State v. Austin
21 S.W. 31
Mo.
1893
Check Treatment
G-awtt, P. J.

Thе defendant was indicted at the September term, 1891, of the Lincoln circuit court for grand larceny of a horse, the property of Jonathan Dodson.

The indictment is as follows: “The grand jurors for the state of Missouri duly impanelled, sworn and charged to inquire within аnd for the body of the *541county of Lincoln and state of Missouri, do upon their oaths charge and present that Stephen E. Austin was charged and convicted of the offense of grand larceny on the ninth day of December, A. D. 1889, at the September adjournеd term of the circuit court of Lincoln county, Missouri, in the year 1889, and that the said Stephen E. Austin was sentenced by the said court on sаid ninth day of December, A. D. 1889, for a term of two years’ imprisonment in the state penitentiary of Missouri; and that the said Stephen E. Austin cоmplied with said sentence. And that afterwards, to-wit, on or about the twenty-fifth day of July, A. D. 1891, at the said county of Lincoln and state of Missouri, the said Stephen E. Austin did then and there unlawfully and feloniously steal, take and carry away a certain bay horse, the same being thе property of Jonathan Dodson, against the peace and dignity of the state.”

The defendant was arraigned and entered his plea “not guilty.” He was convicted and sentenced for a term of seven years. Motions for a new trial and in arrest wеre duly made and overruled.

I. The defendant has been permitted to prosecute his appeal as a poor person, but he was fortunate enough to secure the assistance of counsel who has presented his case in an excellent brief. The motion in arrest challenges the sufficiency of the indictment. This prosecution is under ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‍section 3959, Revised Statutes, 1889, which provides: “If any person convicted of any offense punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary, or of petit larcеny, or of any attempt to commit an offense which, if perpetrated, would be punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary, shall be discharged еither upon pardon or upon compliance with the sentence and shall subsequently be convicted of any offensе committed after such pardon or discharge he *542shall be punished, * '* * second, if such subsequent offense be such that upon a first conviction the offender would be punishable by imprisonment for a limited term of years, then such person shall be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary for thе longest term prescribed upon a conviction for such first offense.” Seven years being the maximum, the court instructed f0£ that and thе jury so found.

The punishment is made severe as for an aggravated -offense. The crime is purely statutory and it needs no ■citations or argument to prove that the indictment under it must allege all the material facts which constitute the offense so as to bring the defendant within the provisions of the statute.

The statute by its terms only subjects to this extreme punishment those who have been convicted of some offense punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary or. of petit larceny and have been discharged, either by pardon ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‍or by compliance with the sentence, hence, it is a material and essential averment that the felony charged was committed after a former conviction for an offense punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary and а discharge, either upon being pardoned or having complied with the sentence.

Upon a prosecution under a stаtute in New York (2 Revised Statutes sec. 8 (N. Y.), 699) containing the same provision, it was held that the indictment was insufficient because it failed tо aver that the convict was discharged, either by pardon or upon expiration of his sentence, the court saying he might have escaped or been discharged on habeas corpus or the judgment arrested or reversed. Wood v. People, 53 N. Y. 511. But in this case no discharge whatever is alleged.. It is argued - by the аttorney general that the .averment that defendant complied ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‍with his sentence is a legal equivalent. In a criminal prosecution nothing *543is taken by intendment. Moreover, if we are left to the letter of the indictment, it would seem impossible for the defendаnt to be guilty under this statute. It is averred he was sentenced for two years from December, 9, 1889, and that he complied with his sentencе. It then alleges he stole this horse in July, 1891. Taking these averments together, he was charged with being In the penitentiary at the same timе he is charged with stealing the horse in Lincoln county in July, 1891.

It is not permissible to indulge in inferences or we might suppose he was pardоned under the three fourths rule, or absolutely, either of which would be a compliance with the law; but in an indictment the proseсution must negative the innocence of the defendant.

There is no hardship in requiring the state to inform a man of the nature and cause of the accusation against him before requiring him to defend his life or liberty. This statute was under review in State v. Loehr, 93 Mo. 103. It would seem an easy thing to draw an indictment under it. The motion in arrest should have been sustained. Kelley’s Criminal Law [1 Ed.] sec. 615; Wood v. People, 53 N. Y. 511; Stevens v. People, 1 Hill, 261; People v. Allen, 5 Denio, 76; State v. Small, 14 Atl. Rep. 942.

II. The .trial court, among others, gave .this instruction:

“The defendant is a competent witness in his own behalf, and his evidence should not be discarded by the jury for the reason alone that he is the defendant on trial; but such fact may be considered by the jury in determining the credit to be ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‍given to his testimony, .and the jury are further instructed that they are the .sole judges оf the credibility of the witnesses and the weight of testimony, and, if they believe that any witness has intentionally testified falsely as to any *544material fact in tlie case, they may disregard the whole or any part of the testimony of such witness.”

We cannot approve the form of this instruction. We think it is fairly open to the criticism of counsel, that it tells the jury by implication that the defendant’s evidence should be discarded on some ground, but not alone because he is a defendant on trial. We have gone no further in construing thе statute than to say the jury may consider the fact that the defendant is on trial in weighing his credibility, but they should not be invited to discard his evidence, but to weigh it. We think this instruction alsо constitutes reversible error.

III. There was no error in receiving in evidence the certificate of discharge by the warden of the .penitentiary. He was required by law, as a public officer, to keep the record of the discharge or pаrdon (Revised Statutes, sec. 7249), and when, as in this case, the convict was discharged under the three-fourths rule, no pardon from the gоvernor was necessary. Revised Statutes, sec. 7273.

For the error in overruling the motion in arrest and giving the instruction ‍‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‍hereinbefore condemned, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.

All of this division concur.