State v. Botha

75 P. 731 | Utah | 1904

BARTCH, J.,

having made a statement of the facts as above, delivered the opinion of the court.

1 The first assignment of error which requires consideration relates to the admission of evidence. The court permitted, over the objection of the defense that it was leading, and not proper, the witness Rose, who was present at the commission of the crime charged, to answer a question propounded by the prosecution, as follows: “Did you ever bear Mrs. Rotha give reasons for saying that sbe was afraid of Botha? As to what sbe bad beard him say about killing people, or anything of that nature.” The witness answered: '“I beard her say that Charlie bad told her that be bad killed two men in Germany.” The objection urged here cannot avail the appellant, under the circumstances disclosed by the transcript of the record. The defense itself, on cross-examination, laid the foundation for the objectionable question by interrogating the witness and receiving answers, as follows: “Did you bear Mrs. Botha talk about anything that referred to her leaving home? A. No, nothing more than I beard her say sbe was afraid to stay at her home. Q. Did she say why? A. Why sbe said sbe was afraid of Mr. Botha. Q. Did sbe say why sbe was afraid of him? A. Well, no; I don’t know as sbe did. Q. Do you know whether she did or not, in your presence? A. No, I don’t think sbe said really why. Sbe was afraid be would kill her was all.” After the defense bad thus introduced the subject, it was not improper for the court to permit the prosecution to pursue it in the same line, and ascertain the real reason why sbe was afraid of her husband. The witness evidently having forgotten one of the main reasons included within the scope of the questions propounded by the defense, it was within the discretion of the court to permit the prosecution, by a leading question, to revive the recollection of the witness, and thus ascertain the exact reason or cause of her fear. Underbill, Crim. Ev. sec. 213. The defense having gone into the subject, the prosecution bad a right to have the witness explain fully what Mrs. Botha stated as her reasons for leaving her husband’s home, in explanation of the conduct and actions of both herself and Mr. Tibbitts, and as indicating that sbe bad not left home and was not stopping at the latter’s place on the fatal night because of undue familiarity with him, but because sbe was afraid of her bus-band, and was simply stopping there on that occasion on her way to her sister in Colorado; that she was on her way to her sister appearing from other evidence.

It is true that the answer of the witness to the disputed question has some significance in this case. It tends to show that the actions and conduct of Mr. Tib-bitts — who, it appears, was present when she related her fears because of her husband — towards Mrs. Botha may have been induced through sympathy, rather than improper relations or motives. It also discloses the fact that the prisoner had himself. created a fear , in the breast of his wife that he would kill her, and that, under existing circumstances, he had no right to assume on the fatal night, as by his testimony he affects to have assumed, that undue familiarity existed between his victims. Such testimony tends to rebut the idea, that he was acting under an uncontrollable impulse in the heat of passion. If, therefore, the prosecution had elicited the evidence in dispute in the examination of the witness in chief, before the defense had introduced the subject, we might hesitate to hold, even under the circumstances of this case, that the question was improper. "Where, however, the defendant in a criminal action, through his counsel, upon cross-examination, sees fit to open up an avenue for questions, which, otherwise, it would be improper for the prosecution to propound, he must be content to take the consequences which legitimately flow from his indiscretion. Thereafter he will not be heard to complain of that for which he was himself responsible. State v. Mortensen, 26 Utah 312, 73 Pac. 562.

The appellant also complains of the action of the court respecting some of the testimony of the witness

2 Patterson.' In answer to a question by the prosecution he testified: “He (the defendant) asked me for a gun to go up to Mr. Tibbitts’ for his wife, and I refused to let him have a gun. ’ ’ He was then asked, “"Why?” This was objected to, but upon what ground does not appear. The objection was overruled, and the witness answered: ‘ ‘ He looked like lie was in an angry; passion. I didn’t like to let him have a gnn, for it appeared he was going np there to make mischief.” It is insisted that the phrase “to make mischief” was a mere opinion of the witness; that it was error to receive such opinion to show what the intent of the defendant was on that occasion; and that it was the province of the jury to determine what the prisoner’s purpose was. The reply to all this is that there was no objection made nor exception taken to the phrase, or any other portion of the answer of the witness. Nor was there any motion made to strike out. The objection thus urged must therefore fail.

3 For like reasons the objection how urged on behalf of the prisoner against the question propounded to the witness Stocks by the prosecution, as follows: “While you were there, did you learn personally about any petition or subscription that was going around with reference to Mrs. Botha?” even if it were sound, could not avail the appellant.

4

5

At the time of submitting the case to the jury, the defendant requested the court to charge, inter alia, as follows: “The jury are instructed that, even though they should find from the evidence that the accused killed the deceased under such circumstances as would constitute a killing, murder under the ordinary conditions, it would still be the duty of the jury to acquit the accused if the jury believed from the evidence that the defendant had at the time of the said killing reasonable and sufficient grounds for believing that the said killing was justifiable, and that he acted upon that belief. And this is true even though the information upon which the accused acted was untrue, provided it was received by the accused in such a form and manner as would cause a careful and cautious man to act upon it. ’ ’ The court refused this request, and upon the subject of the justification of the killing charged the jury, among other things, that homicide was justifiable “when committed in a sudden beat of passion, caused by tbe attempt of tbe deceased to commit a rape upon or to defile tbe wife, daughter, sister, mother, or other female relative or dependent of tbe accused, or when tbe defilement bad actually been committed. Tbe defilement of a female, as meant by these instructions, is accomplished when any male person, not tbe husband of such female, has bad sexual intercourse with such female. And tbe attempt to defile a female has been accomplished when such male person has attempted to have sexual intercourse with such female. Tbe fact of tbe defilement or attempted defilement may exist where tbe female has given her consent to such- sexual intercourse as well as when she has not given her consent. If tbe jury believe f-rom tbe evidence in this case that tbe deceased, William Tibbitts, bad sexual intercourse with tbe wife of tbe defendant, or attempted to have such intercourse with her, and if the jury further believe from tbe evidence that the defendant killed tbe deceased, William Tibbitts, in a sudden beat of passion, and if tbe jury further believe from tbe evidence that said sudden beat of passion was caused by tbe said sexual intercourse, then tbe jury should find tbe defendant not guilty.” Notwithstanding tbe charge thus given, tbe appellant insists that tbe court erred in refusing bis request. His contention is that tbe charge of tbe court limits justifiable homicide to cases in which tbe act of defilement can be actually proven, while be claims tbe law is that one is justified in acting upon appearances, with due limitations as to caution, even where tbe appearances may deceive tbe person acting. Neither in bis request nor in bis contention does be make any limitation as to time — whether tbe appearances which led to tbe homicide must have bgen present at tbe very time of its commission, or whether they may have occurred hours or days or any time previous thereto. Nor does this proposition require that tbe appearances at tbe time of tbe fatal act be such as would be likely to arouse in an ordinarily reasonable man an uncontrollable beat of passion, or that the act must have been committed by the accused while under the influence of such passion, and before sufficient time for cooling had elapsed, and for reason to again assert itself. This would certainly be a very broad and liberal construction of our statute',, in favor of criminals of this character. Under such an interpretation of the law, whether an act by which the-accused took the life of a human being was justified would depend almost exclusively upon the belief of the perpetrator of the crime. And this whether he acted upon appearances as they were at the time of the homicide or previous thereto, or upon information, derogatory to his victim, received hours, or even days, previous to the commission of the fatal act, whether true or false. Such a construction of the law, indeed, would not only shield and protect the heinous criminal, but expose the lives of law-abiding citizens to the villainy of the murderer, and become a reproach to civilization. The statute, in section 4168, Rev. St. 1898, provides, inter alia, that homicide is justifiable “when committed in a sudden heat of passion caused by the attempt of the deceased to commit a rape upon or to defile the wife, daughter, sister, mother, or other female relative or dependent of the accused, or when the defilement has actually been committed.” It will be noticed that under this provision an accused must have acted while in “a sudden heat of passion,” caused by the defilement or attempted defilement of one of the females mentioned, in order that his claim of justification for the killing of him who defiled or attempted to defile may avail him. The “sudden heat of passion” must have, at the time of the homicide, controlled his actions, stifled his power of reasoning, and, for the time being, rendered him incapable of distinguishing between right and wrong. Such uncontrollable passion must therefore necessarily have been aroused at such close proximity, in point of time, to the fatal act, as to have left no sufficient time intervening for cooling and for reason to again assert itself; and it follows that if, in any such case, sufficient time lias elapsed between tbe obtaining of knowledge by the accused of the defilement or attempted defilement and the commission of the homicide for cool reflection and deliberation by him, the killing is not justified, even though there has been a defilement or an attempt to defile. It is evident, therefore, that an accused cannot rely, for justification of the homicide, upon mere rumors heard or appearances observed by him at any distance of time before he commits the fatal act. In the enactment of the provision of the statute under consideration the Legislature evidently designed it to apply only to cases where the accused had come suddenly upon the defiler, in the act of defiling, or of attempting to defile, or where he had unexpectedly received reasonably reliable information of the same, and the fatal blow was struck or act done in an uncontrollable passion, suddenly aroused because of the suddenness of the occasion, and in the absence of sufficient time for deliberation and for reason to gain sway over the passion. The law was hot intended to shield an accused who, because of mere rumors or appearances, which he himself deems but to be evidence of undue familiarity between the male and the female, determines to kill them, and then with that purpose in view, pursues them, and deliberately and willfully shoots them down while in no act of defilement, and not even in a compromising position. Such killing renders the perpetrator guilty of murder in cold blood, and the statute will furnish him no protection.

In People v. Halliday, 5 Utah 467, 473, 474, 17 Pac. 122, this court, construing a like statute, said: “The provision of law quoted justifies a homicide committed by the husband in a sudden heat of passion caused by the attempt of the man slain to defile his wife, or caused by her defilement. But the killing must be without deliberation after knowledge of the fact. The law will not permit the husband to say that he slew the defiler of his wife in a sudden heat of passion after deliberating upon the defilement 24 hours. . . . The law is that if the husband, after learning of the defilement of his wife, waits and deliberates, and then kills the defiler, in so doing he commits the crime of murder.” Price v. The State, 18 Tex. App. 474, 51 Am. Rep. 322. In the absence of such a statute, proof that accused had done the killing in a heat of passion while the deceased was in the act of defiling, or in an attempt to defile, the wife or relative of the slayer, would not justify the homicide. Such proof at common law would only reduce the crime to manslaughter. “If a man,” says Blackstone, “takes another in the act of adultery with his wife, and kills him directly upon the spot, though this was allowed by the laws of Solon, as likewise by the Roman civil law (if the adulterer was found in the husband’s own house), and also among the ancient Goths, yet in England it is not absolutely ranked in the class of justifiable homicide, as in case of a forcible rape; but it is manslaughter. It is, however, the lowest degree of it, and therefore in such a case the court directed the burning in the hand to be gently inflicted, because there could not be a greater provocation.” 4 Bl. Comm. 191. So in 2 Bishop, Crim. Law (7th Ed.) 708, the author says: “If a husband finds his wife committing adultery, and, provoked by the wrong, instantly takes her life or the adulterer’s, . . . the homicide is only manslaughter. But if, on merely hearing of the outrage, he pursues and kills the offender, he commits murder. The distinction rests on the greater tendency of seeing the passing fact, than of hearing of it when accomplished, to stir the passions; and if a husband is not actually witnessing the wife’s adultery, but knows it is transpiring, and in an overpowering passion, no time for cooling having' elapsed, he kills the wrongdoer, the offense, is reduced to manslaughter. ’ ’

As we interpret the statute, it was intended to so modify the common law that a homicide would be justified where by that law the facts and circumstances would reduce the offense to manslaughter. It follows, therefore, that the proof of facts and circumstances which would he insufficient to reduce the offense to manslaughter at common law is insufficient to justify the homicide under the statute.

6 The proof in the case at bar shows the accused was a man 28 years of age. He married a girl of 15 — a mere child — and took her to his home, a “half dugout of one room,” away from friends and neighbors, greeted by nothing but poverty, and left her there alone for several days at a time. She, in her loneliness, went to neighbors, which was but natural, and which any man of reason would expect. The neighbors sympathized with her, and, seeing that she was in a condition that she needed help, circulated a petition to raise money to send her to her people, living in other states. On several occasions, when, as appears, she had left home, the accused induced her to return to him. In her solitude she hád at various times gone to other neighbors besides Mr. Tibbitts, and remained all night, but no witness except the accused observed any conduct on her part that created the impression or a suspicion of improper relations between her and Mr. Tibbitts, or .any one else, and the most that the accused could charge her with, it seems, was undue familiarity, and this because, as he says, at one time, long prior to the commission of the homicide, he saw Mr. Tibbitts have his arm around her waist; but this it appears was not observed by the witness Rose, who was there at the same time, and who, although present at the Tibbitts home during the times Mrs. Botha was there, testified that he never saw anything improper between her and Mr. Tibbitts. Without doubt the young wife’s lamentable situation was still more intensified when she learned from her husband’s own lips that he was a murderer. Having received this horrifying information, can it be wondered at that she should become alarmed for her own safety*? When she became aware that she had a husband who admittedly was guilty of the most heinous offense in the catalogue of crimes, how could she know she might not be — as, indeed, she proved to be — his next victim? Is-it, then, under such circumstances, to be marveled why she sought aid of a neighbor, at whose house both she and her husband had previously stopped, to secure her trunk and assist her, especially when such aid and assistance had been withheld by another? Under such circumstances,»in fear of her own life, having through his own confession of iniquitous guilt and the condition and situation in which he placed her and kept her, caused her not only to lose confidence in him, but also to lessen that wifely respect, admiration, and love which a woman naturally entertains for a worthy husband, her attempt to escape a life which evidently to her seemed unendurable was but a natural sequence. The circumstances of her situation serve largely to explain the design and actions of herself and Mr. Tibbitts, who, aware of her predicament, it may well be, assisted her out of sympathy, rather than for the purpose of defilement. When, therefore, the accused, on his return on that fatal day, found that his wife had left, and later, on his way to a neighbor, learned that Mr. Tibbitts had assisted her, with her effects, to his home, he was confronted with his own conduct toward, and. course of treatment of, his wife, and with the results which naturally flow from such conduct and treatment. Being thus confronted with his own wrong, the prisoner had no right to assume, as he now affects to have assumed,. that his wife had left him because of the existence of improper relations between her and him who was assisting her, and then, in the absence of any evidence of defilement or attempt to defile, pursue and deliberately slay them. There is absolutely no proof in the record to justify under the statute, or that would mitigate at common law, such a willful and premeditated murder as this is shown to be. There is no testimony showing that there was a defilement, or an attempt to defile the wife of the prisoner, and therefore there was no proof upon which to base such an instruction as the defendant requested. It is true there is evidence to the effect that, after the accused had shot his wife, she pleaded •with, him not to shoot Mr. Tibbitts, saying that he was not to blame; that, if any one was at fault, it was herself. Bnt, in the light of the circumstances which caused her to leave the defendant, such statement so made by her cannot reasonably be construed into an admission of defilement. If the accused had been acting, as he would now have it appear that he acted, under the belief that there was defilement, that plea or statement of itself ought to have indicated to him that he might be mistaken, and caused him to hesitate, for, if' there had been a defilement, or an attempt to defile, it would have been contrary to nature, especially in her tender years, for her, conscious of impending death, to plead innocence as to the author of her misfortune. Doubtless what the unfortunate young wife, stricken down by her own husband, meant, by her last utterance, was that, if there was any fault, it lay in her attempt to leave her husband, for which, evidently, in her opinion, Mr: Tibbitts was not to blame. Nor is there any evidence showing or tending to show that Mr. Tibbitts ever advised Mrs. Botha to leave her husband. Instead of hesitating, however, the accused simply demanded an ‘ ‘ explanation, ’ ’ and, without giving time to explain, deliberately killed him whom his dying wife had just declared innocent, and thus committed the homicide for which he is here called upon to answer.

7 The prisoner now claims that the killing of his wife was an accident; that he put the gun to her back to push her aside, and accidently shot her. But when his conduct in, immediately after shooting her, as appears from the evidence of witness Rose, examining the wound, and pronouncing it a good job, is considered in connection with his conversation with the witness Patterson, several hours after the killing, wherein, among other things, clearly showing malice aforethought, he declared, ‘ ‘ She was the first one to get it,” and said, “I fixed them both so they could go off to heaven together,” his claim of accident becomes futile, and but suggests perjury added to hideous and shocking murder. Nature herself must revolt at such a crime, and pronounce the perpetrator an inhuman prodigy. Surely, it suggests the lamentable thought that, after all, no creature upon Cod’s footstool is susceptible of greater cruelty than fallen man. It seems a mind once bent on total depravity has depths fathomless. As to such a case, a court of justice can but permit the majesty of the law to assert itself for the protection of law-abiding humanity and the purification of society.

4, 6 Under the facts and circumstances disclosed by this record, we do not hesitate to hold that the request to charge under consideration was properly refused, and that the instructions of the court above quoted were more liberal, in favor of the prisoner, than was warranted by the proof. Nor do we think the court, under the circumstances erred in refusing either of the other requests of the defendant to charge. Nor, after careful examination and consideration of all the questions presented, do we find any reversible error.

The judgment must therefore be affirmed, and the case remanded for further proceedings according to law. It is so ordered.

BASKIN, C. J., and McCARTY, J., concur.