OPINION
¶ 1 The State of Arizona appeals the trial court’s order suppressing Manuel Archibeque’s confession made to a clergyman within the meaning of Arizona Revised Statutes (“A.R.S.”) section 13-4062(3) (Supp. 2009). For the reasons that follow, we conclude that Archibeque’s statements to his Bishop are protected by the clergy-penitent privilege; the presence of Archibeque’s wife during the сonfession does not vitiate this privilege; and Arehibeque’s disclosures to his wife made prior to his confession to the clergyman do not constitute a waiver of the privilege. We therefore affirm the trial court’s ruling.
BACKGROUND
¶ 2 Arehibeque and his wife are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (“Church”). In September 2005, Archibeque’s wife contacted their Church Bish *234 op, stating that Arehibeque admitted tо her that he had inappropriately touched his stepdaughter. Arehibeque and his wife then met with the Bishop. During this meeting, Archibeque allegedly admitted sexually touching his stepdaughter.
¶ 3 Arehibeque was subsequently indicted on one count of sexual conduct with a minor and three counts of molestation of a child, all class two felonies. The State gave notice that it intended to introducе the testimony of the Bishop at trial. Arehibeque filed a motion to suppress the testimony of the Bishop “as privileged communications between communicant and clergy.” The trial court conducted a hearing concerning Arehibeque’s motion, at which the Bishop testified. The trial court granted the motion to suppress, holding that the privilege contained in § 13-4062(3) applied and thаt it was not waived by the presence of Archibeque’s wife. The State timely appealed and the trial court granted the State’s request to stay the trial court proceedings.
¶ 4 We have jurisdiction according to Arizona Constitution Article 6, Section 9, AR.S. § 12-120.21(A)(1) (2003), and A.R.S. § 13-4032(6) (Supp.2009) (“An appeal may be taken by the state from ... [a]n order granting a motion to suppress the use of evidence”).
ANALYSIS
¶ 5 Whether an evidentiary privilege exists is a question of law that we review de novo.
Blazek v. Superior Court In & For County of Maricopa,
The Privilege Under § 13-4062(3) is Applicable
¶ 6 The State first argues that Archibeque’s statements to the Bishop were not a confession in the course of discipline enjoined by the Church. The clergy-penitent privilege enacted by our legislature is as follows: A person shall not be examined as a witness in the following cases:
A clergyman or priest, without consent of the person making the confession, as to any confession made to the clergyman or priest in his professional character in the course of discipline enjoined by the church to which the clergyman or priest belongs.
A.R.S. § 13-4062(3). 1
¶ 7 A determination of whether the clergy-penitent privilege applies involves a three-step inquiry: (1) Is the person who received the confession a “clergyman or priest”? (2) Was the confession made while the clergyman or priest was acting in his professional capacity? (3) Was the confession made in the course of discipline enjoined by the church to which the clergyman or priest belongs? If the answer to all three inquiries is affirmative, then the clergy-penitent privilege under § 13-4062(3) applies, unless the privilege is waived.
¶ 8 With respect to the first question, the Bishop in this case constitutes a “clergyman or priest.” To determinе whether a person is a clergyman under § 13-4062(3), this court has propounded the following test: “whether a person is a clergyman of a particular religious organization should be determined by that organization’s ecclesiastical rales, customs and laws.”
Waters v. O’Connor,
¶ 9 In this case, the person to whom Archibeque made his confession was a Bishop of the Church. The position and title of “Bishop” is officially bestowed and recognized by the Church. Archibeque’s Bishop maintained an office at the local church over which he had jurisdiction. In response to a question posed by the trial court concerning whether the Churсh’s Bishops are “ordained like a Catholic priest is ordained,” the Bishop *235 testified that he received his ordination from someone with authority to act on behalf of the Church, and that he also received a certificate confirming his ordination. The Bishop testified that his duties concerning his local church included: managing the financial issues, including donations and tithing; addressing various ecclesiastical issues; handling the repentance process and confessions; and overseeing sacrament meetings, other Sunday meetings, and youth programs. He explained that the position of a Bishop in the Church is “a priesthood authority,” and Bishops receive the members’ confessions of their sins during the “repentance process.” Further, the Bishop said that “а basic tenet of being a Bishop” is not revealing discussions with members and statements made in confidence.
¶ 10 We agree with the trial court that the official, recognized ecclesiastical role of the Bishop in this situation establishes that the Bishop was acting as a clergyman within the meaning of § 13-4062(3). We next consider whether Archibeque’s confession was made to the Bishop while thе Bishop was acting in his professional character.
¶ 11 “The ‘professional character’ element requires the communication to be directed to a clergyman in his or her capacity as a spiritual leader within his or her religious denomination.”
Waters,
¶ 12 Lastly, we find that the confession was made in the course of discipline enjoined by the Church. This prong of the test focuses on “the duties and obligations of the clergyman and the rules and customs of the cleric’s faith.”
Waters,
¶ 13 The Bishop in this case testified that the repentance process is an official church doctrine, and as a Bishop his duties included facilitating the repentance process. The Bishop described his role in the repentance process as follows:
[I]f someone comes to me, part of what we believe in is that if you commit a sin you need to repent. Some sins, depending on the gravity, require confession to a priesthood authority; mainly if you’re in the ward to the [B]ishop. So if someone comes to mе and they have committed something of that nature, I go over with them the steps to the repentance process.
Part of the Bishop’s role in the repentance process is to provide spiritual counseling, as well as to provide members the opportunity to confess sins in accordance with the Church’s repentance process. The Bishop testified thаt the offenses Arehibeque has been charged with constitute serious offenses under the Church’s doctrine that would require confession to a Bishop. Arehibeque and the Bishop discussed the repentance process during their meeting. Arehibeque confessed to the Bishop in accordance with established Church practices. We agree, therefore, that the confеssion was made in the course of discipline enjoined by the Church.
¶ 14 Because all three elements required for application of the privilege are satisfied, we conclude that Archibeque’s alleged confession to the Bishop is protected by the clergy-penitent privilege of A.R.S. § 13-4062(3), unless the privilege was waived.
The Privilege Under § 13-4062(3) Was Not Waived
¶ 15 The State next argues that even if the confessiоn was privileged, Arehibeque
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waived the privilege by having his wife present during the confession. In resolving this issue, the approach taken by this court in
State v. Sucharew,
¶ 16 Applying a similar approach hеre, we conclude that the clergy-penitent privilege under § 13-4062(3) was not waived by the presence of Archibeque’s wife if Arehibeque believed the communication would remain private and such belief is reasonable.
¶ 17 Arehibeque and his wife met with the Bishop in a private setting — the Bishop’s church office — and behind closed doors. The Bishop described his role as “multifold,” meaning as Bishоp it was his duty to help in the repentance process and provide spiritual guidance for the family. The Bishop discussed marital issues with Arehibeque and his wife, and he imparted spiritual advice concerning marriage. Although the Bishop testified that it was not necessary for the repentance process to have Arehibeque’s wife present, the Bishop explained that hе had counseled couples together on previous occasions. The Bishop testified that confidentiality was a concern for both him and the Archibeques. He stated that an official manual of instructions for Bishops, provided by the Church, required that meetings held in the furtherance of the repentance process must remain confidential. He also called a сhurch “helpline” and received confirmation that such conversations are confidential. In keeping with this church policy, the Bishop assured the Archibeques that their communications would be confidential. Based upon the nature of the meeting and the relationships between the parties, we conclude that Arehibeque believed the communications would remain сonfidential and that such a belief was reasonable.
¶ 18 Like other evidentiary privileges, the clergy-penitent privilege is subject to the common law doctrine of implied waiver.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Superior Court,
¶ 19 There is no allegation in our record that Arehibeque later disclosed the conversation with the Bishop to an individual not present during the confession. The meeting took place in private. Arehibeque received assurances from the Bishop, in accordance with Church policy, that their conversation would remain confidential. On these facts, the presence of Arehibeque’s wife is not evidence of conduct inconsistent with a desire to maintain the privilege. Archibeque’s wife was not a foreign and uninterested third party. Archibeque’s conduct giving rise to this case and his participation in the repentance process through the Church hаd a direct effect upon his wife. Archibeque’s statements to the Bishop in his wife’s presence were made in furtherance of the confession and repentance process, and do not amount to “conduct inconsistent with observance of the privilege.”
Bain,
¶ 20 The State, in attempting to distinguish the clergy-penitent privilege from the attorney-client privilege, argues that clergy-penitent determinations must be made according to the rules and customs of the clergyman’s faith, and not based upon the “subjective expectations of the penitent.” In support of its argument, the Stаte cites
Waters.
We agree that, consistent with
Waters,
the initial determination of whether the clergy-penitent privilege is applicable requires consideration of the rules and customs of the clergyman’s faith and is not determined by the subjective expectations of the penitent.
See Waters,
¶ 21 Therefore, Archibeque’s privilege under A.R.S. § 13-4062(3) was not waived by the presence of his wife during the confession.
¶ 22 Other jurisdictions have reached similar conclusions when confronted with the question whether waiver should apply when a third party is present during the confession. The Georgia Court of Appeals held that a communicant’s statements to an ordained minister in the presence of the communicant’s daughters did not waive the clergy-penitent privilege.
Alternative Health Care Sys., Inc. v. McCown,
¶ 23 The State further contends that the privilege is waived because Arehibeque revealed the privileged information to his wife priоr to confessing to the Bishop. In support of its position, the State relies upon
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
In
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints,
this court determined that the
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clergy-penitent privilege had been impliedly waived because the communicant “revealed to the police not only the fact, but the substance of his communications” with church officials.
¶ 24 Although Archibeque made statements to his wife in advance of confessing to the Bishop, his wife was not a foreign third pai’ty. She sаt through the entirety of Arehibeque’s private confession with the Bishop, and her participation was considered by the Bishop and Archibeque as confidential. The Bishop viewed part of his duties as helping both of them and their marriage, and the wife’s presence during the confession was permitted in furtherance of this purpose. Additionally, it would be inconsistent to hold that Archibeque’s wife’s presence during the actual confession with the Bishop did not waive the privilege but that Archibeque’s statements to her prior to the privileged communication did result in waiver. Finally, the clergy-penitent privilege did not arise until Archibeque confessed to the Bishop.
¶25 On this record, we do not find that Archibeque’s statements to his wife before they met with the Bishop constituted a waiver оf the privilege.
CONCLUSION
¶ 26 For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s conclusions that Archibeque’s statements to the Bishop are privileged under A.R.S. § 13^4062(3) and that Archibeque did not waive this privilege by the presence of his wife during the communication with the Bishop nor by confessing to his wife prior to speaking with the Bishop. 3
Notes
. See also A.R.S. § 13-3620(L) (Supp.2009).
. We recognize that other courts have found a waiver when a third party was present during the confession. In such cases, the third party was someone other than the communicant’s spouse and usually not a person the communicant could appropriately rely upon to keep statements confidential. See, e.g.,
Perry v. State,
. We have addressed in this opiniоn only those issues that were raised in the trial court and are properly before us. We express no opinion on such issues as whether the existence or waiver of the privilege might be affected by the wife’s and the Bishop's potential duty to report the alleged misconduct in accordance with A.R.S. § 13-3620(A), the wife’s possible disclosure of Archibeque’s conduct to a person not present at the meeting with the Bishop, or the potential application of A.R.S. § 13-3620(L) instead of, or in addition to, A.R.S. § 13-4062(3).