded as having been voluntarily made. It was therefore admissible in evidence against him.
*425íeíuiantY "auquestion?or£: 3,liy' IX. The state offered in evidence certain letters which, it was claimed, were written by defendant while he was in cusafter the preliminary examination, to his wife, and to the woman Essie Etta Hutzel, which were admitted against defendant’s objection. It is claimed that there was not sufficient evidence that the letters were written by defendant. We deem it sufficient, however, to say, in answer to this position, that there was evidence strongly tending to prove that lie wrote them, and it was properly left to the jury to determine whether he did write them. Exception is also taken to some of the instructions given by the district court. We think it unnecessary to set them out, or to say more than that they afford no just ground of exception.
We have examined the whole record, and find no ground upon which we think we ought to disturb the judgment. It will therefore be
Affirmed.