71 Mo. 288 | Mo. | 1879
Lead Opinion
The defendant in this case was convicted of murder in the first degree. The evidence and instructions are not preserved in the record, and the only points presented for our consideration are two :
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting. — The bill of exceptions shows that on his examination on the voir dire touching his competency as a juror, George H. Snyder, one of the panel of
To sustain the action of the court in disallowing the challenge, Baldwin v. State, 12 Mo. 225; State v. Davis, 29 Mo. 397, and State v. Rose, 32 Mo. 355, are relied upon. When this question was under consideration before, in the State v. Core, 70 Mo. 491, the court supposed the question to have been settled by the State v. Rose, but on a critical examination of that case, I am satisfied that so far from determining the question now before us in favor of the State it is an authority to the contrary. Baldwin v. State entirely fails to sustain the competency of the jurors in this case. There the juror said: “ That he saw statements in the New Orleans public papers in regard to the transaction; that from these he formed an opinion and believed that, if the statements were true, he has an opinion as to defendant’s guilt or innocence, but he had no prejudice or bias against defendant; that his opinion is now unchanged, if the facts are as stated; that he would be governed solely by the evidence; that he had not conversed with witnesses.” He was held to be a competent juror, and the court also said that it was not the province of the juror to
In the State v. Davis, all that appears in the opinion of the court on the subject is as follows : “ The objection to the competency of the jurors cannot be sustained. The jurors were examined on their voir dire, and stated that they had formed an opinion, but it was upon rumor, and was not such as would bias or prejudice their minds. This has long been the law of this State, and such jurors have invariably been held competent.” Ve have taken the trouble, however, to examine the record in that case, and it does not appear that the juror said it would require evidence to change the opinion he had formed ; and, although this was urged by the counsel as rendering the juror incompetent, singularly enough, it was not noticed by the court in its opinion. But, conceding that it is an authority in support of the views entertained by a majority of this court, it is a solitary case in this State and opposed to the great weight of authority in the United States, as we shall endeavor to show; and, although cited in argument in the State v. Rose, was disregarded. In the State v. Rose, the court said: “The case of the juror Turner comes fully within the exceptions in that section,” (section 14 of the revision of 1855, page 1191, the same as section 1,897, Revised Statutes 1879,) “and he was a competent juror, and the court committed no error in refusing to strike his name from the list. "When E. B- Davis, another of the panel of thirty-six was examined, he stated that he had formed and
The juror’s answer, but for that portion of it in which he stated that it would take evidence to remove his opinion, did not render him incompetent, and it was evidently with reference to the statement that it would take evidence to remove his opinion, that the court remarked: “His case does not come within the exception of the clause of the statute above quoted. It does not appear affirmatively that his opinion was not such as to prejudice or bias his mind, and in that does not fulfill the requirements of the statute; but, as he was not on the jury which tried the case, and the defendant was not otherwise injured by the action of the court in reference to him, there is in it no reason to reverse the judgment.” In other words, he was an incompetent .juror, but he was not challenged for cause or peremptorily, and was not of the twelve who composed the jury which tried the ease, and therefore defendant was not prejudiced.
Section 1,897 of the Revised Statutes of 1879, which
By the statute of 1825, (section 12, page 880, Revised ¡Statutes 1825,) it was provided that it should be “ a good cause of challenge to a juror that he had formed or delivered an opinion in the cause or concerning the matter in controversy,” and thus the law stood until the revision of 1835,' when it was amended by adding, “ but if it appear that such opinion is founded only on rumor, and not such as to bias or prejudice the mind of the juror, he may be sworn,” and such has substantially ever since been the law in this State. The statute recognizes that one may be incompetent as a juror, who has formed an opinion upon rumor or newspaper reports alone. It shall be cause of challenge to a juror, as it was in 1825, that he’has formed or delivered an opinion on the issue, &c., whether such an opinion he formed from the knowledge of facts, or from having heard them from witnesses, or upon rumor, but in the latter case, if it appear that the opinion is not such as to bias or prejudice the mind of the juror, he may be sworn. It must affirmatively appear that it is not such as to prejudice or bias. The first clause makes all who have formed opinions incompetent, and the second clause is an excep
In that case the juror was held competent, but his answer was'materially different from that of the jurors in this case. His opinion was entirely hypothetical. It did not indicate a belief that the facts were as heard, or show any impression upon the mind which it would require evidence to remove. But here the statement of the juror was that, although his opinion was formed upon rumor alone, the impression of the guilt or innocence of the accused was such as would remain until removed by evidence. Is there no difference between the state of that man’s mind who answers that he has heard rumors, and, if the facts be as he has heard them, he has an opinion formed, and of the mind of him who says : I have heard the facts from rumors, and have formed an opinion, and it will require evidence to change the impression made upon my mind ? When the juror answers that it will require evidence to change his impression or opinion, he cannot mean that on .the state of facts upon which his opinion was formed it would require evidence to change this opinion, but evidently that it would require evidence to establish a different state of facts. To borrow an- illustration from the opinion of Williams, J., in the State v. Potter, 18 Conn. 171: “A house is broken open in the night season and plundered; the thief for a time is unknown ; when taken and brought to trial, it could render a juror, a biased juror, that he had said and believed that a burglary had been committed in that house, if the facts were true,” and we may add, no evidence on earth would change his opinion, that on those facts a burglary had been committed. If he had not only said that, but in addition, that he had heard that the accused was seen coming out of the house that night
The same learned judge also observed in that case : “And we are certainly not prepared to say that an opinion formed upon the case or an essential part of the case, such as it would require evidence to remove, would not disqualify a juror.” If the juror does not believe the facts, and yet has formed an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused which it will require evidence to remove, he has prejudice and is unfit for a juror, and his declaration that he has no prejudice, is contradicted by the circumstance that, without knowing or believing any facts, except the simple fact that a homicide was committed, he has formed an opinion which it will require evidence to change. If, on the contrary, he believes the facts he has heard, and upon these facts has formed an opinion that the accused is guilty which it will require evidence to remove, he is biased and incompetent to sit as a juror in the case.
Bias and prejudice are not synonymous terms. Webster defines these words as follows : “ Prejudice — to prepossess with unexamined opinions, or opinions formed without due knowledge of the facts and circumstances attending the question ; to bias the mind by hasty and incorrect notions, and give it an unreasonable bent to one side or other of a cause. Bias — a leaning of the mind; inclination; prepossession; propensity toward an object, not leaving the mind indifferent.”
If the opinion formed by the juror be such as to bias or prejudice his mind, he should not be sworn. That is clearly the meaning of the statute. Suppose he answers that he has formed an opinion based upon rumor alone,
In the State v. Benton, 2 Dev. & Bat. 196, is a very able discussion of the subject by Gaston, J., without reference to the statute prescribing a test, and the following remarks are so appropriate that I have thought proper to quote them: “We there see the opinion described as one formed and expressed, and without further explanation we must understand it to have been fully formed and gravely expressed. The subsequent explanation is not inconsistent with this understanding. It shows only that the jurymen challenged believed that this opinion, however fixed it might have been when declared, was not then so fixed as to prevent them from finding a verdict according to evidence. This belief did not remove the exception. Erom a decided opinion declared, the law infers a bias, and the belief of the person so biased that he can rise superior to its influence does not repel the legal inference. Nor ought it; for it does not unfrequently happen that those who are most confident in the ability of their understanding to triumph over this obstacle in the way of its free exercise, and of the ascertainment of truth, owe this confidence to their ignorance of the stubborness of prejudice, and may be the least qualified for the discharge of this, to all persons and at all times, perilous undertaking. The distinction which we make is substantially the same with that taken in the Commonwealth v. Ostrander, lately determined in the general court of Virginia, a case which has been referred to by the counsel on both sides. It was there held that he who has formed and expressed a decided opinion as to the guilt of the prisoner is an incompetent juror,but he who has formed a hypothetical opinion only, if he can decide upon the evi
On the trial of Aaron Burr for treason, Marshall, C. J., observed: “ Can it be said, however, that any man is an impartial juryman who has declared the prisoner to be guilty and to have deserved punishment? If it be said that he has made up his opinion, but has not heax’d the testimony, such an excuse only makes the case worse, for, if the mair'has decided upon insufficient testimony, it manifests a bias that completely disqualifies him from the functions of a juryman.” In the People v. Mather, 4 Wend. 241, Marcy, J., delivering the opinion of the court, said: “We are asked in this case to distinguish between an opinion formed by beixxg an eye witness of a transaction or by hearing the testimony of those who were'such witnesses, and an opinion founded on rumors, reports and newspaper publications, and to say the former shall be evidence of partiality and the latter not. If any distinction is to be x’ecognized, I should be inclined to adopt the l’everse of that contended for at bar. * * Of those who entertain an opinion of the guilt of the accused before his tx’ial, they that believe on the slightest evidence, or no evidence at all, manifest, in my judgment, a state of mind less prepared to receive and allow a fair defense, than those who believe on proof which furnishes prima facie evidence of guilt.”
A positive opinion of guilt or innocence, until 1885, in this State by statute, and in many of the States in the absence of any statute, rendered a juror incompetent who had formed or expressed an opinion, whether that opinion was based on rumor or not, and so it does now in Missouri, as we have seen, unless it appear to the court that the opinion based upon rumor is not such as to bias or pi’ejudice the juror’s mind. With a jury of twelve men, who have formed an opinion that the accused is guilty, which it will require evidence to change, of what avail is it to him that it is a principle of law as old as our criminal jurispru
If a juror, upon mere rumor, without believing any facts, has formed an opinion which will remain until changed by evidence, he is less lit for a juror than one Avho has an opinion based upon facts which he has learned and believes from rumor, although it would require evidence to remove the impression from his mind. The former is prejudiced, Avhile the latter is biased ; the latter biased by an opinion based upon facts believed; the former so prejudiced that he has formed an opinion without knowing or believing any facts. Infinitely safer would an innocent man be in the hands of the juror thus biased than of the juror so prejudiced. The prejudice which leads to the adoption of an opinion of guilt without evidence, would prompt to a verdict of guilty against evidence.
In Burr’s trial, Marshall, C. J., remarked: “ Why do personal prejudices constitute a just cause of challenge? Solely because the individual who is under their influence is presumed to have a bias on his mind Avhich will prevent an impartial decision of the case according to the testimony. He may declare that notwithstanding these prejudices he is determined to listen to the evidence and be governed by it; but the law will not trust him. Is there less reason to suspect him who has prejudged the case, and has deliberately formed and delivered an opinion upon it? Such a person may believe that he will be regulated by testimony, but the law suspects him, and certainly not without reason. ■ He will listen with more favor to that testimony which confirms than to that which would change his opinion ; it is not to be expected that he will weigh
The case of Rice v. The State, 7 Ind. 336, relied upon by the State, is not an authority for the doctrine contended for by the attorney general, but is similar to the case of the State v. Baldwin, supra. .The opinion of the juror was a hypothetical opinion, and such as is nowhere held to disqualify. The People v. Stout, 4 Parker Crim. Rep. 110, so far from sustaining the doctrine for which it is cited, is a. direct authority to the contrary. It cites Cancemi v. The People, approves the ruling in that case, and distinguishes it from the People v. Stout.
In Cancemi v. The People, 16 N. Y. 501, a juror stated that he had formed an opinion and expressed it, but on cross-examination, that he had no fixed opinion, none which could not be removed by evidence. Of his statement on cross-examination, Strong, J., observed: “It may, on the other hand, be interpreted to import merely that the opinion which he had formed and expressed was not so fixed that it might not be controlled by evidence • regarding the latter branch of the expression as explaining and defining what the juror intended by saying he had no fixed opinion. Iu this view the ordinary force of his testimony that he had formed and expressed an opinion in the case would not be impaired. This testimony should be construed with liberality to the defendant, in the humane spirit which prevails over criminal laws and the rules of their administration. The right secured by law to a fair and impartial jury with minds open to receive and weigh the evidence and balanced in regard to the matters to be tried, is of the higest importance, and should be carefully guarded by the courts, especially in cases involving
In the People v. Gehr, 8 Cal. 359, the juror admitted that at the time of his examination he believed the prisoner guilty, and that it would require proof to change his opinion. Terry, J., delivering the opinion of the court, said: “The principle of law, founded on humanity and justice, presumes the accused to be innocent, and he is not put upon his defense until his guilt is prima facie established by the evidence; in the mind of the juror this principle was reversed, and the accused was already held to be guilty, even before a single witness had testified against him. The fact that the juror further said that he could try the cause impartially was entitled to no consideration.” Carry v. The State, 4 Neb. 545.
There is no force in the argument, if it can be called an argument, that it is difficult to procure jurors who have not formed opinions when telegraphs and railroads furnish information of events to thousands in a day or an hour after they transpire, which, before their introduction, was obtained by but few, and a long time after their occurrence. I do not believe it true, in fact, that there are greater difficulties now, than before those agencies were introduced, in procuring men who, although they have formed hypothetical opinions upon rumored facts, are qualified to sit on a jury and impartially render a verdict according to the law and the evidence. Men who are fit for jurors in a criminal cause will not, upon mere rumor, form an opinion of guilt which it will require evidence to change. But, if the difficulties were as great as supposed, I am not prepared to say that section 22, article 2 of the constitution of this State is practically incompatible .with the existence of telegraphs and railroads, and therefore of no force or validity, nor do I believe that electricity and steam engines have eliminated from our criminal jurisprudence the legal presumption that persons accused of crime are innocent until proven guilty. The frequency of crime may sometimes incline one to the belief that the humane principles of our law, so often invoked by accused persons, are obstructions to the punishment of the guilty which might be removed; but, when we reflect dispassionately on the subject, we are forced to the conclusion that there is wisdom, as well as humanity, in the maxim that it is better that “ ninety and nine guilty men escape than that one innocent man should suffer.”
The doctrine contended for by the State would nullify the constitutional provisions securing to the accused “ a speedy public trial by an impartial jury,” and virtually strike from the criminal law those humane principles
