Boyd, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appellees were indicted for engaging in the business of packing and canning, for sale and transportation, oysters taken in the waters of this State, without obtaining from the State a license therefor. A demurrer to the indictment *297was interposed, which was sustained, pro forma, by the Court below. The prosecution is based on sections 66 and 67, Article 72 of the Code of Public - General Laws, as amended by chapter 380 of the laws of 1894. It is contended on behalf of the appellees that these sections are: (1), in, conflict with the Constitution of this State, because the license provided for is an arbitrary and unequal tax, contrary to the 15th Article of the Bill of Rights, and not a lawful exercise of the police power of the State; and (2), that they are a regulation of inter-state commerce in violation of the Constitution of the United States. We will consider the case in that order. ,
There has been on our statute books for many years legislation having in view the protection and preservation of the oysters of this State. Since i860 a separate Article has been devoted to this subject in the several Codes of Public General Laws of Maryland. For some years past the Legislatures have generally been called upon to devote more or less time to this important subject, and at the session of 1894, Article seventy-two, title, “Oysters,” of the Code, was repealed -and re-enacted with amendments. Section 66 of that Article', as thus amended, requires every person, firm or corporation engaged in the business of packing and canning oysters for sale or transportation, to take out, on or before the first day of September in each year, a license to engage in such business by application to the Clerk of the Circuit Court of the county in which the place of business of such applicant is situated, or to the Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, if in Baltimore City. The applicant is required to state the number of bushels of oysters which he proposes to pack during the succeeding eight months, and to pay at the time of issuing the license the sum of twenty-five dollars for such license, and in addition thereto, the sum of -one dollar per thousand for every thousand bushels over ten thousand so estimated in his application, as the total number to be packed during the season. He is also required to make a return under oath *298within thirty days after the 25 th day of April in each year (that being the end of the season in which oysters can be caught), to the clerk from whom he obtained the license, of the number of bushels packed or canned by him during the season, and to pay the clerk the further license money of one dollar per thousand for each thousand bushels packed or canned by him over and above the estimate in his application. This report must be forwarded to the Comptroller of the State, who is authorized to return any overpayment in case he is satisfied that the total number of bushels packed by said person was less than the number stated in his application. This section further provides, that all moneys thus received from said licenses shall be paid over and accounted for by the clerks to the Comptroller, to be placed by him to the credit of the Oyster Fund, as provided by section 29 of said Article. The latter section provides for the payment of moneys received from dredging licenses and other sources therein named into the treasury, to be “placed to the credit of a fund, which shall be called 'The Oyster Fund,’ and the same shall be kept separate and distinct from other funds in the treasury, and shall only be drawn upon for the purpose of maintaining sufficient and proper police regulations for the protection of fish and oysters in Maryland waters, and in the payment of the officers and men and keeping in repair and supplying the necessary means of sailing the boats and vessels of the State Fishery Force.” Section 67 fixes penalties for the violation of section 66, and authorizes any person to pay the sum of $300 per annum for a license, without being required to report the number of bushels handled by him or otherwise disclose the operation of his business.
The above are the material parts of the sections of this law directly involved in this case. An examination of the other provisions of this Article will show that the Legislature has required those engaged in catching and taking oysters for sale out of the waters of Maryland with rakes, tongs, scoops, dredges and other instruments, to take out *299licenses, and also those engaged in selling oysters on commission. It will also be seen that great care has been taken to require persons connected with the oyster business to deal fairly with the State, and large outlays .of money are provided for, to be paid out of the Oyster Fund, for the purpose of regulating, preserving and protecting this important and valuable industry of our State.
In considering this question, it is well to bear in mind that the oyster beds are the property of the State (McCready v. Virginia, 94 U.S. 391" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1877-04-30" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mccready-v-virginia-89479?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="89479">94 U. S. 391; Bradshaw v. Lankford, 73 Md. 431), and that the Legislature, representing the sovereign power of the State, can pass laws determining how oysters can be taken, can prohibit them from being taken at all, or make such other reasonable regulations concerning them as it may deem best and proper for the interests of the State at large. If the restrictions imposed upon those engaged in the business of taking oysters be withdrawn, the oyster beds might be destroyed or at least seriously injured. It has therefore been deemed proper by the Legislature to provide a “State Fishery Force” at large expense, to enforce the laws passed for their preservation and protection. If the income from licenses granted under laws existing prior to 1894 proved insufficient to meet the demands on the State, the Legislature had the undoubted right to provide for the deficiency, provided, of course, it kept within constitutional bounds. If there be a class of persons engaged in business in this State who are largely dependent upon the oysters in the waters of this State for the conduct of their business, but who had heretofore not been required to have and pay for licenses for the privilege of engaging in such occupation, we can see no just or equitable ground to restrain the Legislature from requiring them to do so, unless prohibited by the organic law of this State or of the United States. Such legislation on this particular subject might well be justified on the ground that the State, as owner of the oysters, is entitled to a reasonable and fair compensation for them, and it may not be deemed just or wise to impose *300all the burden on those who oftentimes undergo great hardship and suffering in catching them; and, therefore, those engaged in packing and canning them are called upon to contribute their share of the compensation. If the State is not to profit by sales of its property, it should at least be protected from any loss in caring for it, and all those engaged in the oyster business might justly be required to contribute their proportion of the cost and expense of preserving them.
When we remember that oysters in the waters of the State belong to it, and see from an examination of the Article of the Code in which the sections now before us are embraced, the great expense incurred by the State in fostering and encouraging this industry and preserving the oysters, and that all the revenue derived from the licenses objected to in this case are required to be placed in the separate fund applicable to those purposes, we might perhaps content ourselves by declaring this law to be valid on the ground that these license fees are imposed for the regulation of the oyster business, with which oyster packers are connected. But we are now dealing with a statute passed by the Legislature for the benefit of the State, and we are not called upon to draw nice distinctions between the power to license for regulation and the power to license with a view to revenue, as is sometimes required in construing charters of municipal corporations, for the purpose of determining whether or not such corporation had the power to exact certain license fees. The cases of Vansant v. Harlem Stage Co., 59 Md. 335, and State v. Rowe, 72 Md. 553, cited by the appellees are of the latter kind.
The privilege of carrying on the business of packing and canning oysters is made, by this law, to depend upon the taking out of a license, and we do not think the provisions of the State Constitution looking to equality and uniformity in taxation- are thereby violated. It is said in Tiedemarn's Limitations of Police Power, 282, that “the most common objection raised to the enforcement of a license tax is that *301it offends the constitutional provision, which requires uniformity of taxation, since the determination of the sum that shall be required of each trade or occupation must necessarily, in some degree, be arbitrary, and the amount demanded more or less irregular. But the Courts have generally held that the constitutional requirement as to uniformity of taxation had no reference to taxation of occupation.” The right to require- the payment of license fees for the privilege of carrying on business of different kinds has been recbgnized for many years in this State, and the license fees required to be paid have been fixed, in the discretion of the Legislature, according to circumstances and the character of the business. Take for example the licenses to brokers. Exchange and insurance brokers are each required to pay one hundred dollars per annum; stock and merchandise brokers, seventy-five dollars; real estate and bill brokers, fifty dollars per annum. Those engaged in the sale of ordinary goods, ■ chattels, wares or merchandise are required to pay, according to the amount of stock, at the principal season of sale, thus varying from twelve to one hundred and fifty dollars per annum. Those selling spirituous or fermented liquors in quantities not less than a pint are required to pay from eighteen to one hundred and fifty dollars per annum, while ordinary keepers pay from twenty-five to four hundred and fifty-dollars, according to the rental or annual value of the premises. Other instances might be cited, but these serve to illustrate what has been the practice in this State, and it would scarcely be contended that licenses cannot be required of persons engaging in such occupations as those above mentioned. Upon what principle then is the license fee required of oyster packers illegal? It is argued that the method adopted is novel. If that be admitted, it does not invalidate the law, but it does not materially differ from the traders’ licenses so far as the method of fixing the rate is concerned. In the latter the license fee is graduated according to the amount of stock on hand at the principal season of sale, whilst in *302this it is according to the number of oysters packed — the effort in each case being to require payment according to the amount of the business done in the occupation taxed.
We do not agree with the learned counsel for the appellees, that this law imposes a tax on the property and not on the occupation. In the case of the State v. C. & P. R. R. Co., 40 Md. 22" court="Md." date_filed="1874-03-05" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-cumberland--pennsylvania-railroad-7893844?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7893844">40 Md. 22, relied on by him, the Act of Assembly in question prohibited coal mining companies from transporting any coal mined in this State, until a State tax of two cents per ton on said coal was paid. It was intended to be in lieu of all other State taxes to be paid by those companies, and expressly provided that the Comptroller should give the companies paying the tax discharges from State taxes on their capital stock. It being manifestly and confessedly a direct tax on the property, in the opinion of four out of seven Judges who sat in the case, they held the law to be in violation of the 15th Article of the Bill of Rights of this State. The other three Judges dissented on the ground that it was not unconstitutional, notwithstanding the lánguage of the statute. This case differs widely from that, as this law simply provides for a license tax on the business or occupation of those engaged in packing or canning oysters, and not for a tax on property. In State v. P. W. & B. R. R. Co., 45 Md. 361" court="Md." date_filed="1876-06-23" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-philadelphia-wilmington--baltimore-railroad-7894469?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7894469">45 Md. 361, this Court held that a tax of one half of one per centum upon the gross receipts of railroad companies was not a direct tax upon the property of the companies within the meaning of the 15 th Article of the Bill of Rights. It was such a tax as might be imposed or laid “with a particular view for the good government and benefit of the community,” and not such as was prohibited under the prior clause of this Article. Although that case differs from this, we refer to it as reflecting upon the character of tax, which the clause in the 15th Article of the Bill of Rights relied on refers to, as construed by this Court. See also Rohr v. Gray, 80 Md. 274" court="Md." date_filed="1894-12-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/rohr-v-gray-7899246?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7899246">80 Md. 274. It is true that the burden imposed on oyster packers as a class may differ from that on other occupations, but that is *303for the sound discretion of the Legislature. An attorney at law may not pay taxes on one dollar’s'worth of property, and he is not now required to pay any license tax to the State for the privilege of practising his profession, whilst his neighbor, if a merchant, not only pays taxes on his stock of goods, but is required to pay a license tax before he can sell one dollar’s worth of goods, yet it cannot be successfully contended that the law of this State requiring merchants to pay a license tax is unconstitutional. The Courts must leave to the sound discretion of the Legislature, which of course should be honestly exercised, the question as to what occupations shall be licensed, what rates shall be charged, &c., so long as the laws do not manifestly conflict with some provision of the Constitution of the United States or of the State. The method adopted in this case is probably as just as could be established. It is regulated by the amount of business done, and the privilege is given of paying the sum of three hundred dollars as a fixed amount, instead of being governed by the number of bushels packed. If the Legislature had arbitrarily fixed three hundred dollars as the license tax to be paid by all oyster packers, the right to do so could not be questioned. Why, then, could it not adopt as a minimum license fee, twenty-five dollars, and as a maximum, three hundred dollars, with a sliding scale between those sums, according to the amount of business done ? This is practically what was done.
Again, it was contended on the part of the appellees, that if the license fee is to be regarded as a mere tax on the business of the packer, then this law embraces a subject distinct from its title and from the body of the Act. The Act of 1894, as has already been said, repealed and reenacted Article 72 of the Code, and included all the Public General Laws on the subject of oysters to the date of its passage. It adopted various regulations for the government of those connected with the oyster business, and in doing so provided for licenses to packers. It was therefore not *304only unobjectionable, but very appropriate to include the provisions of sections 66 and 67 in this Article. They are a part of the system adopted by the Legislature to regulate, protect and preserve the oysters of the State, and hence were embraced in this Article. This is not without precedent in this State. In Article 23, title “Corporations,” we find sub-divisions of “Insurance Companies” and “Insurance Department,” and under the latter provision is made for licensing agents of foreign insurance companies, who are required to pay two hundred dollars per annum, and also a tax of one and a-half per centum on the premiums collected, received or secured in this State or from residents thereof, in addition to some other fees named. The State has a large revenue from that source. Nor do we see any objection to the provision of the law requiring the license fees collected of the oyster packers to be paid into the Oyster Fund. Whether the money goes into the general treasury, and any deficiency in the Oyster Fund is made up by the State out of the general fund, or Vhether it be paid directly into the Oyster Fund, can make no possible difference to the packers. They are really benefited by the method adopted by this law, as the money paid by them is required to be used for. purposes connected with the oyster business, in which they are directly interested. If the State has the right to impose the license tax, as we hold it has, it can certainly determine what shall be done with tfte money, as long as no unlawful use is made of it.
Having considered the various objections urged by the learned counsel for the appellees to this law, we are of opinion that treating it as a tax on the occupation of these persons the law is not obnoxious to any of the provisions of our State Constitution, and therefore must be sustained, unless it be in conflict with the Federal Constitution, which we will briefly refer to. But little stress was laid on this ground of defence, either in the oral argument or the brief filed by the appellees. We do not see how there can be any serious question about the validity of this law, so far *305as affected by the Constitution of the United States. The law does not in any way discriminate in favor of the citizens of this State against the citizens of other States. On the contrary, it only applies to those whose places of business are in this State. Nor do we think it can be said that it in any way regulates or undertakes to regulate interstate commerce. It was suggested in argument that as the law required licenses by those engaged in packing or canning oysters for “sale or transportation,” the latter clause made the law objectionable. That term was evidently used to exempt those who packed or canned oysters for their own purposes, but not for sale or transportation. Of course, oyster packers in this State may sell or transport all their oysters within the State, or they may sell or transport some of them beyond the State. But that does not prohibit the State from taxing them for the prosecution of their business within the State. It was said as early as the case of Nathan v. Louisiana, 8 Howard, 80, that “no one can claim an exemption from a general tax on his business within the State on the ground that the products sold may be used in commerce. No State can tax an export or an import as such, except under the limitations of the Constitution. But before the article becomes an export, or after it ceases to be an import, by being mingled with other property in the State, it is a subject of taxation by the State. A cotton broker may be required to pay a tax upon his business, or by way of license, although he may buy and sell cotton for foreign exportation.” Although it is sometimes difficult to draw the line between what is and what is not a regulation of commerce among the States, we have been referred to no case, and know of none decided by the Federal Courts that will bring this case within any of those classes that have been held to be in conflict with the Constitution of the United States.
Being of the opinion, then, that there is no well founded constitutional objection to the law under consideration, viewing it from the standpoint of either the Federal or State Constitution, and recognizing the right of the Legislature *306under those circumstances to pass it, we must reverse the judgment below and award a new trial.
(Decided May 16th, 1895.)
Judgment reversed and new trial awarded.