10 Conn. App. 7 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1987
The primary issue in this appeal is whether the failure to suppress statements overheard, without the use of any aural enhancement device, by a police officer stationed in an apartment adjacent to that of the defendant constituted a violation of the defendant’s rights under the fourth amendment to the United States constitution.
The defendant entered a conditional plea of nolo contendere, pursuant to General Statutes § 54-94a, to a number of drug related charges after the trial court denied his supplemental motion to suppress.
The affidavit attached to the wiretap application recited statements made by the defendant or other persons in his apartment. Those statements were overheard by a detective investigating the defendant’s alleged criminal activities. At the time these statements were overheard, the detective was in the apartment adjacent to that of the defendant, with the permission of the resident of that apartment. While listening to the defendant’s statement, the detective moved between rooms in the apartment he was in, remaining between one and three feet from the wall between the apartments, and did not use any type of electronic or sensory enhancing listening device.
In order for the defendant to succeed in his claim that the trial court erred in not suppressing the evidence
Our threshold inquiry is whether the defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy in statements made in his apartment which could be overheard by a person in the adjacent apartment. With regard to the defendant’s subjective expectation of privacy, we recognize that “[t]he very fact that a person is in his own home raises a reasonable inference that he intends to have privacy, and if that inference is borne out by his actions, society is prepared to recognize his privacy.” United States v. Taborda, 635 F.2d 131, 138 (2d Cir. 1980). In this case, the defendant’s apartment was his home for the purpose of his seeking privacy and the protection of the fourth amendment. Miller v. United States, 357 U.S. 301, 307, 78 S. Ct. 1190, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1332 (1958). The record presents us with no evidence demonstrating that the defendant’s actions fail to support the inference that he intended to have his privacy within the confines of his own home.
We must now examine whether his expectation of privacy in conversations carried on within his own home
There have been a multiplicity of fourth amendment eavesdropping cases decided in this nation. See United States v. Mankani, 738 F.2d 538 (2d Cir. 1984); United States v. Ortega, 471 F.2d 1350 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 948, 93 S. Ct. 1924, 36 L. Ed. 2d 409 (1973); United States v. Llanes, 398 F.2d 880 (2d Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1032, 89 S. Ct. 647, 21 L. Ed. 2d 576 (1969). It has widely been recognized, in cases involving apartments and hotel or motel rooms, that the technologically unaided or unenhanced overhearing of statements does not constitute a search under the fourth amendment. This view has been consistently upheld regardless of whether the eavesdropper was positioned in a common hallway of an apartment building, motel or hotel, or in an adjoining motel or hotel room. These cases do not hinge upon the single fact that the defendant is within the confines of his dwelling, but rather rely for their determination upon the conjunction of various facts, including especially the lack of sensory enhancement, the fact that the eavesdropping government agent was lawfully in position to overhear the statements, and that the presence of a person in that place could reasonably be anticipated. See United States v. Mankani, supra, 542-43; United States v. Agapito, 620 F.2d 324, 329-32 (2d Cir. 1980); United States v. Hall, 488 F.2d 193, 198 (9th Cir. 1973).
In this case, the eavesdropper neither secreted himself within the defendant’s home, nor used any sensory enhancing devices. See Lopez v. United States, 373 U.S. 427, 465, 83 S. Ct. 1381, 10 L. Ed. 2d 472, reh. denied,
The risk of being overheard by an eavesdropper has long been recognized in the development of our fourth amendment jurisprudence. Berger v. United States, 388 U.S. 41, 87 S. Ct. 1873, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1040 (1966); United States v. Martin, 509 F.2d 1211 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 421 U.S. 967, 95 S. Ct. 1958, 44 L. Ed. 2d 455 (1975). “ ‘The risk of being overheard by an eavesdropper or betrayed by an informer or deceived as to the identity of one with whom one deals is probably inherent in the conditions of human society. It is the kind of risk we necessarily assume whenever we speak.’ ” Hoffa v. United States, 385 U.S. 293, 303, 87 S. Ct. 408, 17 L. Ed. 2d 374 (1966), reh. denied, 386 U.S. 940, 87 S. Ct. 970, 17 L. Ed. 2d 880 (1967), quoting from the dissent of Justice Brennan in Lopez v. United States, 465, supra. Indeed, in this case, the defendant admitted at the suppression hearing that he could hear conversations occurring in that apartment in which the officer positioned himself to overhear the defendant’s statements. Furthermore, the occupant of the adjacent apartment had complained to the police about noise emanating from the defendant’s apartment prior to the date on which the statements had been overheard.
To hold, as we do here, that statements overheard, without the use of anything but the human ear, by a police officer lawfully stationed in an apartment adjoining that of a defendant, can be used as support for an application for a wiretap without a violation of the fourth amendment to the United States constitution,
The defendant further argues that even if the statements overheard were properly a part of the affidavit and wiretap application, the evidence gathered should have been suppressed due to the lack of reliable facts to establish probable cause in the application for the wiretap. His argument in this respect relies upon the characterization of the overheard statements as “ambiguous snippets of unrelated conversations.”
There is no error.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
The defendant’s written motion to suppress and his supplemental motion to suppress rely on his fourth amendment rights under the United States constitution. At the hearings conducted by the trial court, the defendant likewise relied solely upon that constitutional protection. As the defend
The defendant was charged with possession of cocaine with intent to sell or dispense, in violation of General Statutes § 21a-277 (a); possession of cocaine, in violation of General Statutes § 21a-279 (a); possession of marihuana with intent to sell or dispense, in violation of General Statutes § 21a-277 (b); possession of over four ounces of marihuana, in violation of General Statutes § 21a-279 (b); and possession of drug paraphernalia in a drug factory situation, in violation of General Statutes § 21a-277 (c).
The following words and phrases were overheard in the course of the aural surveillance, and were recited in the wiretap application: “coke”; “rock”; “expecting a package”; “would have to trust him for the other five until Sunday”; “the whole package now”; “It’s good stuff”; “Yeah, it looks good.”