Wе granted further review of a court of appeals decision to determine whether a person can be convicted of conspiracy when the only other alleged conspirator did not intend to commit the same crime. The court of appeals reversed the conspiracy conviction of defendant Gary Lynn Boyer оn the ground the trial court failed to instruct the jury on the necessity that the State prove the conspirators intended to commit the same criminal act. We affirm the decisiоn of the court of appeals.
The crime of conspiracy is defined in Iowa Code section 706.1 (1983):
Conspiracy is an agreement or combination between two or more persons to engage in a course of conduct which will consist, in whole or in part, of criminal acts to be committed by one or more of the conspiratоrs. A person shall not be convicted of a conspiracy without proof of an overt act by one or more of the conspirators evidencing a design to accomplish the purpose of the conspiracy by criminal means.
In the present case the State charged that defendant and Christina Parks conspired to sell onе-half pound of marijuana for $225.
Defendant’s theory of defense was that Christina Parks did not intend to sell marijuana on the occasion involved. He asserted that she feigned agreement to sell it but actually intended merely to misappropriate the purchaser’s money. Throughout the trial defendant urged that he could not be convicted of cоnspiracy based on his unilateral intent to sell marijuana. He raised the issue in moving for directed verdict, in objecting to the trial court’s instructions, and in asking for a new trial. The State сoncedes the allegations of the trial information obliged it to prove defendant and Parks had a common intent to sell marijuana, but it argues that substantial evidence suрports the verdict and that the jury was correctly instructed on the issue. The court of appeals agreed on the sufficiency of evidence but reversed for allegеd instructional error.
Before addressing the legal issues, we summarize the evidence. Parks was a friend of defendant’s wife from whom defendant had previously purchased marijuanа. An undercover officer named Scott told defendant he wished to purchase one-half pound of marijuana. Defendant agreed to assist him, and his wife called Parks to see if she could get the marijuana to sell to Scott. Parks said she could, and defendant drove Scott to Parks’ home so the purchase could be carried out. Scott аnd Parks negotiated a price of $225. Parks told Scott she would have to show the money to the individual that would be bringing the marijuana. Subsequently someone knocked on the door and Parks went to the door with the money, stepped outside for a short time, and then returned with a report that the marijuana would be delivered in approximately 15 minutes. Parks left the residence four or five times purportedly to make telephone calls concerning the marijuana, but when it had not arrived after more than an hour Scott and defеndant left the premises. Defendant and Parks were later arrested for conspiracy to sell marijuana based on this incident.
*499 Parks insisted she intended to steal Scott’s money аnd never intended to obtain marijuana for him. She pled guilty to a charge of third-degree theft under Code section 714.2(3) and testified to her version of the transaction as a State witness at defendant’s trial.
For purposes of review we will disregard the State’s concession that the allegations of the trial information limited it to proving conspiracy based on mutual intent of defendant and Parks to sell the marijuana. We will address the more fundamental question whether the crime of conspiracy requires that the parties agree to commit the same criminal act. This court has not directly answered that question previously although it has recognized the necessity of concurrence of at least two persons in the commission of the offense. Thus an acquittal of all but one alleged conspirator removes the basis for the charge.
State v. Keul,
Authorities uniformly hold that mutuality of intent is essential for proоf of criminal conspiracy unless the governing statute makes proof of unilateral intent sufficient. The general law has been stated as follows:
Conspiracy to commit a crime is a different offense from the crime that is the object of the conspiracy. One necessarily involves joint action; the other does not. By its nature, conspiracy is a joint or group offense requiring a concert of free wills, and the union of the minds of at least two persons is a prerequisite to the commission of the offense. Thе essence of conspiracy is, therefore, a mental confederation involving at least two persons; the crime is indivisible in the sense that it requires more than one guilty рerson; and where the joint intent does not exist, the basis of the charge of conspiracy is necessarily swept away, [citation]. In short, the guilt of both persons must concur to constitute that of either. It is upon this premise that the authorities all agree that if two persons are charged as conspirators and one is an entrapper, оr merely feigns acquiescence in the criminal intent, there is no punishable conspiracy because there was no agreement on the part of the one to еngage in a criminal conspiracy, [citations].
Regle v. State,
In contrast, the Model Penal Code suggests a definition of conspiracy that permits conviction based on only the accused party’s intent so long as the accused believes anothеr party to the alleged conspiracy has the same intent. See Model Penal Code § 5.03-5.04 (1962); W. LaFave & A. Scott, Jr., supra, § 61, at 462 n. 101 (“Model Penal Code § 5.03(1) is stated in terms of what is required to establish liability with respect to any given actor, in contrast to the traditional approach of requiring agreement between two or more persons.”).
The Iowa statute places this jurisdiction with those taking the traditional approach rather than the modified approach of the Model Penal Code. Consequently we hold that section 706.1 requires that the conspirators actually agree at some point on the criminal act that serves as the object of the conspiracy. We do not hold that one conspirator may not intend something more; the intent need not be identical, but it must include the intent *500 necessary for the substantive offense. We now turn to the specific issues here.
I.
Sufficiency of the evidence.
We agree with the trial court and court of appeals which held the evidence sufficient for the jury to find defendant and Parks each intended to sell the marijuana. Under the whole record the jury could find Parks had previously sold marijuana, agreed with defendant to do so in this occasion, discussed future sales with Scott, assisted defendant after Scott’s money was taken in attempting to locаte the money and marijuana, and only subsequently altered her statement of intention in an effort to minimize her culpability. This evidence met the sufficiency standard in
State v. Schrier,
II. The instructions. Over timely objections by defense counsel, the trial court did not inform the jury of the State’s duty to prove defendant and Parks had the necessary mutual intent. The instructions included language requiring proof of “an agreement or combination” to engage in criminal acts. They аlso required proof that defendant entered the agreement with intent to sell marijuana, but they did not say Parks had to have the same intent. This omission was underscored by an interrogatory from the jury asking specifically, “Do all parties have to have intent?” The court’s response, challenged as inadequate by defense counsel, was, “I cannot аnswer your question. Please be guided by the Instructions.”
We agree with the court of appeals that in view of the theory of defense and evidence in this case the trial cоurt erred in refusing to instruct that the State had to prove the intent to sell marijuana was at some point mutual.
See generally State v. Templeton,
DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS AFFIRMED.