OPINION
1 1 Robert David Bair appeals from a conviction and judgment of two counts of aggravated sexual abuse of a child. We reverse Bair's convictions for aggravated sexual abuse of a child and direct entry of a convietion and judgment of two counts of sexual abuse of a child.
BACKGROUND 1
12 In August 1996, Bair separated from his wife (Mother). In a handwritten letter that he left on Mother's car (the separation letter), Bair explained that he had engaged in extramarital sex; that he was "addicted to sex"; specifically the "touchy/feely-play around part of sex"; and that he had a "clearly addictive pattern," amounting to an "emotional disorder" that he "need[ed] help for." The couple eventually divorced and Mother retained custody of their three children, an eight-year-old son (Son), a seven-year-old daughter (Daughter), and a four-year-old daughter (Sister). From February 1997 until December 1998, Bair lived in an apartment on his own in Layton, Utah, where his children would visit him every other weekend. During these visits, Bair would often tickle and play with his children in his bedroom. However, on three to five occasions during the time in which Bair lived in Layton, the horseplay progressed to abuse. On each occasion, Son and Sister would leave the room to engage in other activities and Bair would tell Daughter to stay so he could "'love [her] up.'" He used that phrase each time and did not use it in any other context with Daughter. "Loving her up" consisted of thirty- to forty-five-minute sessions during which Bair would kiss Daughter on the lips, insert his tongue into her mouth, and put his hand under her clothing to rub her nipples, vaginal area, clitoris, and buttocks. On one occasion, Bair inserted his finger into Daughter's vagina. During these sessions, Bair would "tell [Daughter] that [she] was pretty and that [Sister] would always be jealous of [her] because {shel would always be prettier than her," and he "would tell [Daughter] that [she] was his best friend and ask{ her] if [she] liked it." On the last episode of abuse, Bair "slowed down" what he was doing, "stopped[,] ... sat up on the bed," told Daughter "to not tell anybody because it was [their] little secret" and "it was wrong," and then left the room.
13 At one point after Daughter was abused and before she reported the abuse, Mother had a disturbing dream that prompted her to ask Daughter if Bair "had ever touched [her] inappropriately." Daughter responded in the negative, explaining at trial that she "should have told [Mother] then" but did not because she did not want to hurt Bair. Daughter did not disclose the abuse to *1056 anyone until she was in sixth grade, when she told Sister. Sister "got really upset" and asked Daughter not to tell Mother. Daughter refrained from telling Mother until July 2007, when Daughter felt like she "couldn't deal with it anymore" and "needed help." Talking with people in an online abuse forum where individuals shared their personal experiences with abuse encouraged Daughter to report the abuse. Daughter also reported the abuse out of concern for Sister and a stepsister who was living with Bair at the time of reporting.
T4 Daughter and Sister were each interviewed at the Children's Justice Center (CJC). One of the investigators who interviewed them (the Detective) also interviewed Bair. Subsequently, an Information was filed charging Bair with two counts of aggravated sexual abuse of a child. Bair's trial counsel conditionally waived the preliminary hearing, and Bair was bound over on the charges as they were set forth in the Information. 2
15 A jury trial followed. Daughter testified at trial and mentioned that she had gone through counseling in the time between her initial reporting and the trial and that the counseling allowed her to "get some more memories back." Daughter testified that during the therapy sessions she would "lay down on [a] couch and [the therapist] would just turn the lights down and ... would just talk to [her] about the memories that [she] already had," prompting her to think "back as hard as [she] could." Mother's testimony also indicated that Daughter had attempted hypnosis to "see if there were any other issues that hadn't already been discussed" but that it was unsuccessful.
T6 Over Bair's objections on relevance and prejudice grounds, the State also introduced portions of the separation letter. The State used the letter as evidence of Bair's intent and to rebut Bair's defense that Daughter had fabricated the allegations. The State argued that the statements in the letter regarding Bair's addiction to the "touchy/feely" aspects of sex are consistent with Daughter's testimony describing the abuse as involving acts that comprised the "touchy/feely" aspects of sex. The State also asserted that because Daughter had no knowledge of Bair's letter before reporting her abuse, Bair's defense that Daughter fabricated her allegations is not believable in light of the otherwise inexplicable consistencies between the letter and Daughter's allegations. Additionally, the State used the letter to demonstrate that Bair's intent in abusing Daughter was to satisfy his addiction to the "touchy/feely" aspects of sex that he admittedly was having difficulty controlling not long before Daughter was abused.
T7 The Detective also testified at trial. He testified that during his interview with Bair, Bair described Daughter as taking on a mature, motherly role after the divorce and stated that he felt like he was "able to talk to her." The Detective testified that Bair also "talked about cuddling with her[, loving her up." He testified that he confronted Bair with the phrase "loving up," explaining that Daughter used the same term to describe the abuse. According to the Detective's testimony, Bair explained that he used the phrase to mean "hugging and kissing, teasing, [and] running around." The Detective also testified that when he asked Bair if he had sexually abused Daughter, Bair stated that he "'didn't have an interest in children'" and did not "'have much of an interest with [Daughter] that way," and that he "hesitate[d]" before stating, " 'I mean, no interest in children'" The Detective testified that Bair's response to his follow-up question for clarification was, " 'I have no interest in children'" The Detective further testified that Bair tried to deflect the interview questions and that Bair's denials were "flat" and "emotionless." Flat and emotionless responses, the Detective testified, were atypical. Additionally, the Detective testified that "[blased on the probably hundreds of [abuse] cases [he has] investigated, it's not uncommon for a victim not to disclose initially." He explained that this can be the case even when a victim has been given several opportunities to disclose and that "it's a very common thing in sexual abuse of children to not make an immediate or even a close to immediate dis *1057 closure, and it certainly is not uncommon to be given the opportunity to disclose and not disclose."
18 Bair was ultimately found guilty of both counts of aggravated sexual abuse of a child, a first degree felony, and sentenced to two concurrent prison terms of five years to life. Bair moved this court for a temporary remand under rule 23B of the Utah Rules of Appellate Procedure, raising several arguments as to why his trial counsel was ineffece-tive. The rule 23B motion was granted in part on four specific issues:
(1) whether [trial counsel] was ineffective for failing to call [three specific individuals as witnesses]; (2) whether [trial counsel] was ineffective for failing to call an expert witness to rebut the argument that [Bair]'s admission that he had a sex addiction established or supported the requisite intent to sexually abuse a child; (8) whether [trial counsel] was ineffective for failing to argue that Bair did not qualify as a 'natural parent' under the aggravated abuse of a child statute; and (4) whether [trial coun-sell was ineffective for failing to argue that [Daughter]'s testimony was inadmissible because it had been hypnotically enhanced.
The trial court ruled on those four issues, concluding that trial counsel did not perform deficiently and that, in any event, any deficient performance was not prejudicial.
ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW
T9 As a preliminary matter, Bair asserts that where his arguments are not preserved, we should nonetheless review his claims, applying the doctrines of plain error, ineffective assistance of counsel, and exceptional cirenmstances. 3 Where applicable, we apply these doctrines to Bair's arguments and address our application of them in the standards of review outlined below for each issue presented.
110 Bair presents several arguments on appeal. First, Bair argues that a new trial is warranted because portions of the separation letter were erroneously admitted into evidence and because the State's arguments surrounding the letter amounted to prosecutorial misconduct. "We review a trial court's decision to admit evidence under rule 404(b) [of the Utah Rules of Evidence] for an abuse of discretion." State v. Ferguson,
T 11 Second, Bair asserts that the portions of Daughter's testimony that were based on memories recovered after undergoing "therapeutic techniques" constitute "surprise and unfounded trial testimony" that should have been exeluded from trial. Because this issue was not preserved, we consider Bair's claim for plain error and ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Bair also argues plain error in his third argument, asserting that the trial court plainly erred by admitting the Detective's testimony because his testimony constituted "unfounded expert opinion." Likewise, in his fourth argument, Bair challenges the trial court's rule 28B findings and its conclusion that trial counsel was not ineffective. Fifth, Bair requests a new trial, alleging that he was "improperly charged, bound over, and tried upon an ex post facto statute" and that, therefore, the aggravating factor of occupy *1058 ing a " 'position of special trust' as a 'natural parent'" should not have applied to him. (Emphasis omitted.) Because this issue was not preserved, Bair asks us to view this argument through a plain error lens as well.
112 To prevail on a claim of plain error, the appellant, in addition to showing error, "must show that the error should have been obvious to the trial court and that the error is harmful, i.e., absent the error, there is a reasonable likelihood of a more favorable outcome for the appellant, or phrased differently, our confidence in the verdict is undermined." State v. Boyd,
118 Last, Bair claims that the doe-trine of cumulative error applies. "Under the cumulative error doctrine, we will reverse only if the cumulative effect of ... several errors undermines our confidence ... that a fair trial was had." State v. Dunn,
ANALYSIS
I. The Separation Letter
{14 Bair raises several challenges to the admission of the separation letter. First, he argues that rule 404(b) of the Utah Rules of Evidence prohibited admission of the admitted portions of the letter. Second, he argues that the State's argument regarding the letter needed to be introduced through expert testimony and that because the State did not have an expert, the State's argument was inadmissible. Third, Bair asserts that the manner in which the State used the letter amounted to prosecutorial misconduct. We review each claim in turn.
A. Admissibility of the Separation Letter
{ 15 The portions of the separation letter that were admitted state,
I was very good for a period of time, but eventually my problems caught up with me, and I slipped back into old ways.
I am addicted to sex itself, not to the intercourse. I rarely have had intercourse. I am addicted to the touchy/feely-play around part of sex.
I have spoken with a psychologist at the McKay-Dee Behavioral Medicine Center. He told me that I have a clearly addictive pattern. This is an emotional disorder, and he said it was pretty much similar to what those with homosexual tendencies go through. I asked about treatment and cure. He said that the cure rate is about 50%. Not very good percentage.
I have not indulged in any sexual activity for many months, but I have strong emotions about it. I know that I can't do this on my own, and I'm pretty sure that I need help.
The trial court permitted these portions of the separation letter to be admitted, determining that these excerpts "show intent, knowledge, or absence of mistake or accident pursuant to Rule 404(b) of the Utah Rules of Evidence" and also concluded "that the probative value of these statements is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice pursuant to Rule 403 of the Utah Rules of Evidence." Bair challenges this determination, arguing that the separation letter "amounted to inadmissible propensity evidence in disguise," that the letter was irrelevant "because [it] truly had nothing to do with [sex with] children," and that the *1059 probative value of the letter was "substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice or confusion." We disagree and determine that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the letter.
116 "A three-part analysis is applied to determine whether evidence is admissible under rule 404(b)." State v. Burke,
1. Proper Non-Character Purpose Under Rule 404(b)
117 Rule 404(b) of the Utah Rules of Evidence prohibits admission of evidence of "other crimes, wrongs, or acts ... to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith." Utah R. Evid. 404(b). However, the rule permits admission of bad acts evidence for non-character purposes, such as proving intent. See id. Additionally, "(allthough this rule is exclusionary with respect to other crimes [or bad acts] evidence offered only to show the defendant's propensity to commit crime, it is an inclusionary rule with regard to other crimes [or bad acts] evidence which is offered for a proper, noncharacter purpose." State v. Decorso,
$18 In a hearing on a motion in limine held months before trial, the State argued that the separation letter would be used to satisfy the specific intent element of the charges. See generally Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-404.1(2) (2008) 5 (establishing that the intent element of sexual abuse of a child and aggravated sexual abuse of a child is the "intent to ecause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any person or ... the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person regardless of the sex of any participant"). According to the State, the letter directly proves Bair's specific intent because Bair admits in the letter that he is addicted to the "touchy/feely" aspects of sex, and the abuse Daughter reported coincides with this admitted addiction to "touchy/feely" acts, thereby demonstrating that Bair abused Daughter to "gratify" his sex addiction.
119 Bair argues that the State's intent argument is "propensity evidence in disguise" and that the State is essentially arguing an "addiction-equals-molestation" theory. We disagree with this characterization of the State's argument. As the State explained, its "theory was not that Bair's addiction must have driven him to abuse [Daughter], but rather that his admitted addiction demonstrated his intent in touching [Daughter]." Additionally, even if admission of the letter prompted the jury to infer Bair acted in conformity with his addiction, rule 404(b) permits admission of prior acts evidence so long as the sole purpose is not to prove that a defendant acted in conformity with a character trait. See Huddleston v. United States,
{20 The separation letter does provide evidence of Bair's specific intent to arouse or gratify his sexual desires, which is a proper, noncharacter purpose under rule 404(b), see Burke,
2. Relevance Under Rules 401 and 402
1 21 Next, we determine whether the separation letter constitutes relevant evidence because "[elvidence which is not relevant is not admissible," Utah R. Evid. 402. Rule 401 defines relevant evidence as "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Id. R. 401. Here, aggravated sexual abuse of a child and sexual abuse of a child are specific intent crimes requiring evidence that the defendant committed the crime "with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person." See Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-404.1(2). For reasons stated above, the letter tends to show Bair's intent to "arouse or gratify [his] sexual desire" and is therefore relevant.
3. Probative Value Versus Unfair Prejudice Under Rule 403
122 Last, "we must determine whether [the] probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice under rule 403 of the Utah Rules of Evidence." State v. Burke,
123 To determine whether unfair prejudice outweighs the probative value of the separation letter, we apply the factors originally described in State v. Shickles,
the strength of the evidence as to the commission of the other [bad acts], the similarities between the [acts], the interval of time that has elapsed between the [acts], the need for the evidence, the efficacy of alternative proof, and the degree to which the evidence probably will rouse the jury to overmastering hostility.
Id. at 295-96 (internal quotation marks omitted).
124 "[The strength of the evidence as to the commission of the other [bad acts]," see id. at 295 (internal quotation marks omitted), is the most ambiguous of the Shickles factors in this case. Although the authenticity of the separation letter is undisputed, the contours of the bad act it purportedly illustrates is disputed. The State argues that the *1061 admissions in the letter of a sex addiction lend weight to its specific intent argument. However, as Bair states, the statement in the letter that he is "'addicted to sex'" is "'vague and non-descript" and "doesn't mean much" because "[firom the letter alone, no one can determine if Bair was truly addicted to sex, and in what manner." Additionally, the letter does not indicate if Bair's sex addiction entailed sex acts with adult women exclusively, though Bair argues that the letter should be understood as referring only to adult women. We agree with Bair that, in general, "a vague description of an 'addiction to sex' certainly does not amount to an admission of such an uncontrollable impulse to then act out upon a child." This "addiction-equals-molestation" theory, however, is not what the State argued at trial. See infro N1 81-88. In closing arguments, the State recognized that the jury could not convict Bair based on the letter alone and urged the jury to consider the letter in context with the other evidence presented.
¶ 25 Bair does not address the next Shick-les factor in his brief-"the similarities between the [acts]."
6
See Shickles,
126 The next Shickles factor-the length of time between the "acts"-also weighs in favor of admission. Bair placed the letter on Mother's windshield in August 1996 and the abuse occurred sometime between February 1, 1997, and December 31, 1998. The State's inference that after "many months" of repressing his sexual urges, Bair succumbed to them and abused Daughter becomes stronger in light of how close in time the writing of the letter and the abuse occurred.
127 Next, we must evaluate the State's need for this evidence and the "efficacy of alternative proof." State v. Shickles,
11 28 Last, we must consider the prejudicial effect of the evidence and whether it was likely to "rous[e] the jury to overmastering hostility." Shickles,
T29 Bair also describes the State's use of the letter as a means to imply that Bair had an "overmastering sex addiction that [caused him tol molest[ ] his own child, ... [which] confused the issues of the case and misdirected the attention of the jury to convict on speculation and fear." We disagree. As stated above, the letter itself did not clearly lead to the conclusion that Bair's vague assertions of a sex addiction resulted in his sexually abusing Daughter. To the contrary, and conceded at trial by the State, the letter is silent as to whether his sex addiction applies to adults, children, or both. Although the admissions of marital infidelity and an addiction to sex could affect the jury's perception, both are certainly less egregious than the child abuse of which Bair is accused. Cf. State v. Burke,
T 30 We have determined that four Shick-les factors weigh in favor of admission-the strength of the bad acts evidence, the similarities, length of time, and prejudice factors-and two weigh against admission-the need and efficacy factors. We note that although the letter is not highly probative of intent, it is also not unfairly prejudicial. Therefore, because we "indulge a presumption in favor of admissibility," see State v. Dunn,
B. Propriety of the State's Arguments Surrounding the Separation Letter
131 Bair argues that because the letter refers only to sex acts with adults, not children, the State needed to supply an expert witness to make the logical leap from the statements in the letter to sexual abuse of a child. Bais argument, however, is based on his mischaracterization of the State's arguments surrounding the letter. The letter was admitted as evidence of Bair's intent; the State did not make the "addiction-equals-molestation" argument that Bair urges. Additionally, the State's use of the letter to demonstrate Bair's specific intent was not based on any sort of "specialized knowledge" within the ambit of rule 702 of the Utah Rules of Evidence. See Utah R. Evid. 702 (explaining the contours of expert witness testimony). Therefore, Bair's argument that the State was required to present its theories of the import of the separation letter through expert testimony is unavailing.
132 We also reject Bair's argument that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct in its use of the separation letter. Specifically, Bair argues that the State "clearly knew and was well aware that Bair's admissions and comments in the separation
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letter dealt with sexual conduct and indisere-tions with adults" but nonetheless "mischar-acterized the true facts[ and] inferred and argued facts to the jury which were known to be untrue." "In order to demonstrate prose-cutorial misconduct, a defendant must show that the actions or remarks of ... counsel call to the attention of the jury a matter it would not be justified in considering in determining its verdict." Bradley,
T 33 Here, the State did not affirmatively argue that the letter referred to an addiction to "touchy/feely" sex acts specifically with children. Rather, the State acknowledged that the letter was silent as to whether Bair's claimed addiction involved adults, children, or both. The jury is certainly justified in weighing the ambiguities and weaknesses in the evidence in reaching its verdict, and the prosecutor did not commit misconduct by pointing out those uncertainties. CJL id. 144 (determining that no prosecutorial misconduct occurred where "[the State merely urged the jury to consider evidence already determined admissible"). Moreover, the fact that the letter was silent as to the age range of Bair's preferred sex partners also could have been construed by the jury in favor of Bair. Accordingly, Bair's prosecutorial misconduct claim fails. 7
II. Recovered Memories
$34 Bair contends that the trial court plainly erred by admitting Daughter's testimony to the extent her testimony was "tainted" by hypnosis or other "scientific intervention which purportedly 'recovered memory' or 'refreshed recollection'" 8 We disagree.
135 Plain error requires a showing that "@ [aln error exists; (ii) the error should have been obvious to the trial court; and (iii) the error is harmful, i.e., absent the error, there is a reasonable likelihood of a more favorable outcome for the appellant, or phrased differently, our confidence in the verdict is undermined." State v. Holgate,
T 36 Here, Bair argues that because "[the law at the time of trial was clear" regarding refreshed and recovered memories, the trial court should have prohibited Daughter's testimony to the extent her testimony was influenced by hypnosis or other such techniques. Specifically, Bair contends that Daughter's testimony that she was not successfully hypnotized was insufficient for the trial court to continue the trial without first conducting a hearing in limine to determine whether the hypnosis-induced testimony was admissible. Additionally, Bair's argument relies on the belief that the relaxation techniques Daughter underwent lacked the "necessary threshold reliability" to be admissible, see Franklin v. Stevenson,
137 Bair's argument fails because even if he can demonstrate that the trial court erred, he cannot demonstrate that the error prejudiced him. For the sake of argument, we will assume, without deciding, that the trial court should have stopped the trial and held a hearing in limine after Daughter
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indicated that she had recovered some memories while receiving therapy. We will also assume, without deciding, that the outcome of that hearing would have required Daughter to restrict her testimony to the memories she had before she underwent any memory-recovering therapy. See generally State v. Tuttle,
T38 The memories Daughter had before undergoing therapy are recorded in an interview she had at the CJC with the Detective and another investigator (collectively, the investigators) shortly after she reported the abuse. In that interview, Daughter explained that Bair had abused her multiple times over the course of a year or less while she was between seven and eight years old and while he was living in an apartment in Layton. Daughter told the investigators that Bair would kiss her on the lips; "stick his tongue in" her mouth; play with her nipples; put his hands down her pants and rub her vagina, buttocks, and "all the stuff down there"; and that on one occasion Bair touched her "inside" with his finger. She told the investigators that she specifically remembered the instance of penetration because it "seared [her]" and "made [her] feel sick." She explained that each session of abuse occurred in Bair's bedroom while Sister and Son were watching TV in the other room, and that each time the abuse lasted between thirty and forty-five minutes. She told the investigators that each time, Bair would "say[ ] that he was loving [her] up" and tell her that she was pretty. Daughter admitted she could clearly remember only the first and last instances of abuse but that she knew the abuse occurred more than twice. She hesitated to estimate how many times the abuse occurred, but when prompted, she guessed somewhere between "five to ten, maybe fifteen" times. She was unable to remember a time of year to help identify when the abuse occurred. She described the abuse as having promptly ended one day, when in the middle of abusing her Bair "just said it was wrong[ alnd he got up and he left." She told the investigators that Bair instructed her not to tell anybody and that he described the abuse as their "little secret." She told the investigators that she had denied being abused when Mother asked her once in the past because she "didn't want [Bair] to get in trouble." Daughter also explained that when she was in sixth grade, she disclosed the abuse to Sister and that she ultimately reported the abuse to Mother out of concern for Sister and a stepsister.
€ 39 Daughter's trial testimony was largely the same, save for a few small differences: she testified that she believed the abuse occurred during the "warmer" part of the year; she described her body parts with more specificity, using the terms "vaginal area" and "clitoris" instead of "all that stuff down there"; she said that in addition to saying he was loving her up and calling her pretty, Bair would tell Daughter that she was his best friend and that Sister would be jealous of her; she testified that one time Sister and Son were outside playing volleyball, not watching TV, while the abuse occurred; she estimated the abuse to have occurred three to five times, rather than five to fifteen; she testified that after disclosing the abuse to Sister in sixth grade, Sister begged her not to tell Mother about it; and she provided additional details describing why she finally came forward, including that she was having nightmares and visiting an online forum for victims of abuse. Daughter identified two of these statements from her testimony as being the product of "recovered memories" the claim that the abuse occurred during the warmer part of the year and that it occurred on three to five separate occasions. Thus, had the trial court restricted Daughter's testimony to pre-therapy memories, as far as the record indicates, only those two statements would have been omitted at trial. This hardly amounts to a showing of prejudice under a plain error analysis. Indeed, even assuming that all of these discrepancies resulted from memory-recovering therapy and should have been excluded from Daughter's trial testimony, the statements Daughter made during the CJC interview, which coincide with the bulk of Daughter's trial testimony, provided sufficient evidence for the jury to convict Bair of both charges.
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Consequently, even assuming an error occurred, Bair nonetheless failed to demonstrate that absent the alleged error, "there [was] a reasonable likelihood of a more favorable outcome for [him]" or that "our confidence in the verdict [should bel undermined.
9
See Holgate,
III The Detective's Testimony
T40 Next, Bair contends that the trial court committed prejudicial error by admitting the Detective's testimony. Specifically, he argues that the Detective's "testimony amounted to 'expert' testimony for which the State did not provide notice" and failed to establish sufficient foundation, and that the Detective's testimony violated rule 608 of the Utah Rules of Evidence. We address each argument in turn.
A. Expert Testimony Argument
141 Bair points to several specific statements in the record to demonstrate that the Detective's testimony amounted to opinion statements "based upon his purported experience." Implicitly, Bair concludes that his utterance of opinion statements and reliance on personal experience necessarily elevated the Detective's testimony to expert testimony.
142 However, because Bair fails to adequately brief this issue, we decline to address it. To adequately brief an issue, appellants must include in their briefs their "contentions and reasons ... with respect to the issues presented, ... with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record relied on." Utah R.App. P. 24(a)(9). "Implicitly, rule 24(a)(9) requires not just bald citation to authority but development of that authority and reasoned analysis based on that authority.... [T]his court is not a depository in which the appealing party may dump the burden of argument and research." State v. Thomas,
1 43 Here, Bair cites the Detective's opinion-like statements in the record; Utah Code section 77-17-18, which requires parties to disclose the expert witnesses they intend to call within thirty days of trial, see Utah Code Ann. § 77-17-18(1)(a) (2008); and one case, the relevance of which is unclear, before concluding that the Detective's testimony amounted to expert testimony and that it was not admissible as expert testimony. "However, this is all he did." Cf. Thomas,
B. Rule 608 Argument
144 Bair also challenges the Detective's testimony as "inadmissible opinions that improperly vouched for [Daughter's] credibility, improperly discredited the veracity of the defendant, and invaded the province of the jury" under rule 608 of the Utah Rules of Evidence. Bair directs our attention to the Detective's statements that Daughter's "trial testimony was 'consistent' with the disclo *1066 sures she made originally"; that Daughter's delayed disclosure " 'was not surprising' " because " 'it's not uncommon for a vietim not to disclose initially'"; and that Bair's denials were flat, emotionless, and atypical.
145 Rule 608 of the Utah Rules of Evidence states,
The credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of opinion or reputation, but subject to these limitations: (1) the evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, and (2) evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the character of the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation evi-denee or otherwise.
Utah R. Evid. 608(a). Additionally, it is the province of the jury to resolve conflicts in the evidence and "servel ] as the exclusive judge of both the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given particular evidence." State v. Workman,
46 The Utah Supreme Court's decision in State v. Adams,
Y47 Here, none of the Detective's testimony "directly addressed" Bair's or Daughter's "veracity," see Adams,
IV. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
48 Bair next contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for several reasons. We address each argument in turn.
149 As stated above, to succeed on an ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim, "a defendant must ... demonstrate that counsel's performance was deficient, in that it fell below an objective standard of reasonable professional judgment," and "that counsel's deficient performance was prejudicial-i.e., that it affected the outcome of the case." State v. Litherland,
A. Failure to Call an Expert Witness To Rebut the State's Arguments Regarding the Separation Letter
T50 Bair contends that he received ineffective assistance from his trial counsel in light of trial counsel's failure to "consult with [or] retain an expert" to rebut "the State's argument concerning the purported link between an 'addiction to sex' and the 'intent' to molest a child for sexual gratification." This issue was presented during the hearing on the rule 23B remand. At this hearing, Bair called a doctor "as a proposed expert on the lack of a connection between an addiction to sex with adults and pedophilic behavior." The doctor testified that although "he is not aware of any scientific studies showing that an addiction to sex with adults makes it more likely that a person would molest children," "situational offenders," who are by definition "not sexually attracted to children, ... still molest them for other reasons." The doctor explained "that 52-58% of child sex abusers are not sexually attracted to children."
4[ 51 In its findings of fact from the rule 23B hearing, the trial court determined that trial counsel decided not to call an expert witness to testify as to this matter out of concern that it "would be 'more damaging'" because it "would have highlighted the [separation] letter to the jury by making it a focus of testimony from his expert, as well as from an anticipated rebuttal expert from the State." The trial court also noted that trial counsel feared that developing an expert's testimony on this matter "would open the door to potentially damaging factual testimony from other witnesses about [Bair]'s sexual addiction," including testimony that Bair's addiction was not "limited [in] nature" and that he "had spent thousands of dollars on prostitutes while still married to [Mother]." The trial court concluded that "[the proposed expert testimony would not have rebutted the State's claim" and that trial counsel's concerns were legitimate. In other words, the trial court determined that trial counsel did not perform deficiently and, that even if he had performed deficiently, Bair suffered no prejudice from trial counsel's decision to forgo an expert witness on this matter.
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{52 We agree with the trial court. Trial counsel's strategy in not calling an expert witness was clear-to avoid opening the door to damaging factual testimony on rebuttal, especially given that the testimony the doctor presented at the rule 28B hearing was not very helpful. Indeed, the introduction of expert testimony on the separation letter may have been more damaging to Bair's case than helpful; as the trial court noted, Bair's "attraction to adults was not inconsistent with [Daughter's] allegations," especially in light of the doctor's statements that situational offenders, who by the doctor's definition are not attracted to children, nonetheless comprise "52-58% of child sex abusers." Accordingly, the trial court correctly determined that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to call an expert witness to rebut the State's arguments regarding the separation letter. See generally State v. Dunn,
B. Failure to Call Certain Witnesses
153 Bair also asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call three specific witnesses (the three witnesses). Bair argues that the three witnesses would have testified that "love up" was a phrase Bair used regularly, in a non-sexual manner, and that Sister and Son "were especially needy and clingy with [Bair] when they were young (and close in time to the period of alleged abuse)," so much so that Bair "could never be alone with any one of them for any substantial period of time," thereby undermining Daughter's allegation that the abuse occurred while they were alone for thirty- to forty-five-minute periods.
¶ 54 During the rule 28B remand, the trial court determined that "[nlone of the[ three] witnesses knew [Bair] or [Daughter] at the time of the abuse" and that therefore "the testimony of these witnesses would have had little relevancy to the issues that were before the jury." The trial court noted "that these witnesses would be unable to eredibly comment on the meaning of 'love up' at the time the abuse occurred or whether [Bair]'s public use of this term was different from his private use of this term with [Daughter]."
55 We agree with the trial court. Even if the three witnesses were permitted to testify, their proposed testimonies are, at best, "speculative of how the term 'love up' was used with [Daughter]" and of how Bair's children interacted with him during the period of abuse. In other words, Bair has failed to convinee us that he was prejudiced by trial counsel's decision to not call any of the three witnesses. Additionally, as the trial court stated, because trial counsel "could reasonably decide not to call these witnesses, given that none of them had any information regarding the time period in question, as well as the fact that none of their claims were actually inconsistent with [Daughter]'s allegations," Bair has failed to demonstrate that trial counsel performed deficiently. See generally Parsons v. Barnes,
C. Failure to Adequately Prepare the Case
156 Bair contends that trial counsel failed to adequately prepare his case for several reasons: trial counsel "met with Bair only at the courthouse on days Bair appeared for court hearings"; these meetings would last for only forty-five minutes to an hour; trial counsel did not fully discuss with Bair the case, discovery, and the evidence the State had against him; and trial counsel did not "speak with any witness listed in police reports ... or any possible witnesses dealing with specific State theories or other lines of defenses or impeachment which [trial coun-sell should have adduced from police reports." The trial court determined that trial counsel "spoke with [Bair] about the case on multiple occasions and addressed both potential witnesses and strategies," and that he did not perform deficiently.
157 First, we "decline to determine what amount of time counsel must spend with a defendant to ensure that the representation does not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness." See id. at 526. Second, Bair merely describes the additional
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research trial counsel could have performed and concludes that counsel's failure to do that research harmed Bair's case. This sort of speculation does not amount to actual "evidence that counsel overlooked information critical to [Bair's] defense as a result of spending too little time with him in preparation." See id. "[Plroof of ineffective assistance of counsel cannot be a speculative matter but must be a demonstrable reality." Fernandez v. Cook,
D. Waiver of the Preliminary Hearing
T58 Bair also contends that trial counsel was ineffective for waiving the preliminary hearing. Bair argues that "there was absolutely no reasonable trial strategy for full waiver of the hearing" and that he was prejudiced by the waiver. Specifically, Bair asserts that had there been a preliminary hearing, Daughter's "surprise testimony" regarding her recovered memories "would have been elicited and could have been investigated and dealt with at a more proper time pretrial"; "that most, if not all, of the objectionable trial testimony would have been elicited and could have been dealt with pretrial through proper motions in li-mine," including the Detective's "'expert' testimony"; and that "[t]rial counsel could have also used this as an opportunity to examine potential State or defense witnesses in order to solidify and preserve their testimony," including testimony from Sister that Bair presumes would have refuted Daughter's claim that she disclosed the abuse to Sister before she came forward to authorities. 12
1 59 Bair's claims of prejudice are speculative and insufficient for us to conclude that had a preliminary hearing been held, there was a reasonable likelihood of a more favorable result at trial for him. See generally Fernandez,
V. "Position of Special Trust" or "Natural Parent" Aggravating Factor. 13
T 60 Bair argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the trial court employed an ex post facto version of the Utah Code. Bair admits that this argument was not preserved but argues that the plain error exception to preservation should apply.
14
See generally State v. Holgate,
(61 Bair explains that he was prosecuted under the 1998 version of Utah Code section 76-5-404.1(8)(h), which defines aggravated sexual abuse as including situations where the abuse is "committed by a person who occupied a position of special trust," e.g., a natural parent (the natural parent aggravator). See Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-404.1(8)(b) (Supp.1998) (current version at id. § 76-5-404.1(8)(h) (2008)). However, as Bair points out, the 1998 version of this section was not effective until May 4, 1998, see Act of Mar. 14, 1998, ch. 131, 1998 Utah Laws 418, and Bair's convictions identify the abuse as having occurred sometime between February 1, 1997, and December 31, 1998. The version of section 76-5-404.1(8)(h) effective in 1997 and until the 1998 amendment became effective explicitly exeluded "a natural parent ... who has been living in the household" from the definition of a "person who occupie[s] a position of special trust." Id. (Supp. 1997). The jury was not asked to identify when the abuse specifically occurred during the twenty-two-month period alleged, and there is no evidence in the record identifying specific dates within that time frame to help determine which version of the statute should have applied to which parts of Daughter's allegations.
T 62 Therefore, we conclude that the trial court committed plain error. Application of the 1998 version of section 76-5-404.1(8)(h) alone, under the facts and cireumstances of this case, was erroneous. That error should have been obvious to the trial court. And because no evidence was presented to allow the jury to pinpoint when during the alleged twenty-two-month period the abuse occurred to determine which version of section 76-5-404.1(8)(h) should have applied, we cannot be sure the jury's verdict, to the extent it was based on the natural parent aggravator, is supported by the evidence.
15
Cf. State v. Johnson,
163 The State argues that because the jury could have based its convictions of both counts of aggravated sexual abuse on the other aggravating factor charged, any error in the trial court's use of the natural parent aggravator was harmless,. We disagree. While "[ojlne might argue that we should affirm the ... verdict if there is suffi-client evidence to support a finding of guilt under either of the aggravating circumstances therein presented," id., "[wle conclude ... that such an avenue is not open to us here," id. at 1159. The other aggravating factor charged permitted the jury to convict Bair if it determined that he "caused the penetration, however slight, of the genital or anal opening of the child by any part or parts of the human body other than the genitals or mouth" (the penetration aggravator). See Utah Code Ann. § (2008). However, because a jury verdict must be unanimous in a criminal case, see Utah Const. art. I, §$ 10, "a general verdict of guilty cannot stand if the State's case was premised on more than one factual or legal theory of the elements of the crime and any one of those theories is flawed or lacks the requisite evidentiary foundation," Johnson,
T 64 Here, the jury convicted Bair of both counts of aggravated sexual abuse, but did not specify the aggravating factor upon
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which its conviction was based. See id. (determining that there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction for attempted first degree murder based on one of the two charged aggravating factors, and noting that the jury did not specify the aggravating factor upon which its verdict was based). Consequently, "we cannot determine whether the jury was unanimous on the elements of the offense based on" the penetration aggravator alone, "mak{ing] it impossible for us to affirm on th{at] alternative [aggravating factor]" regardless of whether there is sufficient evidence to do so. See id.; see also State v. Saunders,
1 65 Nevertheless,
[when an error at trial taints a defendant's conviction, as it has here, we have "the power to enter judgment for a lesser included offense ... if (1) the trier of fact necessarily found facts sufficient to constitute the lesser offense, and (ii) the error did not affect these findings."
State v. Carruth,
$66 Sexual abuse of a child is a lesser included offense of aggravated sexual abuse of a child. See State v. McCloud,
Before you can convict the defendant, Robert David Bair, of AGGRAVATED SEXUAL ABUSE OF A CHILD, as charged in Counts One and Two of the Information, you must find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, all of the following elements of the crime.
1. That on or about February 1, 1997 through December 31, 1998, in Davis County, Utah;
2. The defendant, Robert David Bair;
3. did knowingly, intentionally, or recklessly;
4. touch the anus, buttocks, genitalia, or the breast of the female child or otherwise took indecent liberties with a child, or caused a child to take indecent liberties with the actor or another;
5. That such acts were performed with the intent to cause substantial emotional or bodily pain to any person or with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person regardless of the sex of any participant;
AND
6. a. the offense was committed by a person who occupied a position of special trust in relation to the victim; OR
b. the accused cause[d] the penetration, however slight, of the genital or anal opening of the child....
Steps one through five of the jury instruction, which were not affected by the amendment to the statute, follow the statutory definition for sexual abuse of a child, while step
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six, which was affected by the amendment, enumerates the two aggravating factors charged. Thus, "the jury necessarily found every fact required for [sexual abuse of a child] beyond a reasonable doubt in returning a guilty verdict under the [aggravated sexual abuse of a child] instruction it was given." See Dunn,
VI. Cumulative Error
T67 Last, Bair alleges that the cumulative effect of the numerous asserted errors discussed in the preceding pages requires he be granted a new trial. "In assessing a claim of cumulative error, we consider all the identified errors, as well as any errors we assume may have occurred." Dunn,
CONCLUSION
T 68 The trial court did not err in admitting the separation letter as evidence of Bair's specific intent under rules 404(b), 401, 402, and 408 of the Utah Rules of Evidence, and the State was not required to present its theories on the import of the separation letter through expert testimony. Additionally, the State's use of the separation letter at trial did not constitute prosecutorial misconduct. Next, even assuming the trial court committed error by admitting the portions of Daughter's testimony that may have been influenced by memory-recovering therapies, Bair cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by these admissions. We decline to address Bair's claim that the Detective's testimony amounted to expert testimony because it was inadequately briefed, and we determine that the Detective's testimony did not violate rule 608(a) of the Utah Rules of Evidence or invade the province of the jury. The trial court correctly determined that Bair's trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to call an expert witness to rebut the State's arguments regarding the separation letter and that he was not ineffective for failing to call the three witnesses. The trial court also correctly rejected Bair's arguments that trial counsel was ineffective for inadequately preparing his case and waiving the preliminary hearing. Bair's cumulative *1073 error argument also fails. The trial court did commit plain error when it applied only the 1998 version of Utah Code section 76-5-404.1(8)(h) regarding the natural parent ag-gravator, but because the jury necessarily convicted Bair of the lesser included offense of sexual abuse of a child when it found him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of aggravated sexual abuse of a child, we remand on this issue with instructions for the trial court to resentence Bair accordingly.
T 69 WE CONCUR: GREGORY K. ORME and MICHELE M. CHRISTIANSEN, Judges.
Notes
. "On appeal, we review the record facts in a light most favorable to the jury's verdict and recite the facts accordingly. We present conflicting evidence only as necessary to understand issues raised on appeal." State v. Holgate,
. The Information was later amended to narrow the time frame of the alleged abuse to coincide with the time frame that Bair lived in the Layton apartment.
. Bair also lists the doctrine of manifest injustice as an exception to preservation. Under the facts and circumstances of this case, we treat Bair's assertions of plain error and manifest injustice as one and the same because, as ""in most circumstances, the term 'manifest injustice' is synonymous with the 'plain error' standard expressly provided in Utah Rule of Evidence 103(d)," State v. Verde,
. The parties both argue that the letter is bad acts evidence that needs to be analyzed under rule 404(b), as well as rules 401, 402, and 403. We apply the analysis the parties urge without deciding whether the separation letter falls under rule 404(b) and acknowledge that even if the letter does not constitute bad acts evidence, its admission would still be guided by rules 401, 402, and 403.
. Except where substantive amendments affect our analysis, see infra section V, we cite the most recent version of the Utah Code.
. In this case, the "acts" refer to the abuse of Daughter and the admitted addiction to the "touchy/feely" and "play around"" aspects of sex. Bair argues that the letter should be understood to refer to sex acts with adults, and only adults. However, on its face, the separation letter does not indicate whether Bair meant to refer to adults specifically. We do not endeavor to resolve this ambiguity; that is an issue for the fact-finder.
. Bair also claims that the State committed pros-ecutorial misconduct because its " 'addiction-equals-molestation' theory" was intended to "force [Bair] to incriminate himself" by pushing him to explain that the acts of marital infidelity referred to in the letter included "sexual exploits with prostitutes." Because we have rejected this characterization of the State's theory of the case, this claim of prosecutorial misconduct also fails.
. Bair also challenges several of the trial court's rule 23B findings respecting the recovered memory issue as unsupported by the record and clearly erroneous. However, he fails to argue how these alleged errors prejudiced him. Because Bair does not adequately present this argument, we do not address it. See State v. Thomas,
. For this reason, Bair's ineffective assistance of counsel claims based on trial counsel's failure to object to the admission of Daughter's testimony on memory-enhancement grounds, obtain Daughter's therapy records, or ask for a continuance, mistrial, or "other remedy" also fails due to lack of prejudice. See generally State v. Dean,
. This case is not analogous to State v. Iorg,
. Because we treat this issue as though it were preserved, we do not address Bair's claims of plain error and ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Regardless, both arguments would be defeated by our determinations that rule 608 was not violated and that the jury's province was not invaded.
. On appeal and in his motion for a rule 23B remand, Bair argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call Sister as a witness. Bair contends that Sister would have likely testified that Daughter never disclosed the abuse to her. Bair bases this assumption on Sister's CJC interview, during which the investigators asked Sister if anyone "ever[ ] told [her] about anything" "unsafe [that has] happened to ... anybody in [her] home," to which Sister responded, "I don't think so." Bair supported his rule 23B motion "with his own affidavit and that of [his] appellate counsel speculating on [the] testimony that could have been provided by" Sister. This court determined that Bair did not provide sufficient evidence for a rule 23B remand on that issue, and these speculations continue to be insufficient to support his ineffectiveness claim on appeal. See Fernandez v. Cook,
. Because of the manner in which we resolve this issue, we do not address Bair's challenge to the jury instructions regarding the aggravating factors.
. Bair also argues that the exceptional circumstances exception to preservation applies, see generally State v. Holgate,
. Bair describes the plain error the trial court committed as an ex post facto application of the 1998 version of the statute. This argument assumes that the abuse occurred prior to the date the 1998 version of the statute became effective-May 4, 1998. We cannot agree; there is no evidence in the record to determine when during the charged twenty-two-month time frame the abuse occurred. As a result, we cannot determine that application of the 1998 version necessarily constituted an ex post facto type error. Rather, we determine that without any evidence pinpointing when the abuse occurred during the alleged time frame, neither version of the statute should have been applied exclusively.
. In State v. Dunn,
"[tlhis procedure does not constitute interference with the function of the trial judge or jury in a criminal trial, but rather constitutes action in accordance with the findings of the trier of fact. Moreover, this procedure does not deprive the defendant of his right to have a trial judge or jury decide on the proof of the elements of the lesser and included offense, but rather recognizes that the trier of fact has already made that decision."
Id. at 1212 n. 8 (emphasis omitted) (quoting State v. Byrd,