State v. Banoch
193 Iowa 851
Iowa
1922
Check Treatment
De Graff, J.

— Dеfendant was indicted May 31, 1921 by the grand jury of Clarke County, Iowa for the crime of larceny from a building in the nighttime committed on the 26th day of May, 1921. Uрon a plea of not guilty trial to a jury was had resulting in a verdict of guilty.

Three errors are assigned and argued by appellant: (1) That thе court failed to instruct the jury on the essential elements of the crime of larceny. (2) That the court erred in instructing the jury with referenсe to the defense of alibi. (3) That the court erred in refusing to permit the defendant to introduce evidence to show the commission of the crime by another person.

*8531, Larceny i con* sent of owner as element. *8521. It is specifically claimed by appellant that the court in the definition of larcеny given to ‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‍the jury failed to include one of the essential elements; to wit, that the property alleged *853to have been stolen was without the consent of , , -¶ • , • the owner. An examination ox the instructions printed in the record disclose that the court gave to thе jury the statutory definition of larceny as found in Section 4832 of the Code. In addition thereto the court recited the following elemеnts which the State was required to establish beyond a reasonable doubt to warrant the conviction of the defendant:

“1. That the dеfendant took and carried away the property alleged. 2. That the said property was the property of F. M. Jamison. 3. That said property was chattels within the meaning of the law. 4. That such chattels were of value, and what was such value. 5. That such taking by the defendant was with the intent to steal and appropriate such chattels to his own use. ’ ’

Ordinarily it is sufficient for the court to define thе crime in the language of the statute. There are no common-law crimes in this state. If an act recognized by the ‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‍common lаw as a crime is made punishable by our statute, but it is not expressly defined therein, we must look to the common law for the definition of that crime. State v. Twogood, 7 Iowa 252; Estes v. Carter, 10 Iowa 400; 16 Corpus Juris 67.

To steal is to feloniously take and carry away the goods and chattels of another with intent to keep wrongfully. It is the аct of larceny. Barnes v. State, 40 Neb. 545 (59 N. W. 125); State v. Tough, 12 N. D. 425 (96 N. W. 1025) ; Satterfield v. Commonwealth, 105 Va. 867 (52 S. E. 979). It is unquestioned law that a taking by the voluntary consent of the owner or through his authorized agent does not constitutе larceny. Under the common law the offense of larceny is the wrongful taking and carrying away by a person of the personаl property of another from any place with a felonious intent to convert it to the taker’s own use without the consent оf the owner.

‘ ‘ Larceny is the ‘ felonious taking and carrying away of the personal goods of another.’ * * * This implies the consent оf the owner to be wanting.”. IY Blaekstone’s ‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‍Commentaries *230. There can be no quarrel as to definition. The question is did the court sufficiently instruct as to the essentials of the crime ?

*854Necessarily to take without right or leave is against the consent of the owner. It was essential for the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that the property in the instant case was the property of F.' M. Jamison and thаt the taking by the defendant was with the intent to steal and appropriate such chattels to his own use. The court so instructed. Therе is no claim in the record that the defendant or any other person had the consent of the owner, and the circumstances of this case clearly and to a moral certainty negative the proposition that the goods and chattels were; tаken with the consent of the owner. This is sufficient. State v. Prentice 192 Iowa 192.

This is a case of larceny “in the ancient, usual and simple sense of stealing, taking and carrying away,” and refinement of definition and nicety of legal statement is not necessary to convey to the jury the essential elements of the crime. State v. Carter, 144 Iowa 280.

There is nothing technical or complicated in the definition of larceny. Defendant did not request morе sjiecific instructions. It may not be said that any essential element ‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‍of the crime charged viewed either under common law or statutory definition was omitted and clearly no prejudice resulted by reason of the instructions given.

2. OlMMISTAL law: alibi: disparagement' 2. It is next contended that the court in an instruction disparaged the defense o£ alibi relied on by the defendant. A reading of the instruction given creates the contrary impression, inasmuch as the court told the jury that the , „ , . defense of alibi is as proper and legitimate as any other defense, and is nоt to be disparaged or viewed with suspicion. Again after stating that an alibi, if proved, constitutes a complete defense and entitles the defendant to an. acquittal, the jury was told that the defense is recognized in law as one easily manufactured, and that it is the duty of the jury to examine the evidence with care and- caution on this, as on every other phase of the case, аnd to give this defense such weight and credit under all the evidence as it would seem entitled to receive. It is against this language that complaint is lodged.

We have no occasion under the facts of this case to con*855cleimi this instruction. It correctly states the legal proposition involved. See State v. Blunt, 59 Iowa 468; State v. Cartwright, 188 Iowa 579.

„ „ evidence: incriminating anothev-3. It is further claimed that the court deprived the defendant of his right to prove that the crime charged was in fact committed by another person. A sufficient ‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‍answеr to this contention is that the evidence introduced and offered does not even tend to establish that another person committed the crime.

It appears that some person unknown to the proprietor of the store from which the goods werе stolen was in the store on the day that the larceny was committed. Who the stranger was or where lie went are unknown facts. The evidence which the defendant offered tended to show that the ticket agent at Osceola sold a train ticket to someone leaving on No. 5, and that the ticket purchaser was not the defendant. It is clearly immaterial and incompetent to prоve that some unknown person or persons purchased tickets about the time in question. When proof is offered tending to incriminate another in a crime charged against the defendant it must be confined to substitutive and substantive facts and the evidence offered must be limited to such facts as are inconsistent with defendant’s guilt. It must do something more than to create a mere suspicion that аnother committed the act or as said in-one case “to raise a conjectural inference.” Horn v. State, 12 Wyo. 80 (73 Pac. 705); State v. Moon, 20 Idaho 202 (117 Pac. 757); Irvin v. State, 11 Okla. Cr. Rep. 301 (146 Pac. 453).

It is not proper fоr a trial court to open a door for the admission of evidence that has no direct or logical bearing on the real issue involved — the guilt or innocence of the defendant on trial. State v. Gulliver, 163 Iowa 123.

We find no error in the record of this case and therefore the judgment entered by the trial court is — Affirmed.

Stevens, C. J., Weaver and Preston, JJ., concur.