Daniel Anderson appeals from judgments of conviction for a substantial battery charge and two bail jumping charges and from the trial court's order denying postconviction relief. 1 He claims that because he was under a single bond, and the two bail jumping charges were for "an act of contact and drinking at the same time on the same day and at the same place," charging him twice for bail jumping was multiplicitous. We agree and reverse the conviction as to one count of bail jumping and remand for resentenc-ing on the substantial battery conviction and the remaining count of bail jumping.
*129 At the time of the incident, Anderson was on bail pending trial on a substantial battery charge. 2 He was under the supervision of a single bond. Among the conditions of his bond was one prohibiting him from consuming alcohol and another prohibiting contact with his girlfriend, the victim of the battery. While Anderson was on bail, the police were called to the girlfriend's residence. When they arrived, it was apparent that Anderson had been drinking. Both the drinking and his presence at the residence were in violation of bond provisions. As a result, he was charged with two counts of felony bail jumping.
Anderson subsequently pled no contest to the substantial battery charge and guilty to both counts of felony bail jumping. He was convicted and sentenced to a seven-year term on one count of bail jumping and to a withheld sentence and six years of probation, consecutive to his prison term, on the second count of bail jumping. He was also sentenced to a withheld sentence and three years of probation on the substantial battery, to run concurrent with the other term of probation. He brought a postconviction motion, alleging a multiplicity violation due to the two bail jumping convictions. That motion was denied and Anderson now appeals.
This court independently reviews questions of constitutional fact, which require the application of constitutional principles to the facts of the case.
See State v. Hirsch,
In analyzing a multiplicity issue, we employ a two-pronged test. See id. The first prong requires that we determine whether the charged offenses are identical in law and fact. See id. If they are, the charges are multiplicitous; however, even if the charges are different in law or fact, they may still be multiplicitous under the second prong of the test. See id. Under the second prong of the test, charges are multiplicitous "if the legislature intended them to be brought as a single count." Id. (footnote omitted).
The charges are identical in law. Anderson was charged with bail jumping contrary to § 946.49(1), Stats. The elements of bail jumping are that the defendant (1) has been released from custody on bail, and (2) has intentionally failed to comply with the terms of the bail bond.
See State v. Nelson,
We turn then to consideration of whether the two charges are different in fact. The State contends that the two charges are based on two separate volitional acts — consumption of alcohol and violating a no contact provision. Therefore, the State reasons that Anderson engaged in two separate acts and that "there was *131 ample time for [him] to reflect on his actions and commit himself to both of the violations."
The State contends that the two charges "involved separate and individual factual inquiries" and that pursuant to our analysis in
State v. Richter,
Anderson responds that "[t]he two offenses [were] alleged to have been committed on the same date at the same place. They [were] not separated in time." Because only one bond was violated by a single "act of contact and drinking," he argues that he should not be charged and convicted of two offenses "that are part of the same transaction or episode and violate one bond." We consider the applicable statutory section in analyzing these conflicting claims.
Section 946.49(1), Stats., provides in relevant part:
Bail jumping. (1) Whoever, having been released from custody under ch. 969, intentionally fails to comply with the terms of his or her bond ....
The statute defines two elements for the crime of bail jumping. A defendant must be (1) released from custody on bail, and (2) intentionally fail to comply with the terms of the bail bond. Anderson submits that the use of the plural "terms" indicates that as long as the means of violating the conditions occurred at the same time and place, even a violation of multiple terms is a *132 single transgression. In other words, the act of violating the terms is what is important, and Anderson violated the terms once. Therefore, he claims, the second conviction for violating a single bail bond was multiplicitous. We agree.
According to § 990.001(1), Stats., which outlines applicable rules of statutory construction, "The singular includes the plural, and the plural includes the singular." Therefore, we read the second element of the statute as "intentionally fails to comply with the [term or] terms of his or her bond." See § 946.49(1), STATS, (emphasis added). A defendant is charged with violating the terms of a bond; this is the "what" of the violation. The charging unit for any crime is dependent upon what has been violated. The specific means of violating the bond denominate how the bond was violated. 4 Anderson violated his bond when he showed up at the victim's residence and had been drinking. This violation occurred at one point in time and was an intentional failure to comply "with the terms of... [the] bond." See id. The State concedes that the two charges are identical in law. We conclude that they are also identical in fact and thus are multiplicitous. We therefore reverse Anderson's conviction as to one count of bail jumping and remand for resentencing on the sub *133 stantial battery conviction and the remaining count of bail jumping.
The State nonetheless contends that "[w]hen compared with the facts held to justify multiple charges in
State v. Richter,
the relevant factual circumstances in Anderson's case offer an even more compelling case in support of multiple charges." In
Richter,
a defendant who was under three separate bonds argued that he could only be charged with one offense because the " 'three alleged offenses were committed at the same time and place.'"
Richter,
The instant case is not analogous. In order to carry its burden, the State was required to prove that Anderson violated the term or terms of a single bond. On the date in question, he violated his bond. He violated this single bond by consuming alcohol and ignoring the no-contact provision. This gives rise to a single infraction of the bail jumping statute. To charge Anderson with two counts of bail jumping is multiplicitous and the second count must be reversed.
We therefore reverse Anderson's conviction on one count of bail jumping and remand for resentencing on the remaining bail jumping count and the substantial battery charge. The opportunity for resentencing on both convictions "permits the sentencing judge to reim
*134
pose, within statutory limits, the punishment she or he originally imposed."
State v. Martin,
By the Court. — Judgments and order reversed and cause remanded.
Notes
Because there were two separate trial court files, Anderson originally filed two notices of appeal. An order was issued from this court on February 20, 1996, consolidating the two appeals.
This charge stemmed from an incident in which Anderson was fighting with his girlfriend and knocked out her tooth.
Anderson pled guilty to both bail jumping charges.
We underscore how other crimes are charged. For example, when a defendant is charged with homicide, the crime charged is based on an act in violation of the homicide statutes. In other words, what the defendant did. How the crime was committed or through what means the victim was killed does not denominate the charging unit for the crime. If multiple lethal shots are fired, or an individual uses two weapons to commit the homicide, they are still charged with a single homicide for a single death.