State v. BravermanState v. Braverman
This is a criminal prosecution in which the defendant entered nolo contendere pleas to certain criminal charges which the trial court accepted but later permitted the defendant to withdraw. The State petitions this court for a writ of certiorari seeking review of the order allowing the withdrawal of such pleas. The issues presented for review center on whether the trial court‘s order herein constitutes a departure from the essential requirements of law. We conclude that the petition for writ of certiorari should be granted and the order under review quashed.
I
The record reflects that the respondent, Allen Braverman, who was the defendant below, was charged by information before the Circuit Court for the Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Florida with possession of a controlled substance, sale or delivery of a controlled substance, conspiracy to commit a felony and assault with intent to commit murder. Three other co-defendants, including Kim Kestner, were jointly charged with the same crimes as well as other offenses not relevant here.
On July 24, 1974, the defendant through privately retained counsel filed a written plea of not guilty. Thereafter, over a year passed during which time the defendant continued to be represented by counsel who presumably took whatever steps he deemed necessary to investigate and prepare the case.
On November 14, 1975, the defendant appeared with counsel before the trial court for the purpose of changing his plea. The defendant through counsel asked the court to permit him to withdraw his plea of not guilty entered over a year ago and tendered a plea of nolo contendere to two counts in the information, to wit: sale or delivery of a controlled substance, and assault with intent to commit murder. A lengthy proffer of the facts pertaining to these two charges was made by the assistant state attorney.
No representation was made by either party or the court that the plea was being tendered or accepted pursuant to any plea negotiation agreement between the state and the defense. See
On July 30, 1976, the motion came on for a hearing before the trial court. The hearing centered entirely on the first ground of the motion relating to newly discovered evidence. No testimony or proofs were offered in support of the other two grounds. The defendant established that newly discovered evidence had come to the attention of the defense counsel since the entry of the nolo pleas. This evidence consisted of a letter from the co-defendant, Kim Kestner, to her attorney which states as follows:
July 28, 1976.
S.L. GAER
99 N.W. 183rd Street, Suite 111
Miami, Florida 33169
Dear Mr. Gaer,
This is to authorize you to state that on the night of my arrest in the case that you represented me for and on, the undercover agents who were later determined to be police officers, when entering my apartment did not announce nor did I hear them announce that they were in fact police officers.
You have fully and completely explained to me the confidentiality existing by virtue of our relationship. Fully understanding this, I hereby waive the privilege of confidentiality existing between an attorney and client with respect to the and solely with respect to the aforementioned.
Yours,
/s/ Kim Kestner
KIM KESTNER
Kestner‘s attorney was present at the hearing and announced to the court that his client would not testify at any future trial of the defendant Braverman. He further stated that his client had authorized him to testify in her behalf only as to the contents of the letter and to no more.
The trial court granted the motion to withdraw the nolo pleas over the vigorous protest of the state. This petition for writ of certiorari follows.
II
The major issue presented for review is whether newly discovered evidence constitutes a sufficient ground for the withdrawal of a nolo contendere plea to a criminal charge prior to sentencing. We hold that newly discovered evidence constitutes a sufficient ground for the withdrawal of a nolo contendere plea prior to sentencing only upon a showing that the ends of justice would be served by permitting such a withdrawal.
It is the established law of this state that a plea of guilty or nolo contendere should be entirely voluntary by one competent to know the consequences, and should not be induced by fear, misapprehension, undue persuasion, promises, mistake, fraud, inadvertence or ignorance. A defendant should be permitted to withdraw a plea of guilty or nolo contendere prior to sentencing where it is the least evident that the plea was infected by any of the above influences or was entered by one not competent to know its consequences or was otherwise involuntary, or where it appears that the ends of justice would be served by the withdrawal of such a plea. The defendant has the burden of establishing one of the above grounds in order to be entitled to withdraw his guilty or nolo contendere plea. Canada v. State, 144 Fla. 633, 198 So. 220 (1940); Eckles v. State, 132 Fla. 526, 180 So. 764 (1938); Pope v. State, 56 Fla. 81, 47 So. 487 (1908); Stapleton v. State, 239 So.2d 140 (Fla.1st DCA 1970); Riddle v. State, 212 So.2d 122 (Fla.2d DCA 1968); Ostermann v. State, 183 So.2d 873 (Fla.2d DCA 1966); Jackman v. State, 160 So.2d 554 (Fla.3d DCA 1964); Hill v. State, 110 So.2d 464 (Fla.2d DCA 1959).
In the instant case, the defendant with counsel entered pleas of nolo contendere to two criminal charges after a factual basis for the pleas had been shown and after the trial court made a thorough and searching inquiry of the defendant which established that the pleas were freely and voluntarily entered with full knowledge of its consequences. Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969). The defendant sought to upset these otherwise valid pleas on the basis of a newly discovered letter from a co-defendant to her attorney stating that the arresting police officers in this case did not announce their authority upon entering the apartment where the arrest of the defendant occurred.
This newly discovered evidence in no way relates to any of the established grounds for setting aside a nolo contendere plea prior to sentencing under Florida law. It fails to establish that the pleas were not freely and voluntarily entered by one competent to understand its consequences. It fails to establish that the pleas were induced by fear, misapprehension, undue persuasion, promises, mistake, fraud or ignorance. It fails to establish that the ends of justice would be served by permitting the pleas to be withdrawn.
The letter from the co-defendant and the testimony of the co-defendant‘s counsel concerning the contents of the letter would be completely inadmissible in evidence at any future trial of the defendant. Such evidence constitutes rank hearsay. See McNeal v. State, 76 Fla. 200, 79 So. 728 (1918); Belk v. State, 167 So.2d 239 (Fla.2d DCA 1964). Aside from that insurmountable obstacle, the evidence in no way raises a serious question as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. It does not affect the defendant‘s guilt or innocence on the charge of sale or delivery of a controlled substance, and the defendant makes no contention to the contrary. Its probative value, if any, on the assault charge is of gossamer strength.
In the trial court, the defendant argued that the letter and the testimony of co-defendant‘s counsel concerning the contents of the letter was admissible under the authority of Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973). We do not agree. In Chambers, the Court held that it was a denial of due process under the
Ordinarily, newly discovered evidence cannot constitute a ground for withdrawing a nolo contendere or guilty plea prior to sentencing since it in no sense relates to whether the plea was entered freely and voluntarily with full knowledge of its consequences or was induced by some improper influence. Only upon a showing that the ends of justice would be served can newly discovered evidence constitute a basis for withdrawing such pleas prior to sentencing. We believe that such a showing should be reserved to those cases where evidence has been uncovered subsequent to the plea which raises a substantial question as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Our law should never be so inflexible that a showing of innocence would be to no avail in withdrawing a nolo contendere or guilty plea prior to sentencing. See Ex parte Welles, 53 So.2d 708, 711-12 (Fla. 1951). We find no such showing in this case, however, in view of the inadmissible nature of the newly discovered evidence as well as its scant probative value.
It was, therefore, a departure from the essential requirements of law for the trial court to permit the defendant to withdraw the nolo contendere pleas herein on the ground of newly discovered evidence. Although the trial court has wide discretion in allowing the withdrawal of guilty or nolo contendere pleas, it is not an unfettered discretion in which such pleas can be withdrawn upon mere demand by the defendant without a showing of good cause. There is no such showing in this case and, therefore, the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the withdrawal of the nolo contendere pleas based on this ground.
III
The final issue remaining is whether any other grounds were established by the defendant in the trial court for withdrawing the nolo contendere pleas. The defendant asserted two other grounds in his motion to withdraw the pleas, to wit: the failure of the state to make certain pre-trial discovery and the entry of the pleas upon an honest misunderstanding as to the expected sentence. He failed, however, to present to the trial court any proof whatever in support of either ground. Mere naked allegations contained in a motion to withdraw a nolo contendere or guilty plea unsupported by any proof can never constitute a basis for the withdrawal of such pleas. Ostermann v. State, 183 So.2d 873 (Fla.2d DCA 1966). Consequently, it was a departure from the essential requirements of law for the trial court to permit the withdrawal of the nolo contendere pleas herein based on either of these grounds in the absence of any supporting proof.
The petition for writ of certiorari is granted, the order appealed from is quashed and the cause remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BARKDULL, Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. I have found no case in Florida that has quashed a trial judge for exercising his discretion, in permitting the withdrawal of a plea of guilty (a nolo plea is the same as a guilty plea) prior to a sentencing hearing.
There are many cases where, upon the denial of such a motion, the trial court sentenced the defendant and upon appeal the trial judge was reversed for failing to grant such a motion. Riddle v. State, 212 So.2d 122 (Fla.3rd D.C.A. 1968); Morton v. State, 317 So.2d 145 (Fla.2nd D.C.A. 1975). There are other cases which have approved the trial judge‘s denial of same [Pope v. State, 56 Fla. 81, 47 So. 487 (1908); Ostermann v. State, 183 So.2d 873 (Fla.2nd D.C.A. 1966); Sutton v. State, 202 So.2d 589 (Fla.1st D.C.A. 1967)] but I have found no cases that entertained a common law petition for certiorari and thereby quashed a
A review of the cases reveals that the courts lean toward a full trial on the issues. Eckles v. State, 132 Fla. 526, 180 So. 764 (1938); Artigas v. State, 140 Fla. 671, 192 So. 795 (1940); Hill v. State, 110 So.2d 464 (Fla.2nd D.C.A. 1959); Riddle v. State, supra; Morton v. State, supra. And, in light of the pronouncements of the trial judge in this matter at the time he granted the motion:
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“THE COURT: One of the other reasons I granted a new trial — and I was of a mind all the way to grant it — I think the defendant was laboring under the apprehension originally that there was a deal made in this case and I don‘t think that was fully overcome, notwithstanding his answers on voir dire, the information before I accepted the plea.”
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I would not quash his order.