80 N.C. App. 42 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1986
Both defendants assign error to certain of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings and to its denial of their motions to dismiss the charges. In addition, defendant Brewington separately contends that the court inadequately investigated potential conflicts which may have existed by reason of defendants’ joint representation by the same counsel. Defendant Norris separately assigns error to the denial of his motion for mistrial made during the State’s cross-examination of his co-defendant, Brewington. We have examined each of the defendants’ joint and several contentions and conclude that each defendant received a fair trial free of prejudicial error.
At trial the State offered evidence tending to show that the victim, William Faircloth, and defendant Brewington had made plans to drive to Florida so that Faircloth could pick up a camper and bring it to North Carolina on Brewington’s pickup truck. According to Faircloth’s testimony, they had planned to leave approximately three days before 4 September 1984 but defendant Brewington had delayed their departure several times. On 4 September, while Faircloth and Brewington were at Brewington’s house in Dunn making preparations to begin the trip, Brewington received a telephone call during which Faircloth overheard him tell the other party “We’re getting ready to leave.” A few minutes later, Brewington received a collect telephone call, but Faircloth was unable to overhear anything that was said. Shortly thereafter, Brewington and Faircloth left the house, with Brew-ington driving.
Faircloth was carrying more than $1,200.00 because he still owed money for the camper. He was carrying some of the money in a money clip and some of it in a folder, along with his driver’s license and other papers. After Faircloth purchased gas for Brew-ington’s truck, the two men drove south on 1-95 until they reached a rest area in Cumberland County near Fayetteville, where Brewington stopped to use the restroom. While Brew-ington was in the restroom, a man (later identified by Faircloth as defendant Norris) approached the truck and asked Faircloth for a cigarette. The man was carrying a bag which appeared to contain a gun. After giving the man a cigarette, Faircloth went to meet Brewington and told him about the man at the truck. Brewington
On the day following the robbery, Faircloth went to defendant Brewington’s house. He observed Brewington, Brewington’s wife and another couple arrive at the house in Brewington’s truck. He was unable to see the other man’s face, but noticed that the back of the man’s head resembled that of the person who had robbed him the night before.
On 7 September 1984, Detective Sgt. Wiggs of the Cumberland County Sheriffs Department showed Faircloth another photographic lineup consisting of six photographs. After looking at the photographs for less than fifteen seconds, Faircloth picked out a photograph of defendant Norris and identified him as the person who had robbed him on 4 September.
The State also offered the testimony of Ronnie Brewington, a distant relative of defendant Brewington. He testified that on the afternoon of 4 September, defendants Brewington and Norris had come to his place of employment in defendant Brewington’s truck. While both defendants were sitting in the truck, Norris offered Ronnie Brewington $100.00 to drive him to a place about a mile from Fayetteville on that evening at approximately seven o’clock. According to Ronnie Brewington, Norris stated that he wanted to go to Fayetteville “because of something about he was going to set up, had a set up, or something.” Ronnie Brewington declined the offer because he would not be through with his work by that
Defendant Norris did not testify but offered evidence through family members and neighbors tending to show that he was at his home on the evening of the robbery. Defendant Brew-ington testified and denied having any discussion with Norris about the trip to Florida. He also testified that defendant Norris was not the man who robbed Faircloth at the rest area. He denied having been with Norris for several weeks before the robbery and for several days thereafter, and testified that he had not seen Ronnie Brewington on 4 September 1984.
Both defendants were represented at trial by the same counsel. When the cases were called for trial, the court conducted a voir dire hearing in which it examined both defendants and inquired of their counsel and the prosecutor as to the existence of any potential conflict between the defendants. The court explained to each defendant his right to representation by separate counsel. Each defendant represented that he had privately employed Mr. Stewart as counsel and knew of no potential conflict with the other defendant. Although neither defendant requested separate counsel nor objected to the joint representation, defendant Brewington now assigns error, contending that the court’s inquiry was insufficient and that he was denied his sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel because of the joint representation.
“In order to establish a conflict of interest violation of the constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel, ‘a defendant who raised no objection at trial must demonstrate that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.’ ” State v. Howard, 56 N.C. App. 41, 46, 286 S.E. 2d 853, 857, disc. rev. denied, 305 N.C. 305, 290 S.E. 2d 706 (1982) (quoting Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 348, 64 L.Ed. 2d 333, 346-47, 100 S.Ct. 1708, 1718 (1980)). See also State v. Summerford, 65 N.C. App. 519, 309 S.E. 2d 553 (1983), disc. rev. denied, 310 N.C. 311, 312 S.E. 2d 654 (1984). Defendant Brewington has made no showing of any actual conflict of interest between himself and defendant Norris during
By another separate assignment of error, defendant Brewington contends that the court erred in permitting the State’s witness Ronnie Brewington to testify about defendant Norris’ offer to pay him $100.00 for transportation to Fayetteville on the evening of the robbery. Citing Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 20 L.Ed. 2d 476, 88 S.Ct. 1620 (1968), defendant Brewington argues that, as to him, Norris’ statements were inadmissible hearsay and that their admission into evidence violated his right of confrontation.
In our view, the Bruton rule is inapplicable to this case. Where declarations are made by a party to a conspiracy during its existence and relating to its purposes, the statements are admissible as evidence against co-conspirators without violating the “right to confrontation” rule of Bruton. State v. Conrad, 275 N.C. 342, 168 S.E. 2d 39 (1969).
[T]he general rule in North Carolina is that when the State establishes a prima facie case of conspiracy, the acts and declarations of each party to the conspiracy in furtherance of its purposes is admissible against other conspirators when made or done after the conspiracy was formed and before it terminated.
State v. Martin, 309 N.C. 465, 478, 308 S.E. 2d 277, 285 (1983). Considerable latitude is permitted in the order in which evidence may be offered to prove the formation and existence of the con
Applying the foregoing principles to the evidence in the present case, which we see no need to repeat, we conclude that the State presented sufficient proof, independent of the challenged statements of Norris, to support a reasonable inference that, at the time of Norris’ conversation with Ronnie Brewington, a conspiracy existed between the defendants to rob William Faircloth. Norris’ statements, having been made during the pendency of the conspiracy and in furtherance of its purpose, were admissible against both defendants.
Defendant Brewington has attempted to bring forward three assignments of error by stating them in his brief, together with the statement that he does not abandon the assignment but presents no argument. We deem the assignments abandoned and decline to review them. “Questions raised by assignments of error in appeals from trial tribunals but not then presented and discussed in a party’s brief, are deemed abandoned.” N.C. R. App. P. 28(a). (Emphasis added.)
Defendant Norris contends, by separate assignment of error, that the trial court erred by sustaining the State’s objection to his cross-examination of William Faircloth concerning Faircloth’s identification, on the night of the robbery, of a photograph of someone other than defendant Norris as the perpetrator of the robbery. We note that defendant’s exceptions relate to questions asked on re-cross examination of Faircloth, and the objections were sustained after Faircloth had already been extensively
Defendant Norris also contends that the court erred in denying his motion for mistrial, made after the prosecutor sought to impeach defendant Brewington by asking him if he had been fired from his job because he had stolen goods from his employer. Assuming, without deciding, that the question was improper, see G.S. 8C-1, Rule 608(b), as not probative of untruthfulness, we cannot conceive how defendant Norris has been prejudiced by the question directed to defendant Brewington, who has not assigned error to the denial of the motion. At any rate, the trial court immediately sustained defendants’ objection to the question and instructed the jury to disregard it. Consequently, we find no error in the denial of the motion for mistrial.
During the State’s direct examination of the victim, William Faircloth, the prosecutor asked Faircloth, “Did Larry [Brewing-ton] know that you carried money in that folder?” Defendants’ objection to the question was overruled after a cautionary instruction by the court to the prosecutor not to lead the witness. Faircloth answered, “It’s possible.” Both defendants assign error to the court’s ruling.
Evidence that defendant Brewington knew that Faircloth was carrying a substantial sum of money in a folder would be relevant as evidence of motive. “The existence of a motive is ... a circumstance tending to make it more probable that the person in question did the act, hence evidence of motive is always admissible where the doing of the act is in dispute.” 1 Brandis, North Carolina Evidence § 83, at 304 (2d rev. ed. 1982).
Defendants contend, however, that Faircloth’s answer demonstrated that he had no personal knowledge of Brewington’s awareness of the existence of the money, and amounted to no more than impermissible speculation. We agree with defendants
Assuming that Faircloth’s response was beyond the realm of his personal knowledge and was speculative, defendants made no motion to strike the objectionable answer. “When the question does not indicate the inadmissibility of the answer, defendant should . move to strike as soon as the inadmissibility becomes known. Failure to do so constitutes a waiver.” Id. at 19, 310 S.E. 2d at 598. This assignment of error is overruled.
Both defendants also assign error to the admission into evidence of various records of Carolina Telephone and Telegraph Co. They contend that the evidence was irrelevant because the telephone records related to a telephone number issued to James C. Brewington and that the State did not show any nexus between James C. Brewington or his telephone and either of the defendants. We disagree. The telephone number, although listed on the records of the company as being issued to James C. Brewington, was the same number which defendant Larry Brewington gave law enforcement officers as being his own telephone number. Moreover, the address listed on the telephone company records was the same as defendant Brewington’s address. The records were duly authenticated by the company’s custodian for billing records and, if otherwise competent, were admissible under the business records exception to the hearsay rule. G.S. 8C-1, Rule 803(6); State v. Branch, 288 N.C. 514, 220 S.E. 2d 495 (1975), cert. denied, 433 U.S. 907, 53 L.Ed. 2d 1091, 97 S.Ct. 2971 (1977).
We do not, however, view the admission of these telephone numbers as sufficiently harmful to defendants as to necessitate a new trial. The indication in the telephone records that the calls originated from Fayetteville was properly admitted as part of the business records exception. The evidence of the specific telephone numbers of the pay telephone stations from which the calls were made was insignificant and could not have resulted in prejudice to defendants. Further testimony of the telephone company official indicated that one of the numbers was fictitious and the other was not that of any pay telephone station located near the place where the robbery occurred. This assignment of error is overruled.
Finally, both defendants assign as error the denial of their respective motions to dismiss the charges due to the insufficiency of the evidence. We have necessarily considered their contentions with respect to the charge of conspiracy in connection with an earlier assignment of error and have answered it adversely to defendants’ position.
The evidence is to be considered in the light most favorable to the State; the State is entitled to every reasonable intendment and every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom; contradictions and discrepancies are for the jury to resolve and do not warrant dismissal; and all of the evidence actually admitted, whether competent or incompetent, which is favorable to the State is to be considered by the court in ruling on the motion. [Citations omitted.]
Id. at 99, 261 S.E. 2d at 117.
In his brief, defendant Brewington concedes that the evidence admitted by the trial court was sufficient to withstand his motions to dismiss; he only preserves his exceptions to the denial of the motions in the event that we sustain his exceptions and assignments of error to the admission of that evidence. In making this concession, defendant Brewington necessarily concedes that his motions to dismiss were properly denied, since all of the evidence, whether competent or not, is to be considered in ruling on the motion. Even so, we have previously determined that the trial court did not commit prejudicial error with respect to the admission of evidence. Defendant Brewington’s assignments of error are overruled.
We also conclude that there was ample evidence before the trial court to defeat defendant Norris’ motions to dismiss. The evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the State, tends to show that defendant Norris, while armed with a shotgun and threatening its use, took money from the person of William Fair-cloth without Faircloth’s voluntary consent. Any inconsistencies concerning Faircloth’s identification of Norris as the perpetrator were for the jury to resolve. We find no error in the denial of the motions to dismiss.
The defendants received a fair trial, free of prejudicial error.