40 Conn. App. 420 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1996
The defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered by the court, following his plea of nolo contendere,
The trial court found the following facts. On September 10, 1993, at approximately 11 p.m., the defendant was operating a motor vehicle on Wolcott Road, which is Route 69, in the town of Wolcott. At that time, five Wolcott police officers, together with five or six members of the state police, were conducting a sobriety checkpoint near the intersection of Wolcott and Nichols Roads. The defendant stopped his automobile at the checkpoint, and a Wolcott patrol officer engaged the defendant in a brief conversation, inquiring where the defendant was coming from and whether he knew the time. The defendant did not know the correct time, emitted an odor of alcohol on his breath, and slurred his speech. The officer instructed the defendant to pull his vehicle into an adjacent parking lot and turn off his vehicle’s engine. Thereafter, the defendant failed certain field sobriety tests. The officer also determined that the defendant’s driver’s license was under suspension. Upon completion of the field tests, the police officers arrested the defendant and transported him to police headquarters where they administered breathalyzer tests. The defendant was charged with operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor in violation of § 14-227a (a) and operating a motor vehicle while his license was under suspension in violation of General Statutes § 14-215 (c).
The trial court, in a well reasoned memorandum of decision, rejected the defendant’s claim that sobriety checkpoints violate article first, § 7, of our state constitution. The court analyzed the constitutionality of sobriety checkpoints by employing a test that balanced the competing interests of the state against the individual’s liberty, as had been done by our Supreme Court in State v. Januszewski, 182 Conn. 142, 148, 438 A.2d 679 (1980), cert. denied, 453 U.S. 922, 101 S. Ct. 3159, 69 L. Ed. 2d 1005 (1981). The defendant conceded during oral argument, and we agree, that this balancing test, as adopted by the trial court, is the proper test to use in this case. The defendant argues, however, that the test
There is no question that the initial detention of the defendant at the sobriety checkpoint was for general investigatory purposes and did not constitute an actual arrest of his person or a complete seizure of his person or automobile. Nonetheless, a sufficient restraint on the defendant’s liberty is evident and implicates his right under article first, § 7, to be secure in his person against “unreasonable searches and seizures.”
“The state has a vital interest in keeping intoxicated drivers off the roads and highways. . . . Balanced against that strong state interest is the intrusiveness of roadside sobriety testing, by which police measure the physical performance of a suspected intoxicated driver before allowing that person to continue driving.” Id. While the results of a sobriety test are admissible if the test does not involve long delay or unreasonable intrusion and is administered on the basis of a reasonable and articulable suspicion; id.; the defendant goes one step further and argues that the initial stop itself must be based on “reasonable or articulable suspicion,” otherwise, the defendant maintains, the stop does not pass state constitutional standards under article first, §7.
Article first, § 7, of the Connecticut constitution may provide more substantive protection to citizens than does the fourth amendment of the United States constitution. State v. Miller, 227 Conn. 363, 379, 630 A.2d 1315 (1993); State v. Kimbro, 197 Conn. 219, 233, 496 A.2d 498 (1985). “Just as the commands of the fourth amendment are not absolute, neither are those of article first, § 7, of the state constitution.” State v. Geisler, 222 Conn. 672, 691, 610 A.2d 1225 (1992). In this case, we must
While we may not disturb facts found by the trial court unless the finding is clearly erroneous; State v. Torres, 197 Conn. 620, 625, 500 A.2d 1299 (1985); because the issue involves a claimed constitutional right, we examine the record thoroughly to determine whether the subordinate facts justify the trial court’s conclusion that the initial stop of the defendant was constitutionally valid. State v. Howard, 221 Conn. 447, 454, 604 A.2d 1294 (1992).
A citizen’s reasonable right to privacy may not be subject to random or arbitrary intrusions merely at the whim of law enforcement. Minimal intrusion in the interest of public safety may be allowed in the form of checkpoint stops when the stop is conducted pursuant to a practice embodying neutral criteria. The trial court recognized these concerns in applying the balancing test to the facts of this case and determined that on September 10, 1993, the Wolcott police, assisted by the state police, conducted the spot check and kept
The procedure in conducting this spot check was in accordance with state police guidelines promulgated by the commissioner of public safety in § 16.1.6, entitled “Spot Checks,” of the department of public safety’s Administration and Organizational Manual. Among other things, these procedures require that the establishment and method of operation be approved in advance by certain ranking officers, that the location, date and time be carefully chosen after considering many factors, including the safety of the public and those conducting the operation and the potential inconvenience to the public. The guidelines also specify that notice of a spot check be given to the news media at least three days in advance, giving the name of the town and approximate time. Upon stopping a vehicle, the law enforcement officer must reassure the driver that the spot check is a routine traffic operation. The guidelines also delineate criteria for the selection of the area and the procedure to conduct the initial stop consistent with safety and uniformity. The trial court found that “although a press release was issued in August of 1993, it did not specify the date or approximate time of the spot check planned for September, and no evidence was introduced to prove that publication did, in fact,
The trial court weighed the gravity of the public concern served by protecting the public from drunken drivers, the effectiveness and adequacy of the sobriety checkpoint and the severity of the interference with the individual’s liberty. In performing the state constitutional law analysis, the trial court properly considered federal precedent, decisions of other states, and other trial court decisions in Connecticut. The court noted that “[n]umerous United States and Connecticut Supreme Court opinions have emphasized the magnitude of the drunk driving problem and a state’s interest in eradicating it. The enormity of this problem and the tragic consequences it has for society cannot be seriously disputed.” See also State v. Hickam, 235 Conn. 614, 668 A.2d 1321 (1995).
We agree that the initial stop of the defendant’s motor vehicle at the sobriety checkpoint, without reasonable and articulable suspicion, was not precluded by article first, § 7. All of the significant aspects of the guidelines, from site selection to the police procedures and conduct employed during the stops, were followed with safety being the paramount consideration. The trial court’s conclusion in utilizing the balancing test that “ [t]he need to prevent loss of lives, personal injury and property damage clearly outweighs the modest intrusion on the individual driver’s rights to privacy which occurred that evening in Wolcott when they were briefly stopped at the checkpoint,” is justified by the subordinate facts found.
The defendant contends, in the alternative, that even if the roadblock or sobriety checkpoint is constitution
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
The plea was entered conditional on 1 he light to 1 ake an appeal pursuant to General Statutes § 54-94a and Practice Book § 4003.
General Statutes § 14-227a (a) provides: “No person shall operate a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any drug or both. A person commits the offense of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any drug or both if he operates a motor vehicle on a public highway of this state or on any road of a district organized under the provisions of chapter 105, a purpose of which is the construction and maintenance of roads and sidewalks, or on any private road on which a speed limit has been established in accordance with the provisions of section 14-218a, or in any parking area for ten or more cars or on any school property (1) while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any drug or both or (2) while the ratio of alcohol in the blood of such person is ten-hundredths of one per cent or more of alcohol, by weight.”
Article first, § 7, of the constitution of Connecticut provides: “The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions from unreasonable searches or seizures; and no warrant to search any place, or to seize any person or things, shall issue without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause supported by oath or affirmation.”
Article first, § 9, of the constitution of Connecticut provides: “No person shall be arrested, detained or punished, except in cases clearly warranted by law.”
Although the police charged the defendant with operating a motor vehicle while his driver’s license was under suspension in violation of General Statutes § 14-215 (c) there is no disposition in the trial court record regarding
The defendant did not claim a violation of article first, § 9, of the constitution of Conned icut in his motion to dismiss. The defendant filed no motions to dismiss, amend or rectify his motion to dismiss. Therefore, the scope of § 9 is not currently before us, as the trial court did not address it and it is raised for the first time on appeal. If this court was to consider the defendant’s claims pursuant to article first, § 9, one of our state constitutional provisions that guarantees due process of law, we would be guided by our Supreme Court’s holding that, a brief investigatory detention, even without probable cause, passes state constitutional muster. State v. Lamme, 216 Conn. 172, 184, 579 A.2d 484 (1990).
The defendant also briefed a claim that “the seizure of the defendant was unreasonable and unsupported by reasonable and articulable suspicion” and that a “totality of circumstances” test should have been employed requiring an objective basis for stopping the defendant. At oral argument, however, the defendant abandoned his argument based on the doctrine of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968) (momentary detention of individual by police for investigative purposes justified if officer able to point to specific, articulable facts taken together with rational inferences from them, reasonably warrant intrusion, even if no probable cause for stop), but argues that a condition precedent to a lawful stop under our state constitution, requires a particular suspicion of wrongdoing as opposed to stops of all motorists driving within a particular locale.
Although the trial court found, and the state conceded, that the stopping of a motor vehicle at a sobriety checkpoint constitutes a “seizure” under our state constitution, we do not necessarily view this intrusion and restraint as such; see State v. Williams, 227 Conn. 101, 115, 629 A.2d 402 (1993); nor do we deem such a finding necessary for the proper disposition of this appeal. We recognize that pursuant to the fourth amendment to the United States constitution a “seizure” occurs when an automobile is stopped and its occupants detained even if the stop is limited and the detention brief. Marshall v. Barlow’s, Inc., 436 U.S. 307, 312, 98 S. Ct. 1816, 56 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1978).
The court determined that, while advance publication is usually preferred, it is not considered constitutionally necessary.
The trial court found that the Wolcott police were briefed on the manner of conducting a sobriety checkpoint in accordance with the state police guidelines and that the checkpoint in question was conducted according to neutral criteria. In addition, the trial court determined that of the 675 drivers previously stopx>ed at four separate checkpoints at the same location, police arrested fourteen drivers, 2 percent, for violating § 14-227a (a).