Opinion
Thе defendant, Buddy C. Beavers, Jr., appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of robbery in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-134 (a) (2), criminal possession of a firearm in violation of General Statutes § 53a-217 (a) (1), stealing a firearm in violation of General Statutes § 53a-212, possession of a sawed-off shotgun in violation of General Statutes § 53a-211, larceny in the third degree in violation of Genеral Statutes § 53a-124, failure to appear in the first degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-172 and being a persistent dangerous felony offender in violation of General Statutes § 53a-40. The defendant received an effective sentence of thirty-five years. On appeal, the defendant claims that (1) the judgment should be reversed as to those counts alleging that he used a shotgun because there was no evidеnce that the firearm that he used could be, or was intended to be, fired from the shoulder and (2) the court abused its discretion by refusing to question or dismiss a juror whom the defendant claimed he recognized. The defendant’s claims lack merit, and we therefore affirm the judgment of the trial court.
The jury reasonably could have found the following relevant facts. In 1998, Leroy Atkins was living in the home of his fiancee, Wilma Jean Beavers, in Bristol. From timе to time, the defendant also lived with Wilma Jean Beavers, who was his mother. Atkins owned three handguns and one shotgun, a Mossberg 500 twenty gauge home defender, which he kept in a sheath in his bedroom closet. The shotgun had an eighteen and one-half inch barrel and a pistol grip. Atkins testified that state’s exhibit one looked like his shotgun, except the barrel of exhibit one had been sawed off. At the time the shotgun was in his possession, the barrеl had not been sawed off.
In November, 1998, Atkins noticed that his shotgun was missing and asked the defendant, who was living in Wilma Jean Beavers’ home at the time, if he had taken it. The defendant responded, “no.” Atkins indicated that he was going to report the shotgun missing because all of his weapons were registered. The defendant told him not to report the missing shotgun because Atkins may have misplaced it. The defendant said that he would help Atkins find the shotgun. On December 28, 1998, Atkins, however, reported the missing shotgun to Christopher Lennon, a detective with the Bristol police department. At trial, Lennon identified the serial number on exhibit one and testified that it matched the serial number of the shotgun that Atkins had reported missing.
On February 11, 1999, Michael J. Nihan, a programmer at Rostra Vematherm, Inc., in Bristol, was working the 4 p.m. until 2 a.m. shift. At about 3 a.m. when Nihan left the plant via the loading dock and walked toward his 1988 Ford Rangеr, he was approached by a man wearing a black mask and a one piece hunting suit. Nihan pushed the man away and told him that he had “the wrong guy.” The man then took
On April 12, 1999, Lennon spoke to the defendant at the Bristol police department. During the conversation, the defendant informed Lennon that he wanted to talk about the stolen truck. He also told Lennon that he had stolen the shotgun and wanted to show Lennon where it was. The defendant directed Lennon and anothеr detective, Rodney Gotowala, to a box truck parked behind a hotel in Bristol. Inside the truck, the detectives found a shotgun, among other things. At the defendant’s trial, the shotgun that the detectives found was entered into evidence as state’s exhibit one. After finding the shotgun, Lennon took a statement from the defendant in which he confessed that he had robbed Nihan with the shotgun that he had taken from Atkins. The defendant was arrested and chаrged with the crimes of which he was convicted. Additional facts will be set forth as necessary.
I
The defendant first claims that there was insufficient evidence pursuant to which the jury could have found that he used a shotgun, as defined by General Statutes § 53a-3 (17), to commit the crimes alleged in the second, third and fourth counts of the long form information. 1 He bases his claim on the fact that exhibit one has a pistol grip, rather than a stock, аnd therefore, was not intended to be fired from the shoulder. Section 53a-3 (17) defines a shotgun, in part, as a weapon intended to be fired from the shoulder. For this reason, he argues that the conviction for criminal possession of a firearm, stealing a firearm and possession of a sawed-off shotgun must be reversed. We are not persuaded.
“In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal cоnviction we apply a two-part test. First, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict. Second, we determine whether upon the facts so construed and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom the [finder of fact] reasonably could have concluded that the cumulative force of the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
State
v.
Jimenez,
The following additional facts are relevant to the defendant’s claim. The state filed a substitute long form information on September 8, 2004. It alleged, in relevant part:
“Count [t]wo . . . accuses [the defendant] of [c]rim-inal [possession of a [f]irearm and charges that at the [c]ity of Bristol on or about February 11, 1999, theaforesaid [defendant] did possess a firearm (to wit: a shotgun) and was previously convicted of a felony . . . in violation of Section 53a-217 (a) (1) . . . .
“Count [t]hree . . . accuses [the defendant] of [t]heft of a [f]irearm and charges that at the [c]ity of Bristol on or about December 28, 1998 the aforesaid [defendant] did wrongfully take, obtain or withhold a firearm (to wit: a shotgun), with the intent to appropriate the same to himself in violation of Section 53a-212 (a) . . . .
“Count [f]our . . . accuses [the defendant] of [possession of a [s] awed-off [s]hotgun and charges that at the [c]ity of Bristol on or about February 11, 1999 the aforesaid [defendant] did possess a shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in violation of Section 53a-211 (a) . . .
The defendant’s claim requires us to construe the statutes defining the crimes of which he was convicted and § 53a-3 (17). “Statutory construction is a question of law and therefore our review is plenary.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
State
v.
Ramos,
“The meaning of a statute shall, in the first instance, be ascertained from the text of the statute itself and its relationship to other statutes. If, after examining such text and considering such relationship, the meaning of such text is plain and unambiguous and does not yield absurd or unworkable results, extratextual evidence of the meaning of the statute shall not be considered.” General Statutes § l-2z. “In the construction of the statutes, words and phrases shall be construed according to the commonly approved usage of the language; and technical words and phrases, and such as have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in the law, shall be construed and understood accordingly.” General Statutes § 1-1 (a).
The defendant was convicted under the following statutes, among others. General Statutes § 53a-217 (a) provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of criminal possession of a firearm . . . when such person possesses a firearm . . . and (1) has been convicted of a felony . . . .” (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 53a-212 (a) provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of stealing a firearm when, with intent to deprive another of his firearm or to appropriate the same to himself ... he wrongfully takes, obtains or withholds & firearm, as defined in subdivision (19) of section 53a-3.” (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 53a-211 (a) provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of possession of a sawed-off shotgun . . . when he . . . possesses any sawed-off shotgun that has a barrel of less than eighteen inches . . . .”
The statutory definitions of a firearm and a shotgun inform our construction of the crimes charged. General Statutes § 53a-3 provides in relevant part: “Except where different meanings are expressly specified, the following terms have the following meanings when used in this title . . . (17) ‘Shotgun’ means a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and
intended to befiredfrom the shoulder
and designed or redesigned and made or remade to use the energy of the explosive in a fixed shotgun shell to fire through a smooth bore either a number of ball shot or a single projectile for each single pull of the trigger .... (19) 'Firearm’ means any sawed-off shotgun, machine gun, rifle, shotgun, pistol, revolver or
other weapon,
whether loaded or unloaded from which a shot may be discharged . . . .” (Emphasis added.) There is no definition of sawed-off shotgun in the definition section of our Penal Code, but
the crime of possessing a sawed-off shotgun is determined by the
The essence of the defendant’s claim is that because he used a firearm with a pistol grip, it was not a shotgun. The operative word, however, in the statutes defining the crimes of criminal possession of a firearm and stealing a firearm is not shotgun but firearm. Section 53a-3 (19) defines a firearm as a shotgun, a sawed-off shotgun or other weapon. Because both a shotgun and a sawed-off shotgun are firearms pursuant to § 53a-3 (19), the legislature clearly intended to distinguish these three firearms.
The term
firearm
is the relevant element of the crimes of criminal possession of a firearm and stealing a firearm. The state was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant possessed and stole a
firearm.
It makes no diffеrence that exhibit one had a pistol grip because it was a weapon capable of discharging a gunshot. Edward Jachimowicz, a criminologist and firearms expert, testified at trial. He described exhibit one as a twenty gauge Mossberg pump action shotgun, model 500C. He observed that the barrel of the gun had been cut crudely to a length of fifteen and one-half inches. Jachimowicz tested the operability оf exhibit one, and it fired a gunshot. “[A] firearm is a weapon capable of discharging a shot.”
State
v.
Brown,
With respect to the defendant’s conviction of possession of a sawed-off shotgun, § 53a-3 (19) distinguishes between a shotgun and a sawed-off shоtgun. The legislature defined them as two different kinds of firearms. The fact that exhibit one had a pistol grip is of no consequence because the barrel had been sawed off crudely, and it was, therefore, a sawed-off shotgun.
The defendant argues that he was denied due process of law because the long form information identified the firearm at issue as a shotgun. He supports his claim by noting that witnesses testified that exhibit оne, the weapon stolen from Atkins and the weapon Nihan saw, was a shotgun. 3 Because exhibit one had a pistol grip, he argues, it could not be a shotgun. He claims, therefore, that there was insufficient evidence by which he could be found guilty of counts two, three and four. In making this argument, the defendant focuses on the word shotgun, which is a noun, and ignores the adjective modifying it, sawed-off, which distinguishes the two firearms.
With respect to сounts two, criminal possession of a firearm, and three, stealing a firearm, the defendant argues that the state was required to give him specific notice of the firearm at issue. This argument is unpersuasive because there was no question at trial as to the weapon at issue, and the defendant was not prejudiced by the allegations in the information. In his motion for a judgment of acquittal, the defendant merely argued thаt there was insufficient evidence that he was the person who stole Atkins’ shotgun, that he was
With respect to the defendant’s constitutional due process claim,
4
in accord with decisions of both this court and our Supreme Court, thе state was not required to prove that the firearm at issue was a shotgun. “The sixth amendment to the United States constitution . . . guarantee^] a criminal defendant the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the charges against him with sufficient precision to enable him to meet them at trial. . . . [That] the offense should be described with sufficient definiteness and particularity to apprise the accused of the nature of the charge so he can prepare to meet it at his trial . . . are principles of constitutional law [that] are inveterate and sacrosanct.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)
State
v.
Vumback,
“[Generally speaking, the state is limited to proving that the defendant has committed the offense in substantially the manner described in the information. . . . Despite this general principle, however, both this court and our Supreme Court have made clear that [t]he inclusion in the state’s pleading of additional details concerning the offense does not make such allegations essential elements of the crime, upon which the jury must be instructed. . . . Our case law makes clear that the requirement that the state be limited to proving an offense in substantially the manner described in the information is meant to assure that the defendant is provided with sufficient notice of the crimes against which he must defend. As long as this notice requirement is satisfied, however, the inclusion of additional details in the charge does not place on the state the
additional obligation to prove more than the essential elements of the crime.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)
State
v.
Sam,
In this case, with respect to count two, alleging criminal possession of a firearm, and count three, alleging stealing a firearm, the defendant wаs on notice of the crimes charged against him. The critical language of the charge was the use of the word firearm, which is the operative word in the statutes under which the defendant was charged. Furthermore, the defendant has not demonstrated on appeal how, if at all, he was prejudiced in defending against the crimes with which he was charged on the basis of a detail in the long form information.
For these reasons, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence before the jury by which it could have found the defendant guilty of the crimes charged and that he was not denied due process of law.
II
The defendant’s second claim is that the court denied him the right to a fair and impartial jury by refusing to question, or dismiss, a juror whom, at the end of the defendant’s case, the defendant claimed to have recognized. 5 We disagree.
Our review of the transcript reveals that the following transpirеd during selection of the jury. When the venire panel was brought into the courtroom for introductions, the court had the defendant stand and face the prospective jurors. The prosecutor and defense counsel informed the prospective jurors of the witnesses whom they intended to call. Defense counsel told the venire panel that the defendant might testify and provided the jurors with information about him. He also asked the members of the panel to inform the court if they knew the defendant. The court instructed the venire panel that the jury had to be impartial to be fair to both the defendant and the state and asked them to inform the court if they knew the defendant or any of the potential witnesses. One prospective juror informed the court that he recognized the defendant and was excused. We therefore cоnclude that the court properly determined that the prospective jurors had an adequate amount of time to observe the defendant to assess recognition.
During the individual voir dire of the person in question, defense counsel questioned him first. In response to questions from defense counsel, the juror indicated that he did not know the defendant. The prosecutor thoroughly questioned the juror about the proсess of being a fair and impartial juror. Both counsel obviously found the individual acceptable to serve on the jury. At the time, the defendant voiced no objection.
“Jury impartiality is a core requirement of the right to trial by jury guaranteed by the constitution [of Connecticut, article first, § 8, and by the sixth amendment to the United States constitution] .... [T]he right to jury trial guarantees to the criminally accused a fair trial by apanel of impartial, indifferent jurors.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
State
v.
Necaise,
The defendant’s claim is that the juror’s impartiality was tainted by his claimed prior knowledge of the defendant. “[I]n
State
v.
Ross,
On the basis of our review of the record and the law, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion by declining to question the member of the jury in response to the defendant’s wholly unsubstantiated claim that he “might know” the juror. The defendant failed to provide a specific basis on which the court could base an inquiry, as the defendant himself could not recall why the juror looked familiar. The juror had an opportunity to view the defendant when he was introduced to the venire panel and in response to a direct question from defense counsel indicated that he did not know the defendant. The court proрerly exercised its discretion in determining that the circumstances of this case required no inquiry beyond voir dire to uncover juror bias.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
Notes
The defendant failed to preserve this claim at trial. In his oral motion for a judgment of acquittal, the defendant argued that there was insufficient evidence that he was the person who stole the shotgun from Atkins, that he was the person who sawed off the barrel of the shotgun or that exhibit one was a sawed-off shotgun because the barrel had not been measured in front of the jury. Nonetheless, we will review the defendant’s claim of insufficient evidence as it implicates the defendant’s constitutional right not to be convicted on insufficient evidence. See
State
v.
Reid,
General Statutes § 53a-211 (a) provides in relevant part: “A person is guilty of possession of a sawed-off shotgun . . . when he owns, controls or possesses any sawеd-off shotgun that has a barrel of less than eighteen inches or an overall length of less than twenty-six inches . . . .”
The defendant also testified that Atkins’ firearm was a shotgun.
We analyze the defendant’s claim under the federal constitution only because, although he raised a claim under our state constitution, he failed to brief his state constitutional claim. Analysis rather than mere assertion of a claim is required. See
State
v.
Culver,
We decline to identify the juror by name to protect the juror’s right to privacy. See
State
v.
Dorans,