223 Conn. 595 | Conn. | 1992
This appeal of a criminal conviction raises several claims regarding the propriety of the trial court’s jury instructions. The defendant, Moisés Avila, was tried for the crimes of felony murder and robbery in the first degree in violation of General Statutes §§ 53a-54c, 53a-133 and 53a-134 (a) (2).
The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. On October 8, 1988, the defendant drove John Hoffler, Rodney Kyles and Nathaniel Nelson from New Haven to Waterbury.
On appeal, the defendant claims that the trial court: (1) failed to answer adequately a question asked by the jury regarding an essential element of robbery in the first degree; (2) improperly instructed the jury on the definition of intentional conduct; and (3) improperly instructed the jury on the intent required to commit the offense of robbery in the first degree as an accessory.
I
The defendant first claims that the trial court inadequately answered a question asked by the jury during deliberations. He argues that, when the jury asked whether the defendant would be guilty as an accessory if he were unaware that a robbery had taken place until after it had occurred, the trial court should have responded directly that the defendant would not be guilty unless he had intended that a robbery occur prior to its actual commission.
In its final instructions, the trial court informed the jury of the elements of robbery in the first degree. The court also informed the jury that the state was proceeding on the theory that the defendant was an accessory to the crime, rather than a principal. Regarding accessorial liability, the court instructed the jury that, in order to prove the defendant guilty, the state had to demonstrate that the defendant had possessed the mental state required for the commission of robbery and that he had intentionally aided the principal offenders to commit that crime.
On October 5, 1990, the second day of jury deliberations, the jury presented the court with a note asking: “Question: Would the accused be an accomplice if he were aware of any criminal act(s) only if he were made
On October 9, 1990, the court responded to the jury’s question stating, “my answer to you is that I have informed you what the state has to prove beyond a reasonable doubt for you to find that the defendant was an accessory to the crime, the crime of robbery. If I receive—And, therefore, that is my answer to your question. If I receive a request from you to request or redefine my instructions, insofar as they relate to what the state has to prove for you to find that Mr. Avila is an accessory to the crime, [I] will. ... So, if you want me to give you further instructions as to what an accessory is, I shall be very happy to do so. But, I need a note from you to do it.”
On the following day, the jury requested the court to redefine the elements of felony murder and robbery in the first degree. In response, the court stated that it would “get to the heart of the matter which seems to be bothering you and that is whether the defendant is a participant in the robbery.” The trial court then proceeded to reinstruct the jury on the elements of robbery in the first degree and felony murder. Regarding the defendant’s intent, the court again informed the jury that, in order to find the defendant guilty, it would be required to find that the defendant (1) had intended to commit a robbery; (2) had intended to aid the principals in their commission of a robbery; and (3) acting with both of those intentions, had driven the principals “to and from” the scene of the crime. (Emphasis added.)
On October 11, 1990, the jury again asked the court what must be proven in order to find the defendant guilty of robbery in the first degree. In response, the court reinstructed the jury regarding the elements of
Immediately following the trial court’s reinstruction, the defendant took exception, stating, “I don’t know whether the jury knows that there is a dual intent required.” In response, the trial court called the jury back into the courtroom and, once more, reinstructed it. The court repeated that the state was required to prove that the defendant (1) had intended that a robbery be committed; (2) acting with that intent, had intentionally aided the principals; and (3) acting with both of those intentions, had driven the principals “to and from” the scene of the robbery.
Although the trial court repeatedly instructed the jury regarding the elements of the charged offenses, it never specifically supplied the jury with a direct answer to its question of October 5, 1990. The gravamen of the defendant’s claim on appeal is that, in failing to respond to that question directly, the court failed to clarify the elements of the offense, and left the jury in doubt as to whether the defendant could be guilty of robbery if he had become aware of the robbery only after it had been committed.
Initially, the state claims that the defendant failed to preserve this claim properly at trial. Our review of the trial transcript also indicates that the defendant did not properly preserve this issue. See Practice Book §§ 288 and 4185; State v. Tillman, 220 Conn. 487, 506,
It is uncontroverted that the defendant has established both that the record is adequate to review his claim and that his claim alleges the violation of a fundamental right. He has thus satisfied the first and second prongs of the Golding test; consequently, we must determine whether a constitutional violation clearly exists and, if so, whether it clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial.
A jury instruction is constitutionally adequate if it provides the jurors with a “clear understanding of the elements of the crime charged,” and affords “them proper guidance for their determination of whether those elements were present.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Usry, 205 Conn. 298, 316, 533
The defendant correctly asserts that he would not be liable as an accessory to robbery in the first degree if he were completely unaware that a robbery had been committed until after the principals had left the scene and entered his car. Although, in those circumstances, the defendant’s conduct might have assisted the principals in escaping, it would be insufficient to establish accessorial liability pursuant to General Statutes § 53a-8 because the conduct would not satisfy the required element of intent.
To act as an accessory pursuant to § 53a-8, one must act “with the mental state required for the commission of the offense . . . .” The mental state required to commit robbery in the first degree is the intent to commit larceny and to do so by the use of force or the threatened use of immediate force for the purpose of: (1) preventing or overcoming resistance to the taking of property or to the retention thereof immediately after the taking; or (2) compelling the owner of such property or another person to deliver up the property or to engage in other conduct that aids in the commission of the larceny. General Statutes § 53a-133. More
Thus, if the defendant was unaware of the robbery until after it had occurred, and offered assistance to the principals only at that time, it would have been impossible for him to have assisted with the intent that the crime occur. Although, in those circumstances, a jury might reasonably conclude that the defendant assisted the principals with the knowledge that a robbery had occurred, it could not reasonably conclude that he had assisted the principals with the conscious objective to bring 'about a result that had already been achieved.
Although we agree with the defendant’s contention that he could not be convicted of robbery in the first degree as an accessory if the jury found that he had become aware of the crime only after it had been committed, we conclude that the trial court’s instructions sufficiently communicated to the jury the necessity that the defendant have the prior intention to commit robbery. Although the trial court might more properly have answered the jury’s question directly, its omission was not so egregious as to violate due process. The court repeatedly delivered accurate instructions regarding the intent required to commit the crime, and the required timing of that intent. The court repeatedly informed the jury that, in order to convict, it must find
II
We next address the defendant’s claim that the trial court improperly instructed the jury on the definition of intentional conduct. Specifically, the defendant asserts that his conviction must be reversed because the trial court failed to distinguish adequately between knowing and purposeful conduct. We disagree.
In its final instructions, the trial court accurately informed the jury that in order to be guilty of robbery in the first degree the defendant must have committed certain intentional acts. The court also explained that “[o]ur law provides that a person acts intentionally with respect to a result or to conduct described by a statute defining an offense when his or her conscious objective is to cause such result or to engage in such conduct. In short, intentional conduct is purposeful conduct, as distinguished from conduct that is accidental or inadvertent.”
The defendant now claims that, by contrasting purposeful conduct with accidental conduct, the trial court might have misled the jury to believe that knowing acts were sufficient to satisfy the definition of intentional conduct.
“It is axiomatic that the state is required to prove all the essential elements of the crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt in order to obtain a conviction. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 361, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970).” (Internal quotations marks omitted.) State v. Anderson, supra, 36. The failure of the
Viewing the charge as a whole, we conclude that there is no reasonable possibility that the jury was misled. The court, initially, accurately defined intentional conduct pursuant to § 53a-3 (11). The court then explained that intentional conduct was “purposeful” conduct. Had the court instructed only that intentional conduct was “purposeful” conduct, as distinguished from accidental or inadvertent conduct, we might be persuaded that it was reasonably possible that the jury was misled. The court, however, also gave an accurate instruction as to the statutory definition of intent. Within the context of the entire instruction we conclude that the comparison to accidental or inadvertent conduct was not violative of due process.
Finally, the defendant claims that the jury was improperly instructed on the intent element of robbery in the first degree as an accessory. He asserts that the trial court improperly failed to instruct the jury that, in order to convict the defendant of robbery in the first degree as an accessory, it must find proven beyond a reasonable doubt that he was aware that one of the other participants in the crime was armed with a deadly weapon. We do not agree.
In its jury instructions regarding the intent element of the crime of robbery in the first degree as an accessory, the trial court charged that the state must prove that the defendant had intended to commit larceny. The court then accurately informed the jury of the elements and specific intent required for larceny. The court instructed further that the state would be required to prove, in order to obtain a conviction, that, in committing the larceny, the defendant intended that immediate physical force be used or threatened to be used upon another for the purpose of: (1) preventing or overcoming resistance to the taking of property or to the retention thereof immediately after the taking; or (2) compelling the owner to deliver up the property or to engage in other conduct which aids in the commission of the larceny. Although the defendant was charged with having committed first degree robbery in that a participant in the robbery had been armed with a deadly weapon; General Statutes § 53a-134 (a) (2); the trial court did not instruct the jury that, in order to convict the defendant of that crime, it was required to find proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had intended that one of the participants be armed with a deadly weapon. It is on that basis that the defendant claims that he was deprived of due process.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
General Statutes § 53a-54c provides: “A person is guilty of murder when, acting either alone or with one or more persons, he commits or attempts to commit robbery, burglary, kidnapping, sexual assault in the first degree, sexual assault in the first degree with a firearm, sexual assault in the third degree, sexual assault in the third degree with a firearm, escape in the first degree, or escape in the second degree and, in the course of and in furtherance of such crime or of flight therefrom, he, or another participant, if any, causes the death of a person other than one of the participants, except that in any prosecution under this section, in which the defendant was not the only participant in the underlying crime, it shall be an affirmative defense that the defendant: (A) Did not commit the homicidal act or in any way solicit, request, command, importune, cause or aid the commission thereof; and (B) was not armed with a deadly weapon, or any dangerous instrument; and (C) had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant was armed with such a weapon or instrument; and (D) had no reasonable ground to believe that any other participant intended to engage in conduct likely to result in death or serious physical injury.”
General Statutes § 53a-133 provides: “A person commits robbery when, in the course of committing a larceny, he uses or threatens the immediate use of physical force upon another person for the purpose of: (1) Preventing or overcoming'resistance to the taking of the property or to the retention thereof immediately after the taking; or (2) compelling the owner of such property or another person to deliver up the property or to engage in other conduct which aids in the commission of the larceny.”
General Statutes § 53a-134 (a) provides in pertinent part: “A person is guilty of robbery in the first degree when, in the course of the commission of the crime or of immediate flight therefrom, he or another participant in the crime ... (2) is armed with a deadly weapon.”
General Statutes § 53a-8 provides: “A person, acting with the mental state required for commission of an offense, who solicits, requests, commands, importunes or intentionally aids another person to engage in conduct which constitutes an offense shall be criminally liable for such conduct and maybe prosecuted and punished as if he were the principal offender.”
As a result of this incident, Kyles was convicted of felony murder and robbery in the first degree. He appealed to this court and we affirmed his conviction. State v. Kyles, 221 Conn. 643, 607 A.2d 355 (1992). Nelson pleaded nolo contendere to a charge of felony murder. We affirmed his conviction, as well. State v. Nelson, 221 Conn. 635, 605 A.2d 1381 (1992).
The state contests this assertion and contends that the defendant would be guilty of robbery in the first degree as an accessory even if he became aware of the robbery only after the principals had left the gambling club.
The court instructed: “[A] person acting with the mental state required for the commission of an offense, who intentionally aids another person to engage in conduct which constitutes an offense, shall be criminally liable for such conduct. . . .’’Additionally, “[t]o be an accessory to a crime, a person must be more than simply present as a companion when the crime was committed. The person must do more than passively acquiesce in the crime or innocently do certain acts that aided in the commission of the crime. Unless the defendant had a criminality of interest and unlawful purpose, in common with the actual perpetrators of the robbery, he cannot be held to have been an accessory.”
The court instructed the jury that the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had the intent “that a robbery be committed and that acting with such intent, the defendant intentionally aided [others] in their commission of the robbery by driving them to and from the place where the robbery occurred.” (Emphasis added.)
Following this last reinstruction, the state took exception, asserting that the court’s repeated instructions regarding the intent required had “unduly” emphasized that element of the offense.
In its brief, the state asserts that the defendant is not entitled to a review of his claim pursuant to State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 567 A.2d 823 (1989), because, the state contends, he has “expressly disavowed” any claim by misleading the trial court into believing that he approved of its instructions. Even assuming, without deciding, that a defendant’s disavowal could preclude him from prevailing under State v. Golding, our review of the record does not reveal any express disavowal of this claim. We conclude that the defendant is not barred from requesting review pursuant to State v. Golding.
Under such circumstances, the defendant might be prosecuted for the crime of hindering prosecution pursuant to General Statutes §§ 53a-165 and 53a-166.
General Statutes § 53a-3 (11) provides: “A person acts ‘intentionally’ with respect to a result or to conduct described by a statute defining an offense when his conscious objective is to cause such result or to engage in such conduct.”
As noted in footnote 10, supra, to act intentionally it must be one’s conscious objective to bring about a result or conduct. General Statutes § 53a-3 (11). To act knowingly requires only that one be aware of the circumstances. General Statutes § 53a-3 (12).
Practice Book § 4185 provides that this court “shall not be bound to consider a claim unless it was distinctly raised at the trial or arose subsequent to the trial. The supreme court may in the interests of justice notice plain error not brought to the attention to the trial court.”
Although the jury used the word “aware” in its note to the trial court, the substance of the note was directed toward an entirely different question of law; see part I, supra; and thus we do not find it particularly indicative of any misperception on the part of the jury regarding the element of intent.