460 P.2d 85 | Mont. | 1969
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This appeal results from a robbery conviction.
The appellant, Randall Gene Braden, at the time of his arrest in a stolen vehicle was 17 year», 8 months old. This was not his first encounter with the law. Testimony given at the time of his sentencing revealed that as a juvenile he had spent several years at the State Industrial School for Boys at Miles City; that he had escaped 4 times and was an escapee at the time of his arrest. The presentencing hearing also brought forth evidence that he had had psychiatric care at Miles City and following his arrest in Great Falls he had been sent to the state hospital for observation and care. Tests given at both institutions gave him. an IQ rating of 122. These factors are of import in view of several issues raised on this appeal.
Officer Bowen returned to police headquarters where he consulted Detective Hall. The two officers returned to the apartment and Detective Hall, while seated in the police car,- also noted the articles above mentioned. The two officers then returned to the police station and called Helena to check on whether or not the Capitol Motel was missing any towels or other property. They were informed that several nights before a TY set and some towels had been removed from one of the motel’s units. Further, the car which appellant was driving at the time of his arrest had disappeared from a Helena resideñce on the same evening the articles had been taken from the Capitol Motel.
With this information the two officers interviewed the appellant, first giving him the Miranda warning. The officérs stated that at this time the appellant admitted the theft of the articles from the Capitol Motel and requested the officers to pick up Ms clothes at the apartment and bring them to the police station.
The officers again returned to the apartment and while in the process of packing appellant’s clothes came upon a face mask and certain articles of clothing similar to those of a man who had robbed a Great Falls service Station 2 nights previous to
There was a telephone available to appellant and though the record is not clear it would appear he tried to call a bondsman and may have called one attorney.
Over the objection of appellant, the articles of clothing were admitted into evidence at the trial. At the trial one George B. Vaughn, the bookkeeper on duty at the service station at the time of the robbery, testified. Mr. Vaughn was an unusual witness for in his 58 years he had served as a sheriff in Idaho, had been superintendent of the state police of Idaho, had served during W.W.II in Naval Intelligence and before coming to Montana had served , as the Idaho State Safety Director. As a result of his experience and training in law enforcement he was an unusually perceptive witness.
Mr. Vaughn testified that at about 4:00 a. m. the morning of March 28, 1968, a man jumped him with a club and threatened “to knock my goddamn head off * * * if I didn’t hand the money over. ’ ’ This being the 4th time he had been robbed at that station, he immediately complied and turned over some $275. He further testified that before leaving the robber ordered him to another room made him lie down on the floor, and. then pulled the telephone cords out of the wall. As soon as he could Mr. Vaughn went to a nearby pay telephone and called the police.
Vaughn gave the following description of the robber: About six feet tall, about 180 pounds, wearing a blue coat, tan pants, tan shoes and that the face was covered by a blue mask.
The State introduced into evidence the shoes taken from appellant’s apartment and asked Vaughn if he had ever seen them before. He testified: “The shoes I saw that night were of this
Concerning the jacket, hood, and pants recovered from appellant’s apartment, Vaughn testified that they were identical to those worn by the robber.
The issues presented for review on this appeal are:
A. Whether exhibits 1, 2 and 3 were obtained as the result of an unlawful search and seizure and therefore should have heen excluded?
B. Whether evidence of other crimes should have been excluded ?
C. Whether the verdict is consistent with the law and the evidence and the evidence is sufficient to support a verdict of guilty?
D. Whether conclusions of the officers recorded on exhibit tags should have been excluded?
It should be noted prior to the discussion of the issues raised on appeal that the district court held a full pretrial hearing on the appellant’s motion to suppress covering issues A and B.
For the purposes of discussion issue A will be discussed under subissues: (1) Is section 95-1002, Br.C.M.1947, mandatory under this factual situation? (2) If not, did the trial court err in admitting the exhibits recovered from appellant’s'apartment?
(1) Section 95-1002, R.C.M.1947, reads as follows:'
“Waiver of counsel. A defendant may waive his right to counsel except that in all felony cases where the defendant is under eighteen (18) years of age the defendant shall be represented by counsel at every stage of the procedings.”
“This section is intended to protect the young and unwary who may not realize the importance of the advice and assistance of a lawyer. Also it is intended that the court may appoint counsel where the defendant lacks the intelligence or education to realize the importance of an attorney in the defense of a criminal charge.”
We hold that under the fact situation here the statute is not applicable. The facts fully developed at the pretrial hearing and at the trial support the trial judge’s decision.
(2) We find no error in the admission of the exhibits obtained from the appellant’s apartment. The record clearly indicates the appellant was given not only one Miranda warning but three during the course of the investigation which developed into a charge of robbery from an arrest for grand larceny of an automobile.
Section 95-701, R.C.M.1947, recognizes this kind of a search and seizure as lawful even though no warrant was issued where, as here, the appellant gave his consent.
This Court in State v. Yoss, 146 Mont. 508, 409 P.2d 452, set forth Montana’s law regarding search and seizure by consent:
“Neither the fact that he was informed that a search warrant could be obtained if he refused to consent to the search or the fact he was under arrest at the time he gave his consent will per se make the given consent coerced. Here the consent was given after the officers had informed him that they would obtain a search warrant if he refused to let them search his home so the waiver is both voluntary and competent. Simmons v. Bomar (U.S.D.C.Tenn.1964) 230 F. Supp. 226; Simmons v. State, 210 Tenn. 443, 360 S.W.2d 10; Commonwealth v. Wright, 411 Pa. 81, 190 A.2d 709. Concerning the giving of the consent while*96 under arrest the cases generally uphold the view that such facts do not per se make the consent involuntary. This court has held in a long line of cases, the most recent being State v. Nelson, 130 Mont. 466, 304 P.2d 1110, that if one consents to have his premise searched by an officer without a search warrant he cannot complain of it as an illegal search. State ex rel. Muzzy v. Uotila and Certain Intoxicating Liquors, 71 Mont. 351, 229 P. 724.” See also McDonald v. United States, 307 F.2d 272 (10th Cir. 1962); Channel v. United States, 285 F.2d 217 (9th Cir. 1960); Judd v. United States, 89 U.S.App.D.C. 64, 190 F.2d 649 (1951).
The fact that the police officers found the additional incriminating evidence when packing up the appellant’s personal possessions does not change the character of the evidence. They were packing his possessions at his request and under such a situation there is no unlawful search. Commenting on a similar fact situation in a recent federal case the Sixth Circuit said in the case of United States v. Blackburn, 389 F.2d 93 (1968):
“The police employed their usual procedure when a person who was staying in a hotel or motel room was arrested. In sending for the belongings of the parties there was no intention of making a search for evidence or instruments of the crime. The conduct of the police department in sending for the personal effects of the parties, itemizing them and storing them for safekeeping was entirely reasonable and logical. We find that the action of the police officers does not constitute a search.
“ ‘A search implies an examination of one’s premises or person Avith a view to the discovery of contraband or evidence of guil to be used in prosecution of a criminal action. The term implies exploratory investigation or quest.’ Haerr v. United States, 240 F.2d 533, 535 (C.A. 5).” See also State v. Williams, 153 Mont. 262, 455 P.2d 634; Heffley v. State (1967), 83 Nev. 100, 423 P.2d 666; State v. Pederson, 102 Ariz. 60, 424 P.2d 810.
The appellant’s contention that looking in the door of the apartment in the first instance constituted a search is without
Issue B raised by the appellant concerns whether evidence of other crimes should have been excluded. We find no prejudicial error. Assume that the evidence here complained of did raise another offense, it was necessary in the orderly presentation of the State’s case to enable the jury to understand the circumstances which lead the officers to go to appellant’s apartment to pack his belongings. The very heart of the case is whether the search was voluntary or involuntary, all of which tied into appellant’s arrest and custody. Too, the record showed only that he was stopped for driving a stolen vehicle and not that he had anything to do with the taking of the vehicle.
We do not find from the record that the appellant’s rights were prejudiced by the admission of testimony concerning his arrest or the admission of observed articles in his apartment for the trial court in its instructions properly instructed the jury to prevent any prejudice arising as follows:
“Testimony of witneses in this case relating to other crimes which may have been committed by Mr. Braden are not to be considered by you as any evidence of his guilt of the crime charged and you are to bear in mind that Mr. Braden is charged and is being tried for one (1) crime only.”
Issue C raised by appellant concerns whether the evidence is sufficient to support the verdict and whether the verdict is consistent with law. Section 94-4301, R.C.M.1947 defines robbery as follows:
“Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of force or fear.”
The State’s evidence established the robbery; that the victim Yaughn was threatened with a club; that he was put in fear of the robber’s actions; that the sum of $275 was forcibly taken.
Issue D, the final issue raised, concerns whether appellant’s rights were prejudiced by the conclusions of the officer as to the ownership of the exhibits introduced. The tags which identified State’s exhibits 1, 2 and 3, the articles of clothing taken, from appellant’s apartment, indicated that the items were the property of one “Randy. Haglund”.
The officer who tagged the items testified fully as to how and where he found the items and how he tagged them, this being necessary to maintain an unbroken chain of evidence. At the time the exhibits were introduced no objection was made to the so-called conclusions on the tags. Failure to object at the time the exhibits were introduced precludes appellant from raising this issue on appeal. State v. Jensen, 153 Mont. 233, 455 P.2d 631; State v. Campbell, 146 Mont. 251, 405 P.2d 978, 22 A.L.R. 3d 824.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.