THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. THOMAS EUGENE BRAUN et al., Appellants.
[Nos. 41885, 41888. En Banc. May 3, 1973.]
Supreme Court of Washington
May 3, 1973.
82 Wn.2d 157 | 509 P.2d 742
STAFFORD, J.
Williams & Novack and Edward D. Hansen, for appellant Maine (appointed counsel for appeal).
Robert E. Schillberg, Prosecuting Attorney, and David G. Metcalf, Deputy, for respondent.
STAFFORD, J.—A jury found the codefendants, Braun and Maine, guilty of first-degree murder, first-degree kidnapping, robbery and larceny by possession. The jury also determined that defendant Braun should receive the death penalty. Both defendants have appealed.
Codefendants began a 6-day crime spree with the burglary of a store in Twisp, Washington, where .22 caliber pistols and some ammunition were stolen. Thereafter they kidnapped a young woman in Snohomish County, murdered her and stole her car. They continued with the robbery of a hotel in Seattle, another murder and car theft in Oregon, another murder, rape, attempted murder and a kidnapping in California. Finally, they were arrested in California.
Defendants were incarcerated in California during which time each made a confession. They were tried jointly in California and found guilty of multiple crimes. Codefendant Maine testified at the trial and attempted to excuse his participation in the crimes by placing the primary blame upon Braun. Maine received life imprisonment and Braun was sentenced to death.
Subsequently, they were returned to Washington and
Defendants were found guilty of all charges. The death penalty was imposed upon Braun, and Maine was sentenced to life imprisonment. The defendants’ separate appeals have been consolidated for the purpose of review.
Defendant Braun assigns error to the admission of his California confession. He claims that he had not made a knowing and intelligent waiver of his rights.
Following their arrest on the morning of August 22, 1967, defendants were taken to the county jail in Sonora, California. At lunchtime Maine told the jailer that Braun had “killed them.” He was cautioned to say no more. At about 12:30 p.m., in the presence of the jailer and a court reporter, Maine was interrogated by Agent John Smoot of the California Department of Justice. Mr. Smoot identified himself as a police officer, informed Maine of his constitutional rights and that he was under suspicion of attempted murder. Maine indicated that he understood his rights and was willing to talk. Thereafter, he confessed to the entire series of crimes but placed primary responsibility for the murders upon Braun. Maine does not challenge his own confession.
Shortly thereafter, Agent Smoot interviewed Braun. A court reporter was present. The record indicates that Smoot identified himself as a police officer and gave Braun the warning required by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 10 A.L.R.3d 974 (1966). Although Braun asked some questions about the appointment of counsel, his immediate concern was to talk with Maine rather than with a lawyer.1 Furthermore, he asserted his right to remain silent and the interview terminated.
Pursuant to
There is substantial evidence to support the trial court‘s determination that Braun made a knowing and intelligent waiver of his rights and voluntarily confessed. Reading the court reporter‘s transcript of the first interview in the light most favorable to Braun indicates that he was asserting his right to remain silent until he talked to Maine and he wanted to check with Maine to determine what arrangements to make about counsel. In fact, he testified at the pretrial confession hearing that the reason he wanted to talk with Maine was to “Find out basically whether or not he had the funds to hire an attorney, or whether his parents might be able to hire one.”
Clearly this is not a case in which a defendant asserted his rights and the police refused to take “no” for an answer. See State v. Blanchey, 75 Wn.2d 926, 930, 454 P.2d 841 (1969), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 1045, 24 L. Ed. 2d 688, 90 S. Ct. 694 (1970). Having originally complied with Braun‘s
Braun claims his waiver was not voluntary because of deception practiced by the California police. Between the time of Braun‘s first and second interrogations, Agent Smoot reinterviewed Maine and told him that his confession would be admissible against Braun if repeated in Braun‘s presence. Immediately preceding Braun‘s second interrogation, Braun and Maine were allowed to confer pursuant to Braun‘s own request. At that time Maine told Braun that he intended to confess in his presence and that a statement so made could be used against Braun. Actually, this was a misstatement of California law.2 It had been related to Maine, however, for the purpose of inducing Braun to confess by convincing him that denial of Maine‘s assertions would be futile. Braun argues that such deception vitiates his waiver as a matter of law.
While we do not condone deception, that alone does not make a confession inadmissible as a matter of law. State v. Thompson, 38 Wn.2d 774, 232 P.2d 87 (1951). See generally Annot., 99 A.L.R.2d 772 (1965). Prior to Miranda the inquiry was whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the deception practiced was such as to make the confession involuntary. Frazier v. Cupp, 394 U.S. 731, 22 L. Ed. 2d 684, 89 S. Ct. 1420 (1969). Since Miranda the inquiry has shifted to whether the deception was such as to make a waiver of constitutional rights involuntary. Thessen v. State, 454 P.2d 341 (Alas. 1969); see also People v. Watkins, 6 Cal. App. 3d 119, 85 Cal. Rptr. 621 (1970); People v. Smith, 108 Ill. App. 2d 172, 246 N.E.2d 689 (1969), cert. denied, 397 U.S. 1001, 25 L. Ed. 2d 412, 90 S. Ct. 1150 (1970). The test of voluntariness is “whether the behavior of the State‘s law enforcement officials was such as to over-
The state bears the burden of proving voluntariness by a preponderance of the evidence, however, rather than beyond a reasonable doubt as asserted by defendant Braun. Lego v. Twomey, 404 U.S. 477, 30 L. Ed. 2d 618, 92 S. Ct. 619 (1972); State v. Davis, 73 Wn.2d 271, 285-86, 438 P.2d 185 (1968). The state has met that burden. An examination of cases in which the effect of deception on the voluntariness of a confession was at issue demonstrates that the deception here involved is not the type which, as a matter of law, has been held to overbear a defendant‘s will to resist. Confessions have been held to be involuntary when the police have misrepresented that the accused‘s wife would be taken into custody if he did not confess,3 or that a friend would lose his job if the accused did not confess,4 or when a confession was obtained while the accused was under hypnosis.5 On the other hand, a confession has been held to be voluntary even though the suspect was falsely told that his polygraph examination showed gross deceptive patterns,6 or that a cosuspect had named him as the triggerman,7 or when the police concealed the fact that the victim had died.8
There is substantial evidence to support the trial court‘s conclusion in this case that Braun‘s waiver was voluntary.
Prior to the second interview, at which he confessed, he was again given the Miranda warnings. He indicated he fully understood his rights and desired to talk. Thereafter, he fully and without hesitation confessed, assuming full responsibility for the actual killings. There is no evidence that he was threatened, coerced or cajoled by the authorities. Under such circumstances, we cannot say Braun‘s waiver was involuntary. The confession was admissible.
Although present in court, codefendant Maine did not testify in the instant case. The state introduced Maine‘s testimony, given at the Braun-Maine trial in California, concerning the Snohomish County crimes. The jury was instructed to consider it only on the issue of Maine‘s guilt. Braun assigns error to the introduction of such testimony. He asserts that despite the cautionary instruction, the use of Maine‘s testimony, given at their prior joint trial, denied his right to confront witnesses against him guaranteed by the
Braun‘s brief states generally that Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 20 L. Ed. 2d 476, 88 S. Ct. 1620 (1968), “is only analogously applicable to the facts of the instant case.” Orally he argued emphatically that this is not a Bruton-type case. Since we do not actually reach the Bruton issue, if any, it is sufficient to say that Bruton involved the admissibility of hearsay evidence of a codefendant‘s out-of-court oral confession which implicated the defend-
For the purpose of this case, it is evident that Harrington v. California, 395 U.S. 250, 23 L. Ed. 2d 284, 89 S. Ct. 1726 (1969), has seriously circumscribed the application of Bruton by applying the doctrine of harmless constitutional error. In Harrington the defendant was tried with three codefendants, each of whom had confessed and implicated the defendant in varying degrees. Only one codefendant took the stand, although the confessions of the others were admitted. Defendant contended that admission of the other two confessions denied him the right of confrontation. The court held, however, that evidence against the defendant, including his own statement which placed him at the scene of the crime, was so overwhelming that the violation of Bruton was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
In an effort to avoid the impact of Harrington, Braun does not rely upon Bruton. Rather, he depends upon California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 26 L. Ed. 2d 489, 90 S. Ct. 1930 (1970); Barber v. Page, 390 U.S. 719, 20 L. Ed. 2d 255, 88 S. Ct. 1318 (1968); and Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 13 L. Ed. 2d 923, 85 S. Ct. 1065 (1965). In Green hearsay evidence, consisting of an out-of-court statement to a third party implicating the defendant, was held admissible because the declarant testified and was confronted by the defendant at trial. On an alternative and independent ground, the court held that the hearsay evidence was admissible because it consisted of testimony taken under oath and subject to cross-examination by the defendant‘s counsel at a preliminary hearing on the charges on which he was being tried. Braun asserts, however, that the use of Maine‘s prior testimony in California does not meet the requirements of Green because the Snohomish County trial involved different charges, different issues, and different lawyers.
Braun also argues that he had incompetent counsel in California, thus, attempting to bring Pointer into play. That
Next, Braun contends that his right to confrontation was violated because the state did not call Maine to testify at the instant trial. He relies on Barber v. Page, supra. In Barber the court held that the transcript of a preliminary hearing, containing codefendant‘s testimony was inadmissible at the defendant‘s subsequent separate trial because the state made no showing of a “good faith effort” to have the declarant present to testify. At the time, the declarant was in prison.
Braun urges that by joining the two trials the state deliberately attempted to circumvent Barber. It should be noted, however, that there is neither an indication that the state was in a position to call Maine, although he was present in court, nor an indication that Braun attempted to call him either in or out of the jury‘s presence.
However, whether this case is distinguishable from Bruton or is more properly decided under Green, Pointer and Barber, the right to confrontation remains the central issue. Harrington makes it clear that the doctrine of harmless constitutional error may apply when the right to confrontation is asserted. We held similarly in State v. Aiken, 75 Wn.2d 421, 452 P.2d 232 (1969), rev‘d on other grounds in 403 U.S. 946, 29 L. Ed. 2d 856, 91 S. Ct. 2283 (1971), that an incriminating extrajudicial statement of a codefendant admitted without the codefendant testifying at the trial is not a denial of the right to confrontation where the evidence of guilt is overwhelming. In Braun‘s case, evidence of guilt is stronger than in either Harrington or Aiken. In
Defendant Braun next assigns error to imposition of the death penalty, claiming it is cruel and unusual punishment thus violating the eighth amendment to the federal constitution. The United States Supreme Court has recently held, by a plurality rather than by a true majority opinion, that the death penalty violates both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments when determined and imposed in the manner now provided by law. Furman v. Georgia, 405 U.S. 912, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346, 92 S. Ct. 2726 (1972).
We are obliged to follow its interpretation of the federal constitution and do so in this case, there being no significant difference between the result of the law challenged in Furman and our own. Thus, we hold that the death penalty, as now determined and imposed under existing laws of this state, is unconstitutional under the eighth and fourteenth amendments to the federal constitution. State v. Baker, 81 Wn.2d 281, 501 P.2d 284 (1972); State v. Vidal, 82 Wn.2d 74, 508 P.2d 158 (1973).
Defendant Maine claims the refusal to grant a change of venue resulted in the denial of his right to trial by an impartial jury guaranteed by the
The granting of a change of venue is discretionary. State v. Stiltner, 80 Wn.2d 47, 491 P.2d 1043 (1971); State v. Hawkins, 70 Wn.2d 697, 425 P.2d 390 (1967). Defendant Maine has shown no prejudice. The Snohomish County trial was conducted 3 years after the commission of the crimes. No surge of community reaction preceded the trial. Press coverage at the time codefendants were returned to this state was minimal. The facts here differ from those in Stiltner wherein we held that the trial court erred by denying a change of venue. In Stiltner the accused was well known in the community and there was considerable pretrial publicity, including accusatory newspaper articles. No such abuse of discretion occurred here.
Both defendants attack the trial court‘s failure to sequester the jury, contending it is possible they were subjected to prejudicial publicity thereby. A review of the facts indicates that prior to the trial the defendants and the state entered into a written stipulation to allow separation of the jury. The trial court approved and the separation was ordered. The defendants argue, however, that such stipulation did not relieve the trial court of its duty to provide them with a fair trial by an impartial jury untainted by prejudicial publicity.
The trial court directed its attention toward that very goal. On the first day of jury selection the court carefully and fully instructed the jury against reading or listening to any news reports of the case, or any criminal case, and to forego discussion of the case with others. Thereafter, copies of such instructions were given to all prospective jurors who were not initially excused for cause or released by stipulation. The jury panel was finally completed, all jurors were sworn, and the trial began on October 27th. At the end of that trial day the jurors were again reminded of the instructions previously given. In addition to the foregoing, the trial court issued a pretrial order which prohibited the news media from reporting any testimony ruled inadmissible after a hearing in the absence of the jury.
On October 29th an article regarding the trial appeared in the Seattle Times, an evening paper of general circula-
Defendants make no showing of actual prejudice. They assert, however, that such an affirmative showing is unnecessary because prejudice is presumed. In support of their position they rely on Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333, 16 L. Ed. 2d 600, 86 S. Ct. 1507 (1966); Estes v. Texas, 381 U.S. 532, 14 L. Ed. 2d 543, 85 S. Ct. 1628 (1965); Marshall v. United States, 360 U.S. 310, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1250, 79 S. Ct. 1171 (1959); State v. Stiltner, 80 Wn.2d 47, 491 P.2d 1043 (1971); and by analogy, Turner v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 466, 13 L. Ed. 2d 424, 85 S. Ct. 546 (1965) and State v. Parnell, 77 Wn.2d 503, 463 P.2d 134 (1969).
The factual circumstances in this case, however, are far different than in the above-cited cases. In Sheppard the defendant had been the subject of extensive unfavorable news coverage both long before and during the trial. Representatives of the press overran the courtroom. The Supreme Court found a denial of due process in the general carnival atmosphere that surrounded the trial and the fact that the trial judge had made no attempt to protect jurors from the inflammatory output of information by the news media. A similar circus atmosphere prevailed in Estes
Considered in the abstract the news article in the instant case might have been potentially prejudicial. But it was not prejudicial in fact. The possibility of any juror having seen it is so remote that the rule of “presumed prejudice” found in the above-cited cases is inapplicable. Here the court exercised tight control over news reports of the trial. There was one, and only one, breach of that control. It consisted of potentially prejudicial material in an evening newspaper which, prior to the jury‘s dismissal for the day, the court specifically ordered them not to read. Aside from that specific order, the court had continually instructed the jury not to read news accounts of the trial. It must be presumed that the jurors followed the court‘s instructions. State v. Studebaker, 67 Wn.2d 980, 983-84, 410 P.2d 913 (1966); State v. Costello, 59 Wn.2d 325, 332, 367 P.2d 816 (1962). In light of these facts we cannot say that
Defendant Maine assigns error to the trial court‘s denial of his motion for mistrial or for new trial, but has not briefed the issue. Assignments of error unsupported by argument are deemed waived. State v. Boggs, 80 Wn.2d 427, 495 P.2d 321 (1972).
Finally, counsel for defendant Braun alleges he was notified that this court places a $1,000 ceiling on attorney fees in capital cases. He argues that the amount is inadequate and has the effect of being a prior restraint on the diligence of counsel with the consequent effect of depriving the defendants of their “full measure” of due process and equal protection.
The argument is without merit. First there is no such ceiling. Second, attorney fees on appeal are within the sound discretion of this court. Finally, the competence of the briefs of both counsel as well as their oral arguments belie any possibility that either defendant was denied due process or equal protection of the law. The award of attorney fees actually made in this case is entirely appropriate.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed as to defendant Maine. As to defendant Braun, it is reversed only as to imposition of the death penalty. Defendant Braun is remanded to the trial court for resentencing on the crimes of first-degree murder and first-degree kidnapping.
FINLEY, ROSELLINI, HUNTER, HAMILTON, WRIGHT, and UTTER, JJ., concur.
HALE, C.J. (concurring specially)—I concur in the remand for resentencing not because I believe the death penalty now is or ever has been unconstitutional in this country, but because it is unthinkable that this court affirm an execution of death in the face of the Supreme Court declaration that “the death penalty in [these cases] constitute[s] cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments.” Furman v. Georgia, 405 U.S. 238, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346, 92 S. Ct. 2726 (1972). As Mr. Chief Justice Burger so carefully delineates in his monumental dissent to that opinion, the court “fundamentally misconceives the nature of the Eighth Amendment guarantee and flies directly in the face of controlling authority of extremely recent vintage.” Whatever personal views one may have of capital punishment and no matter how fervent his hopes for its abolition, neither represents a legitimate component of constitutional interpretation. If the death sentence is constitutional, the courts are and should be without power to abolish it. It is a fundamental tenet of self-government suffusing the whole scheme of constitutional law in this country that the defining of crimes and the prescribing of punishment therefor is an attribute of sovereignty to be discharged by the people through their legislative branch of government—a principle not to be denied or abridged by the judicial branch of government.
As the dissenting justices so trenchantly point out in Furman v. Georgia, supra, not only do the constitutions fail to deny to the states and the United States the power to apply the sentence of death for deliberate and horrendous crimes, but the constitutions in their very language authorize it. The
“No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury . . . ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; . . . nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. . . .”
(Italics mine.) See discussion in Mr. Justice Powell‘s dissenting opinion in Furman v. Georgia, supra. Neither should the language of the
Although the judiciary may be the final interpreter of the constitution, it is not the only one. All offices of the