State v. . Williams, 61 S.E. 61

State v. . Williams

61 S.E. 61 | N.C. | 1908

Lead Opinion

CoNNOK., J.

By chapter 24, Public Laws 1901, the Legislature enacted a statute declaring that it shall be unlawful for finy person to “manufacture, sell or otherwise dispose of for gain” spirituous, vinous or malt liquors in the county of Burke. The act contains the usual exceptions in regard to sales by druggists. It is also provided that neither the manufacture of domestic wines “nor the sale of such wines at the place of manufacture in quantities not less than one gallon” is prohibited. The place of delivery of any liquors brought into the county is declared to be deemed the place of sale. Common carriers are prohibited from bringing liquors into the county, etc. The statute is amended by chapter 806, Laws 1907, by adding at the end of section 1 the following: “It shall be further unlawful for any person, except to a druggist, for medical purposes, as aforesaid, to bring into said county of Burke, in any one day, more than one-half gallon of such spirituous, vinous or malt liquors, and every person so offending shall, upon conviction, be fined or imprisoned' in the discretion of the court.” The motion to quash the bill of indictment involves the proposition that chapter 806 is an *621unwarranted interference with defendant’s property and with, his liberty; that it is violative of the Constitution, which declares that “among the inalienable rights of all men are life, liberty, the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pursuit of happiness,” of which they cannot be deprived but “by the law of the land.” That the Constitution is “the law of the land,” in the sense that no act of either department of the government which violates its provisions or exceeds its powers can be enforced to deprive the citizen of his life, liberty or property, is a fundamental truth. To deny it is to assert that constitutional government is a failure, and liberty, regulated by law, has no abiding place in our political system. The Constitution is, of necessity, as well as the declared will of the people, the supreme law, and in no proper, legal sense can any act of either department of the government which violates its provisions or exceeds the powers delegated be the law. To- state the same proposition affirmatively, an act of the Legislature which finds no support in the Constitution or is not an exercise of the power conferred therein imposes no duty, deprives the citizen of no right and subjects him to no penalty. This is a “first principle,” the recognition of which is essential to the preservation of liberty.

“If the Constitution prescribes one rule, and the law another and a different rule, it is the duty of the courts to declare that the Constitution, and not the law, governs the case before them for judgment.” Curtis, J., Scott v. Sanford, 19 How., 628.

“An unconstitutional law is void and is as no law. An offense created by it is not a crime. A conviction under it is not merely erroneous, but is illegal and void and cannot be a legal cause of imprisonment.” Bradley, Ex parte Siebold, 100 U. S., 376.

“The limitations imposed by our constitutional law upon the action of the governments, both State and National, are essential to the preservation of public and private rights, not*622withstanding the representative character of our political institutions.” Matthews, J., Hurtado v. California, 110 U. S., 356.

“An unconstitutional act is not a law; it binds no one and protects no one.” Field, J., Huntington v. Worthen, 120 U. S., 101.

“No court is bound to enforce, nor is any one legally bound to obey, an act of Congress inconsistent with the Constitution. In this country the will of the people as expressed in the fundamental law must be .the will of the courts and legislatures.” Harlan, J., Robertson v. Baldwin, 165 U. S., 297.

“Whatever the people, framing their organic act, have declared to be the limits of legislative power, and the modes in which that power shall be exercised, must always be recognized by the courts, State and National, as obligatory.” Brewer, J., Stearns v. Minnesota, 179 U. S., 241.

It is the right of the citizen, when called to the bar of the court, to appeal to the Constitution and demand that the court declare whether the statute which he is charged with violating be “the law of the land.” To make this right of any value or protection to the citizen, it must be the duty of the court to declare its judgment thereon. To deny this is to keep the promise to the ear and break it to the hope — to make of none effect the declaration that ours is a government of law and not of men.

“It will be an evil day for American liberty if the theory of a government outside of the supreme law of the land finds lodgment in our constitutional jurisprudence. No higher duty rests upon this Court than to exert its full authority to prevent all violation of the principles of the Constitution.” Harlan, J., Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U. S., 382.

Judge Iredell, in Calder v. Bull, 3 U. S., 399 (1798), referring to the omnipotence of the British Parliament and its unrestricted power, from which they had suffered so much, and against which they waged successful war, said: “In *623order, therefore, to guard against so great an evil, it has been the policy of the American States, which have individually framed their State Constitutions since the Revolution, and of the people of the United States when they framed the Federal Constitution, to define with precision the objects of the legislative power, and to restrain its exercise within marked and settled boundaries. If any act of Congress or of the Legislature of the State violates those constitutional provisions, it is unquestionably void.”

“It is axiomatic that the judici al department of the government is charged with the solemn duty of enforcing the Constitution, and, therefore, in cases properly presented, of determining whether a given manifestation of authority has exceeded the Constitution as against any legislation conflicting therewith, and it has become now an accepted fact in the judicial life of this nation.”

The people, in the exercise of their political sovereignty, established the government, delegated to it certain enumerated powers, assigned to it appropriate functions, established departments and assigned to them appropriate powers and duties, imposed such limitations as experience had taught to be necessary for the preservation of liberty, and, to the end that the government should not, by construction, implication or otherwise, deprive them of unenumerated, but “inalienable rights,” declared: “This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people, and all powers not herein delegated remain with the people.” Art. I, sec. 31. This Court, in Bayard v. Binglebon, 3 N. C., 42 (1181), after most careful consideration “and with great deliberation and firmness,” unanimously declared that no act which the Legislature could pass could by any means repeal or alter the Constitution. However much we may desire- to sustain the acts of the Legislature as a co-ordinate department of the government, we may not, without being recreant to the duty imposed upon us and the rights of the citizen, refuse to *624decide firmly and fearlessly the issue which he makes with the government. In the discharge of the duty and the exercise of the power to pass upon the validity of the statute, we are admonished by the uniform decisions of the courts that we should “approach the question with great caution, examine it in every possible aspect and ponder upon it as long as deliberation and patient attention can throw any new light upon the subject, and never declare a statute void unless the nullity and invalidity of the act are placed, in our judgment, beyond reasonable doubt.” Shaw, C. J., in Wellington, Petitioner, 16 Pick., 95; Cooley Const. Lim., 182. Another great Judge has said: “It is but a decent respect due to the wisdom, integrity and patriotism of the legislative body by which any law is passed to presume in favor of its validity until its violation of the Constitution is proved beyond all reasonable doubt.” Washington, J., Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat., 270.

“Necessarily, the power to declare a law unconstitutional is always exercised with reluctance; but the duty to do so in a proper case cannot be declined, and must be discharged in accordance with the deliberate judgment of the tribunal in which the validity of the enactment is directly drawn in question.” Fuller, C. J., Pollock v. Farmers L. & T. Co., 157 U. S., 554.

“It is our duty, when required in the regular course of judicial proceedings, to declare an act of Congress void if not within the legislative power of the United States; but this declaration should never be made except in a clear case.” Waite, C. J., Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U. S., 718.

The same principle has been announced and uniformly followed by this Court. Before, however, discussing the principal question, we deem it proper to call attention to the vague and uncertain terms in which the bill of indictment is drawn. The defendant is charged with 'bringing into the county of Burke, “on one certain day, more than one-half gallon, to-wit, one gallon of spirituous, vinous or malt liquors.” The names *625of two witnesses are marked on tbe bill. Under this indictment it is held, by frequent rulings of this Court, that the defendant may be convicted, upon the testimony of witnesses other than those marked on the bill, of bringing into the county, on any day within two years prior to 10 July, 1907 (except for the fact in this case that the act was not passed until 8 March, 1907), of more than one-half gallon of either wine, whiskey, brandy, beer or other liquor. While we do not hold that the bill is fatally defective, we think that it barely corresponds to the letter or spirit of the constitutional provision that “in all criminal prosecutions every man has the right to be informed of the accusation against him.” The courts have wisely given a liberal interpretation to statutes relaxing the rigid rules regarding the particularity required in the bill of indictment which formerly prevailed. It would seem that the grand jury could have made its presentment more specific by saying which of the prohibited kinds of liquors the defendant brought into the county. It is hardly probable that he brought all of them in “on one certain day.” The disjunctive “or” would indicate that the grand jury could not ascertain from the witnesses which of them he “brought in.” Indictments against citizens subjecting them to imprisonment in default of bail awaiting trial, annoyance, mortification and expense, be they never so innocent, are serious matters. It is a vain thing to preserve in our Constitution guarantees of personal liberty; such as that general warrants shall not issue, persons shall not be put to answer any criminal charge except upon indictment by a grand jury, etc., if the substance of them may be explained away by legal fictions and expedients based upon real or imaginary necessity. We would not put unnecessary restrictions upon the government in the prosecution of crime, but substantial rights are not to be sacrificed. It would be very easy to make the several allegations in separate counts in the bill, thus enabling the grand *626jury to ascertain from the witnesses tbe very truth of the charge which “upon their oaths” they make against the citizen. Under our statutes, all manner of counts, which are but separate bills, may be included and a “drag net” thrown out to insure the conviction of guilty men.

Coming to the discussion of the question presented by the motion to quash the bill of indictment — i. e., whether the carrying into the county of Burke, without any unlawful purpose, more than one-half gallon of wine, brandy, etc., is reasonably related to its sale — certain questions may be regarded as settled. The Legislature, in the exercise of the police power, may, by appropriate enactments, regulate and, if they deem it conducive to the public health, morals, peace or safety, entirely prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors. Eor the purpose of making effective such legislation, they may make it criminal for any person to have such liquors in his possession, within the territory wherein the sale or gift is prohibited, with intent to sell or give away. They may prescribe or change the rules of evidence by making such possession prima, facie evidence of a guilty intent. This Court has uniformly sustained legislation of this character. Paul v. Washington, 134 N. C., 363; State v. Barrett, 138 N. C., 630; State v. Patterson, 134 N. C., 612. In State v. Dowdy, 145 N. C., 432, we held that a certified copy of the record kept by the Collector of Internal Revenue was competent, not only as evidence, but sufficient to sustain a conviction for selling liquor in violation of the statute. We have endeavored to give full force and effect to the legislation enacted in this State for the suppression of the liquor traffic, resolving, as was our duty, every reasonable doubt regarding its validity in favor of the enactments. This legislation finds its support in the police power vested in the State Government. It is exercised primarily by the Legislature, which may adopt any measure within the extent of the power appropriate and needful for the protection of the public morals, the public *627bealtli or tbe public safety. Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S., 623. That there is a limit to tbe police power wbicb tbe courts must, wben called upon in a judicial proceeding, ascertain and declare, is as well settled as tbe existence of tbe power itself. In Mugler v. Kansas, supra, wherein tbe question underwent a most thorough investigation, Mr. Justice Harlan says: “It does not at all follow that every statute enacted ostensibly for tbe promotion of these ends is to be accepted as a legitimate exercise of the police power of tbe State. There are, of necessity, limits beyond wbicb legislation cannot rightfully go. * * * If, therefore, a statute purporting to have been enacted to protect tbe public health, tbe public morals or tbe public safety has no real or substantial relation to these objects, or is a palpable invasion of rights secured by tbe fundamental law, it is tbe duty of tbe courts so to adjudge, and thereby give effect to tbe Constitution.” State v. Redmon (Wis.), 114 N. E. Rep., 137. Recognizing tbe difficulty of fixing any definite limitation upon tbe police power, tbe courts have refrained from doing more in cases which have arisen than inquiring whether “tbe real purpose of tbe statute under consideration has a reasonable connection with tbe public health, welfare or safety.” People v. Havnor, 149 N. Y., 195; 52 Am. St. Rep., 707, cited in People v. Lochner, 177 N. Y., 145; 101 Am. St. Rep., 973. Tbe result of tbe decisions has been well stated in 22 Am. and Eng. Enc., 938: “In order that a statute or ordinance may be sustained as an exercise of tbe police poAver, tbe courts must be able to sec- that tbe enactment has for its object tbe prevention of some offense or manifest evil, or tbe preservation of the public health, safety, morals or general Avelfare, and that there is some clear, real and substantial connection be-tAveen tbe assumed purpose of tbe enactment and tbe actual provisions thereof, and that the latter do, in some plain, appreciable and appropriate manner, tend toAvards tbe accomplishment of tbe object for AA'bicb tbe poAArer is exercised.” *628In State v. Moore, 113 N. C., 697, Shepherd, C. J., says: “While it is for the Legislature to determine what regulations are needed to protect the public health and secure public comfort and safety (and its measures calculated and intended to accomplish these ends are generally within its discretion and not the subject of judicial review), it is, nevertheless, true that this extensive authority must be exercised in subordination to those great principles of fundamental law which are designed for the protection of the liberty and the property of the citizen.” State v. Moore, 104 N. C., 114.

In the entire range of legislation in the exercise of the police power, no subject has received more consideration or found more varied forms of'expression than the efforts to prevent the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. Beginning with the Maine liquor law, the statutes and codes of every State in the Union abound with every conceivable variety of legislation having for its object the regulation, restriction or prohibition of the liquor traffic. The courts, both State and Federal, have been called on to construe, interpret and pass upon the validity of many of these statutes. They have, with remarkable uniformity, sustained them, and, when of doubtful meaning, given them such interpretation as would suppress the evil and advance the remedy. An unusually careful and diligent examination by the Assistant Attorney-General and ourselves fails to discover any statute, either in terms or scope, similar to the one under discussion. While the Legislatures have resorted to many expedients to control, regulate, restrict and prohibit the manufacture and sale, either in entire States or counties, towns, cities or districts, we do not anywhere find any suggestion that the possession of intoxicating liquor without any unlawful purpose, or carrying it into the territory wherein its sale is prohibited, with no unlawful purpose, is made indictable. While by no means decisive of the power to do so, the fact that no such attempt has been made is worthy of note in seeking the basis of the *629asserted power. It will be well to note tbe unusual, if not unprecedented, terms of the statute — what it prohibits and the penalties imposed for its violation. Any person who shall bring into the county of Burke in any one day more than one-half gallon of spirituous, vinous or malt liquor, except for the purpose of delivery to a druggist for medical purposes, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Unless we may read into the statute an exception to save it from interfering with religious liberty guaranteed by the Constitution, a minister, steward, deacon or elder of any church bringing into the county more than the prohibited quantity of Avine violates this law. A man who brings into the county more than one-half gallon of Avine for domestic purposes, or of spirits, for his own use or for that of his -family, for medical or for any other purpose, is guilty. If he Avould escape the penalty, he may bring it in to a druggist for medical purposes, but not otherAvise. . No possible intent, purpose or occasion can avail as a defense. A person passing through the county on the cars or in a private conveyance, having in his trunk or baggage more than the prohibited quantity, without stopping on his journey or having the slightest intent to sell or give it aAvay, is guilty. Upon conviction, he may be fined or imprisoned in the discrer tion of the court. No limit has ever been fixed by this Court to the amount of fine Avhieh may be imposed. We have lately sustained as not excessive a sentence of two years in the county jail and hard labor on the public roads for violating the liquor law. State v. Dowdy, supra. Surely, when Ave recall that, upon an indictment so Alague in its terms, upon a trial in which the defendant may be convicted upon testimony of witnesses Avhose names he has neA^er heard and whom he has neArer seen until confronted by them, and no definite time is required to be fixed in the bill, the citizen may be convicted for conduct Avhieh, but for this statute, has néither legal nor moral guilt, may be fined in the discretion of the court or imprisoned and, in felon’s garb, in company with felons, *630worked upon the public roads for two years — the courts should carefully examine the basis upon which the power to thus restrict the liberty of the citizen rests. If the statute is within the police power, it is not within our province to question its wisdom. It is ours to declare and enforce the law of the land — the Constitution — 'the law which the people, in the exercise of their sovereignty, have made for their protection and our guide. It is no answer to the contention that the law will be administered with justice and mercy — that only those who are guilty will be convicted and punished. Experience taught those who founded this State, established government and secured its limitations by written constitutions that the liberty of freemen could not be safely entrusted to the unrestricted sense of justice and mercy of any man or set of men. The test of the constitutionality of a statute is what it empowers those in authority to do.

If the quantity of intoxicating liquor which any person, for any purpose, has in his possession, except those named in the act, is a public nuisance in Burke County, it is unquestionably within the power of the Legislature to make it criminal to carry it there. No person has any legal right to create or maintain a public nuisance. This is elementary. Can it be said that the act of carrying the prohibited article into the county is, or that when carried there it becomes, per se a public nuisance? This suggestion was made in support of certain provisions of the Maine statute. Shepley, C. J., said: “There is nothing which can be regarded as a nuisance when considered by itself alone and separate from its use. It is the improper use or employment of a thing which causes it to be a nuisance. It would be not a little absurd to declare that to be a nuisance, and as such liable to be abated and destroyed, which the act allows to be sold and purchased as an article useful for medicinal and mechanical purposes.” Merrimon, J., in State v. Yopp, 97 N. C., 477, says: “The exercise of the police power does not extend to the destruc*631tion of property under the form of regulating the use of it, unless in cases where the property, or the use of it, constitutes a nuisance. In such cases, if the owner of the property suffers injury, it is such as happens in the unlawful use of it, or because the property itself, in its nature or application, is unlawful.” State v. Tenant, 110 N. C., 610. Does spirituous, vinous or malt liquor cease to be property when its manufacture and sale are prohibited? Shepley, G. J., in Preston v. Drew, 33 Maine, 558 (54 Am. Dec., 639), says: “It is, however, insisted on the argument that a person, by the common law, can no more acquire property in spirituous and intoxicating liquors than he can in obscene publications and prints. There is a clear and marked distinction between them. Such liquors may be applied to useful purposes. This is admitted in the act by its authorizing their sale for medicinal or mechanical purposes. It is their abuse or misuse alone which occasions the mischief. Obscene publications and prints are in their very nature corrupting and productive only of evil. They are incapable of any use which is not corrupting and injurious to the moral sense.” In Lincoln v. Smith, 27 Vermont, 328, in a well-considered opinion, it was held that the Legislature had the power to prohibit the traffic in intoxicating liquor and subject it to seizure, forfeiture and destruction when kept for that purpose. Bonnet, J., says: “The act does not declare that they (the liquors) are not property, and there is no language which should receive a construction to forbid their being property. Though there is a prohibition to sell them, yet that cannot prevent a man from having a property in them for his own use, without any intention to sell them, and they may be transported through the State when there is no intention to violate the law.” In Austin v. Tennessee, 179 U. S., 343, it is said: “Whatever produce has from time immemorial been recognized by custom or law as a fit subject for barter or sale, particularly if its manufacture has been made the subject of Federal regu*632lation and taxation, must, we think, be recognized as a legitimate article of commerce, although it may to a certain extent be within the police power of the State.” So Taney, C. J., in the License Cases, 5 How., 504, says: “But spirits and distilled liquor are universally admitted to be subjects of ownership and property.” If, then, the spirits, wine or beer, as the case may be, which the defendant had on 10 July, 1907, was his property, he was, by virtue of the constitutional guarantee that he shall enjoy the fruits of his own labor and pursue his own happiness, entitled to carry it with him whither-soever he went, and apply it to his own use in such manner as he saw fit, unless prohibited by some law enacted in accordance with and in the exercise of the power conferred upon the Legislature. The Legislature had the power to prohibit him from selling this property in the county of Burke. This it has done. It had the further power to prohibit him from having it in his possession or carrying it into the county with intent to sell, and to make the possession prima facie evidence of the unlawful intent. State v. Barrett, supra. It has not undertaken to prohibit him from using it for himself or from keeping it for domestic purposes in his family. It has not undertaken to prohibit him from giving it away in the county. The language of chapter 24 of the Acts of 1907 is “to sell, manufacture or otherwise dispose of for gain." Conceding the power of the Legislature to prohibit any person from using or drinking wine, spirits or beer as a beverage, or to have it in his possession or carry it into the county for that purpose, the prohibition imposed by the statute is not so limited. Except to deliver to a druggist for medical purposes, or to certain State and health institutions named, the carrying it into the county for any purpose is made a misdemeanor. Assuming that the wine or spirits described in the bill of indictment was the defendant’s property, the fruits of his labor, he was entitled to carry it with, him whithersoever he went, unless in doing so he injuriously affected the public *633morals, health or safety, or bis doing so was so reasonably related to the sale of intoxicating liquor, which is the thing prohibited in Bnrke County, as to come within the police power. It is no answer to his contention to say that, if spirits, he would probably drink it, or, if wine, permit his family to use it for domestic purposes, because the law does not prohibit him from doing either. Viewed from any possible point of view, the sole question is, What, if any, relation has the act of carrying into the county of Burke, in any one day, more than one-half gallon of vinous, spirituous or malt liquors, in said county, to the sale of such liquor? In view of the numerous uses to which that quantity of such liquor may be put, other than selling, and of the improbability of any reasonable person carrying into the county the prohibited quantity for sale, can it be insisted that any such real or substantial relation to the sale exists? The only case in which a statute at all similar to the one before us has been before the Court is State v. Gillman, 33 W. Va., 146 (6 L. R. A., 847). The defendant was indicted for violating a statute making it a misdemeanor “to keep in his possession for another” spirituous liquor. Upon a motion to quash the bill of indictment, the court said: “The keeping of liquor in his possession by a person, whether for himself or another, unless he does so for the illegal sale of it, or for some other improper purpose, can by no possibility injure or affect the health, morals or safety of the public, and, therefore, the statute prohibiting such keeping in possession is not a legitimate exercise of the police power. It is an abridgement of the privileges and immunities of the citizen, without any legal justification, and, therefore, void. * * * It is simply an attempt to make the possession of liquor, for any purpose, a crime. A very different question would be presented if the act had made it unlawful for any person to keep intoxicating liquors in his possession, either for himself or for another, for the purpose of selling it.” It is unquestionably true that the Legislature *634may make the mere possession of burglars’ tools, counterfeiting outfits, gaming tables, etc., obscene pictures or prints, and probably other articles incapable of any lawful use, indictable. They are essentially injurious to the public welfare— incapable of any use consistent with the public welfare. Many articles, such as decaying animals or things emitting noisome, poisonous vapors or odors, may be summarily destroyed. They are either not the subject of property rights or are public nuisances. We find no statute or decision of any court treating vinous, spirituous or malt liquors within this classification. In Washington v. Ah-Lim, 9 L. R. A., 395, it is held by a divided Court that a statute prohibiting the use of opium, by smoking and inhaling the fumes thereof through an “opium pipe,” is a valid exercise of the police power. Two of the five Judges dissented. In Ex parte Mon Luck, 29 Oregon, 421, a statute prohibiting any person from having in his possession or offering for sale opium and other enumerated drugs made from opium, who has not obtained a license from certain officers, was held valid. Bean, O. J., said: “Opium is an active poison and has no legitimate use except for medicinal purposes; but it is frequently used to produce a kind of intoxication by smoking or eating,” etc. Noticing the case of State v. Gillman, supra, he says: “But the principle of that case has no application here. It is a matter of common knowledge that intoxicating liquors are produced principally for beverages, and so common has been their manufacture that they are regarded by some courts as legitimate articles of property, the possession of which neither produces nor threatens any harm to the public. But the use of opium for any purpose, other than as permitted in this act, has no place in the common experience or habits of the people of this country,” etc. It is unnecessary to further discuss these cases. The distinction, as pointed out by the courts making them, is obvious. We do not hold that common carriers may not be forbidden to transport liquor into prohibition territory. That *635question is not before us. Nor do we undertake to express any opinion regarding tbe effect of the Fourteenth Amendment upon the power of the States to deal with the manufacture or sale of liquor, or the power of Congress to legislate upon the question of interstate transportation. Nor do we express any opinion in regard to the right of the State to prohibit liquor bought in nonprohibition territory with intent and for the purpose of bringing into prohibition territory in such quantities as are reasonably related to or indicate a purpose to sell. AVe decide nothing except the question raised upon the record. Chapter 806 of the Laws of 1901, prohibiting any person from carrying into the county of Burke in any one day more than one-half gallon of vinous, spirituous or malt liquor, is not a valid exercise, of the police power, for that it unduly restricts the right of the citizen to the use of his property, without any intent to violate any prohibited act in relation to it; that the carrying into the county of Burke of the prohibited quantity has 'no reasonable, substantial relation to the sale of liquors, as prohibited by law. It may be well to repeat that we have expressly held valid the “anti-jug” law, which makes the place of delivery the place of sale, thus effectually prohibiting the sale of liquor in one place in the State for the purpose of delivering in another place. State v. Patterson, supra.

It is suggested that the defendant might, by way of defense, show that he had no unlawful intent, or that he carried it into the county for a lawful purpose. That would be to write language into the statute which is not there, and do violence to the intention of the Legislature. If its terms were doubtful and open to interpretation, it would be our duty to so interpret it as to make it correspond to the Constitution, because we would presume that the Legislature intended to comply with the Constitution. AYe have retained this appeal from the last term and given to the question our most careful *636and anxious consideration. We are constrained, botb by reason and authority, to conclude that in quashing the indictment there was

No Error.

Dissenting Opinion

ClaRK, C. L,

dissenting: The statute of 1901 (chapter 24) forbids anyone to “bring’) any quantity of spirituous liquor, however small, into the county of Burke, for any purpose whatever, even for the owner’s own use (wine excepted), by making it in the county, even out of one’s own grain or fruit. It has been held universally that nothing in the Constitution prevents the expression of the will of the people to that effect by their representatives in the Legislature. It would require much ingenuity to frame a constitutional provision that would enable the Legislature to- forbid the “bringing in” liquor, in any quantity, for any purpose whatever, by its manufacture in the county, and would at the same time disable the people, speaking through their Legislature,' from prohibiting the “bringing it in” across the county line, when manufactured perhaps in an adjoining county.

If there is such a constitutional provision, no one has been able to" find it. Certainly it has not been referred to or pointed out in the opinion of the Court. There is no express power conferred by the Constitution to hold any statute unconstitutional, and such power has not been asserted by any court anywhere outside of the United States. Three centu.ries ago Sir Edward Coke, tentatively but not judicially, put such doctrine forward in England, and he was so completely overwhelmed by the contrary argument by my Lord Bacon that it has never since been recognized as sound doctrine in England, and.has been ever denied since by all the courts of the English-speaking world (and by all others) save this. Here, soon after the Revolution, the courts assumed this power without any constitutional provision conferring it. It has now long been acquiesced in by the courts, but with this well-recognized limitation, that there must be a constitutional *637provision and there must be a statute in conflict with it, and the statute must, “beyond reasonable doubt (Ogden v. Sanders, 12 Wheat., 213; Sutton v. Phillips, 116 N. C., 504; Cooley Const. Lim., 254 [7th Ed.]), conflict with the provision in the Constitution.” A statute cannot be held unconstitutional “on general principles,” nor because the lawyer or lawyers on a court may think that the larger number of lawyers and others in the Legislature have enacted a law unadvisedly or unwisely, or that it is harsh or too comprehensive. If the lawmaking body has jurisdiction of the subject, how it shall legislate upon it is a matter for their discretion. The courts have no veto power.

If the Legislature has power to absolutely prohibit .the manufacture of liquor, in any quantity, for any purpose, it must have the power to prohibit its importation from other points in the State. As to importations across the State line, that point is not before us, but it is notable that every bill now pending in Congress to prohibit the importation of intoxicating liquor into prohibition States is worded like the statute (1907, ch. 806) now before us, and does not restrict the prohibition to such liquor only when imported “with intent to sell.”

Conceding that the provision of the statute before us, which restricts the importation of intoxicating liquor into Burke County in quantity of more than a half-gallon a day by any one person, would forbid the importation of a larger quantity per day by him, even though it might be -for his own consumption, is not that as much as one could safely consume per day, and would not the importation of a larger quantity per person per day be prejudicial to the public health and, pre-sumedly at least, for the use of others ? In limiting each person to a half-gallon per day for his own use (for the law permits no sale) the Legislature was not niggardly. Besides, if the manufacture, though exclusively for one’s own use and out of one’s own apples and peaches, in the county can be forbidden by statute without breaking the Constitution, why *638• cannot tbe importation of the same article across the county .line, in a greater quantity than a half-gallon per day, even for one’s own use, be prohibited by the same power? The truth is that, the Legislature having jurisdiction of the subject, the limitations upon its exercise rest in the wisdom and sound judgment of the Legislature, subject only to review by the people, not by the courts.

The act contains exceptions .allowing importations in unlimited quantity “by druggists for medical purposes” and for use by the hospitals and sanitariums in the county, and it is clear that, even at the limit of one-half gallon per day to each person, enough can be brought in for all necessary and proper purposes. Certainly the ministers can thus get enough for communion purposes, for they cannot buy it after it is brought in, sale being forbidden by the uncontested part of the act. The Legislature was not so liberal when it passed the admittedly valid act forbidding the manufacture of liquor in the county, even for one’s own use, or its sale for the use of others.

The act prohibits the bringing “into” the county of more than one-half gallon of liquor by any person on any one day. By no construction can that be held to forbid the carrying it “through” the county. The theological controversy over the form of baptism was subtle and critical, but it never occurred to anyone to assert that the Greek word eis (into) meant dia (through). Certainly the members of the Legislature must be credited with knowing the difference between two such common Anglo-Saxon words as “into” and “through,” and that, when they forbade any person “bringing into” the county more liquor per day than he could be reasonably supposed to bring for his own use, to-wit, a half-gallon, they did not intend to prohibit “carrying it through” the county. On the contrary, it was exactly what they wished — that, if it got in there in larger quantity, it should be carried on through and out of the county.

If this is a bad law, public opinion as formulated by the *639Legislature placed it on tbe statute book, and the same power can repeal it. The courts should not do so. As General Grant, when President, well observed, “The best way to secure the repeal of a bad law is to enforce it.” It does not make an act unconstitutional that no preceding act like, it has been pass'ed, for this must have been the case at some time of every kind of statute. Every declaration of the legislative will must, when first made, have been without a precedent. “The world moves, and we must move with it.” There are, however, other statutes like this: Laws 1901, ch. 112, “To prohibit the manufacture, sale and importation of liquor into Lincoln and Catawba Counties,” and Laws of 1907, ch. 380, “To prevent * * * the transportation or delivery of intoxicating liquors into Rutherford County” (secs. 2 and 7).

If the Legislature can make it illegal to manufacture liquor at all, it can make it illegal to import it at all. If it has power to make it unlawful to sell it, it can make it unlawful to buy it, for it is the same transaction. It is a vain thing to prohibit liquor being “manufactured” in a county if the Legislature is powerless to prohibit it being “imported” from another county. To “import” is to “bring in” across the county line, either by one’s self or by an agent.

Hoke, J., also dissents from the opinion of the Court.

Lead Opinion

CLARK, C. J., and HOKE, J., dissenting. By chapter 24, Laws, 1907, the Legislature enacted a statute declaring that it shall be unlawful for any person to "manufacture, sell, or otherwise dispose of for gain" spirituous, vinous, or malt liquors in the county of Burke. The act contains the usual exceptions in regard to sales by druggists. It is also provided that neither the manufacture of domestic wines "nor the sale of such wines at the place of manufacture in quantities not less than one gallon" is prohibited. The place of delivery of any liquors brought into the county is declared to be deemed the place of sale. Common carriers are prohibited from bringing liquors into the county, etc. The statute is amended by chapter 806, Laws 1907, by adding at the end of section 1 the following: "It shall be further unlawful for any person, except to a druggist, for medical purposes, as aforesaid, to bring into said county of Burke, in any one day, more than one-half gallon of such spirituous, vinous, or malt liquors, and every person so offending shall, upon conviction, be fined or imprisoned, in the discretion of the court." The motion to quash the bill of indictment involves the proposition that chapter (621) 806 is an unwarranted interference with defendant's property and with his liberty; that it is violative of the Constitution, which declares that "Among the inalienable rights of all men are life, liberty, the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pursuit of happiness," of which they cannot be deprived but "by the law of the land." That the Constitution is "the law of the land," in the sense that no act of either department of the Government which violates its provisions or exceeds its powers can be enforced to deprive the citizen of his life, liberty, or property, is a fundamental truth. To deny it is to assert that constitutional government is a failure, and liberty, regulated by law, has no abiding place in our political system. The Constitution is, of necessity, as well as the declared will of the people, the supreme law, and in no proper, legal sense can any act of either department of the Government which violates its provisions or exceeds the powers delegated be the law. To state the same proposition affirmatively, an act of the Legislature which finds no support in the Constitution or is not an exercise of the power conferred therein, imposes no duty, deprives the citizen of no right, and subjects him to no penalty. This is a "first principle," the recognition of which is essential to the preservation of liberty.

"If the Constitution prescribes one rule, and the law another and a different rule, it is the duty of the courts to declare that the Constitution, and not the law, governs the case before them for judgment."Curtis, J., Scott v. Sanford, 19 How., 628.

"An unconstitutional law is void and is as no law. An offense created by it is not a crime. A conviction under it is not merely erroneous, *455 but is illegal and void, and cannot be a legal cause of imprisonment."Bradley, J., Ex parte Siebold, 100 U.S. 376.

"The limitations imposed by our constitutional law upon the action of the Governments, both State and National, are essential to the preservation of public and private rights, notwithstanding the representative character of our political institutions." Matthews,, (622)J., Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 356.

"An unconstitutional act is not a law; it binds no one and protects no one." Filed, J., Huntington v. Worthen, 120 U.S. 101.

"No court is bound to enforce, nor is any one legally bound to obey, an act of Congress inconsistent with the Constitution. In this country the will of the people as expressed in the fundamental law must be the will of the courts and legislatures." Harlan, J., Robertson v. Baldwin,165 U.S. 297.

"Whatever the people, framing their organic act, have declared to be the limits of legislative power, and the modes in which that power shall be exercised, must always be recognized by the courts, State and National, as obligatory." Brewer, J., Stearns. v. Minnesota, 179 U.S. 241.

It is the right of the citizen, when called to the bar of the court, to appeal to the Constitution and demand that the court declare whether the statute which he is charged with violating be "the law of the land." To make this right of any value or protection to the citizen, it must be the duty of the court to declare its judgment thereon. To deny this is to keep the promise to the ear and break it to the hope — to make of none effect the declaration that ours is a government of law and not of men.

"It will be an evil day for American liberty if the theory of a government outside of the supreme law of the land finds lodgment in our constitutional jurisprudence. No higher duty rests upon this Court than to exert its full authority to prevent all violation of the principles of the Constitution." Harlan J., Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 382.

Judge Iredell, in Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 399 (1798), referring to the omnipotence of the British Parliament and its unrestricted power, from which they had suffered so much, and against which they waged successful war, said: "In order, therefore, to guard against so great an evil, it has been the policy of the American States, which (623) have individually framed their State Constitutions since the Revolution, and of the people of the United States when they framed the Federal Constitution, to define with precision the objects of the legislative power, and to restrain its exercise within marked and settled boundaries. If any act of Congress or of the Legislature of the State violates those constitutional provisions, it is unquestionably void." *456

"It is axiomatic that the judicial department of the Government is charged with the solemn duty of enforcing the Constitution, and, therefore, in cases properly presented, of determining whether a given manifestation of authority has exceeded the Constitution as against any legislation conflicting therewith, and it has become now an accepted fact in the judicial life of this Nation."

The people, in the evercise [exercise] of their political sovereignty, established the Government, delegated to it certain enumerated powers, assigned to it appropriate functions, established departments and assigned to them appropriate powers and duties, imposed such limitations as experience had taught to be necessary for the preservation of liberty, and, to the end that the Government should not, by construction, implication, or otherwise, deprive them of unenumerated but "inalienable rights," declared: "This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people, and all powers not herein delegated remain with the people." Art. I, sec. 37. This Court, in Bayard v. Singleton, 3 N.C. 42 (1787), after most careful consideration "and with great deliberation and firmness," unanimously declared that no act which the Legislature could pass could by any means repeal or alter the Constitution. However much we may desire to sustain the acts of the Legislature as a coordinate department of the Government, we may not, without being recreant to the duty imposed upon us and the rights of the citizen, refuse to decide firmly and fearlessly (624) the issues which he makes with the Government. In the discharge of the duty and the exercise of the power to pass upon the validity of the statute, we are admonished by the uniform decisions of the courts that we should "approach the question with great caution, examine it in every possible aspect, and ponder upon it as long as deliberation and patient attention can throw any new light upon the subject, and never declare a statute void unless the nullity and invalidity of the act are placed, in our judgment, beyond reasonable doubt." Shaw, C. J., inWellington, Petitioner, 16 Pick., 95; Cooley Const. Lim., 182. Another great judge has said: "It is but a decent respect due to the wisdom, integrity, and patriotism of the legislative body by which any law is passed to presume in favor of its validity until its violation of the Constitution is proved beyond all reasonable doubt." Washington, J., Ogdenv. Saunders, 12 Wheat., 270.

"Necessarily, the power to declare a law unconstitutional is always exercised with reluctance; but the duty to do so in a proper case cannot be declined, and must be discharged in accordance with the deliberate judgment of the tribunal in which the validity of the enactment is directly drawn in question." Fuller, C. J., Pollock v. Farmers L. and T. Co., 157 U.S. 554. *457

"It is our duty, when required in the regular course of judicial proceedings, to declare an act of Congress void if not within the legislative power of the United States; but this declaration should never be made except in a clear case." Waite, C. J., Sinking Fund Cases,99 U.S. 718.

The defendant is charged with bringing into the county of Burke, "on one certain day, more than one-half gallon, to wit, one gallon of spirituous, vinous, or malt liquors." The names of two witnesses are marked on the bill. Under this indictment it is held, by frequent (625) rulings of this Court, that the defendant may be convicted, upon the testimony of witnesses other than those marked on the bill, of bringing into the county, on any day within two years prior to 10 July, 1907 (except for the fact in this case that the act was not passed until 8 March, 1907), of more than one-half gallon of either wine, whiskey, brandy, beer or other liquor. While de do not hold that the bill is fatally defective, we think that it barely corresponds to the letter or spirit of the constitutional provision that "in all criminal prosecutions every man has the right to be informed of the accusation against him." The courts have wisely given a liberal interpretation to statutes relaxing the rigid rules regarding the particularity required in the bill of indictment which formerly prevailed. It would seem that the grand jury could have made its presentment more specific by saying which of the prohibited kinds of liquors the defendant brought into the county. It is hardly probable that he brought all of them in "on one certain day." The disjunctive "or" would indicate that the grand jury could not ascertain from the witnesses which of them he "brought in." Indictments against citizens subjecting them to imprisonment in default of bail awaiting trial, annoyance, mortification, and expense, be they never so innocent, are serious matters. It is a vain thing to preserve in our Constitution guarantees of personal liberty, such as that general warrants shall not issue, persons shall not be put to answer any criminal charge except upon indictment by a grand jury, etc., if the substance of them may be explained away by legal fictions and expedients based upon real or imaginary necessity. We would not put unnecessary restrictions upon the Government in the prosecution of crime, but substantial rights are not to be sacrificed. It would be very easy to make the several allegations in separate counts in the bill, thus enabling the grand jury to ascertain from the witnesses the very truth of the charge which "upon their oaths" they make against the citizen. (626) *458 Under our statutes, all manner of counts, which are but separate bills, may be included and a "dragnet" thrown out to insure the conviction of guilty men.

Coming to the discussion of the question presented by the motion to quash the bill of indictment — i. e., whether the carrying into the county of Burke, without any unlawful purpose, more than one-half gallon of wine, brandy, etc., is reasonably related to its sale — certain questions may be regarded as settled.

The Legislature, in the exercise of the police power, may, by appropriate enactments, regulate and, if they deem it conducive to the public health, morals, peace, or safety, entirely prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors. For the purpose of making effective such legislation, they may make it criminal for any person to have such liquors in his possession, within the territory wherein the sale or gift is prohibited, with intent to sell or give away. They may prescribe or change the rules of evidence by making such possession prima facie evidence of a guilty intent. This Court has uniformly sustained legislation of this character. Paul v. Washington, 134 N.C. 363; S. v. Barrett, 138 N.C. 630;S. v. Patterson, 134 N.C. 612.

In S. v. Dowdy, 145 N.C. 432, we held that a certified copy of the record kept by the collector of internal revenue was competent, not only as evidence, but sufficient to sustain a conviction for selling liquor in violation of the statute.

We have endeavored to give full force and effect to the legislation enacted in this State for the suppression of the liquor traffic, resolving, as was our duty, every reasonable doubt regarding its validity in favor of the enactment. This legislation finds its support in the police power vested in the State Government. It is exercised primarily by the Legislature, which may adopt any measure within the extent of the power appropriate and needful for the protection of the public morals, (627) the public health, or the public safety. Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U.S. 623.

That there is a limit to the police power which the courts must, when called upon in a judicial proceeding, ascertain and declare, is as well settled as the existence of the power itself. In Mugler v. Kansas, supra, wherein the question underwent a most thorough investigation, Mr. JusticeHarlan says: "It does not at all follow that every statute enacted ostensibly for the promotion of these ends is to be accepted as a legitimate exercise of the police power of the State. There are, of necessity, limits, beyond which legislation cannot rightfully go. . . . . If, therefore, a statute purporting to have been enacted to protect the public health, the public morals, or the public safety has no real or substantial relation to these objects, or is a palpable invasion of rights *459 secured by the fundamental law, it is the duty of the courts so to adjudge, and thereby give effect to the Constitution." S. v. Redmon (Wis.), 114 N.E., Rep., 137. Recognizing the difficulty of fixing any definite limitation upon the police power, the courts have refrained from doing more in cases which have arisen than inquiring whether "the real purpose of the statute under consideration has a reasonable connection with the public health, welfare, or safety." People v. Havnor, 149 N.Y. 195; 52 Am. St., 707, cited in People v. Lochner, 171 N.Y. 145; 101 Am. St., 973. The result of the decisions has been well stated in 22 A. E. Enc., 938: "In order that a statute or ordinance may be sustained as an exercise of the police power, the courts must be able to see that the enactment has for its object the prevention of some offense or manifest evil, or the preservation of the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare, and that there is some clear, real, and substantial; connection between the assumed purpose of the enactment and the actual provisions thereof, and that the latter do, in some plain, appreciable, and appropriate manner, tend towards the accomplishment of the object for which the power is exercised." In S. v. Moore, 113 N.C. 697, Shepherd, C. J., says: While (628) it is for the Legislature to determine what regulations are needed to protect the public health and secure public comfort and safety (and its measures calculated and intended to accomplish these ends are generally within its discretion and not the subject of judicial review), it is, nevertheless, true that this extensive authority must be exercised in subordination to those great principles of fundamental law which are designed for the protection of the liberty and the property of the citizen." S. v. Moore 104 N.C. 714.

In the entire range of legislation in the exercise of the police power, no subject has received more consideration or found more varied forms of expression than the efforts to prevent the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. Beginning with the Maine liquor law, the statutes and codes of every State in the Union abound with every conceivable variety of legislation having for its object the regulation, restriction, or prohibition of the liquor traffic. The courts, both State and Federal, have been called on to construe, interpret, and pass upon the validity of many of these statutes. They have, with remarkable uniformity, sustained them, and, when of doubtful meaning, given them such interpretation as would suppress the evil and advance the remedy. An unusually careful and diligent examination by the Assistant Attorney-General and ourselves fails to discover any statute, either in terms or scope, similar to the one under discussion. While the legislatures have resorted to many expedients to control, regulate, restrict, and prohibit the manufacture and sale, either in entire States or counties, towns, *460 cities, or districts, we do not anywhere find any suggestion that the possession of intoxicating liquor without any unlawful purpose, or carrying it into the territory wherein its sale is prohibited, with no unlawful purpose, is made indictable. While by no means decisive of the power to do so, the fact that no such attempt has been made is worthy of (629) note in seeking the basis of the asserted power. It will be well to note the unusual, if not unprecedented, terms of the statute — what it prohibits and the penalties imposed for its violation. Any person who shall bring into the county of Burke in any one day more than one-half gallon of spirituous, vinous, or malt liquor, except for the purpose of delivery to a druggist for medical purposes, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Unless we may read into the statute an exception to save it from interfering with religious liberty guaranteed by the Constitution, a minister, steward, deacon, or elder of any church bringing into the county more than the prohibited quantity of wine violates this law. A man who brings into the county more than one-half gallon of wine for domestic purpose, or of spirits, for his own use or for that of his family, for medical or for any other purposes, is guilty. If he would escape the penalty, he may bring it in to a druggist for medical purposes, but not otherwise. No possible intent, purpose, or occasion can avail as a defense. A person passing through the county on the cars or in a private conveyance, having in his trunk or baggage more than the prohibited quantity, without stopping on his journey or having the slightest intent to sell or give it away, is guilty. Upon conviction, he may be fined or imprisoned in the discretion of the court. No limits has ever been fixed by this Court to the amount of the fine which may be imposed. We have lately sustained as not excessive a sentence of two years in the county jail and hard labor on the public roads for violating the liquor law. S. v. Dowdy, supra. Surely, when we recall that, upon an indictment so vague in its terms, upon a trial in which the defendant may be convicted upon testimony of witnesses whose names he has never heard and whom he has never seen until confronted by them, and no definite time is required to be fixed in the bill, the citizen may be convicted for conduct, which, but for this statute, has neither legal nor moral guilt, may be fined in the discretion of the court or imprisoned and, in felon's garb, in company with felons, worked upon the public roads for two (630) years — the courts should carefully examine the basis upon which the power to thus restrict the liberty of the citizen rests. If the statute is within the police power, it is not within our province to question its wisdom. It is ours to declare and enforce the law of the land — the Constitution — the law which the people, in the exercise off their sovereignty, have made for their protection and our guide. It is no answer to the contention that the law will be administered with justice *461 and merely — that only those who are guilty will be convicted and punished. Experience taught those who founded this State, established government, and secured its limitations by written constitutions, that the liberty of freemen could not be safely instructed to the unrestricted sense of justice and mercy of any man or set of men. The test of the constitutionality of a statute is what it empowers those in authority to do.

If, then, the spirits, wine, or beer, as the case may be, which the defendant had on 10 July, 1907, was his property, he was, by virtue of the constitutional guarantee that he shall enjoy the fruits of his own labor and pursue his own happiness, entitled to carry it with him whithersoever he went, and apply it to his own use such manner as he saw fit, unless prohibited by some law enacted in accordance with and in the exercise of the power conferred upon the Legislature. The Legislature had the power to prohibit him from selling this property in the county of Burke. This it has done. It had the further power to prohibit him from having it in his possession for carrying it into the county with intent to sell, and to make the possession prima facie evidence of the unlawful intent. S. v. Barrett,supra. It has not undertaken to prohibit him from using it for himself or from keeping it for domestic purposes in his family. It has not undertaken to prohibit him from giving it away in the county. The language of chapter 24, Laws 1907, is "to sell manufacture, or otherwise dispose of for gain." Conceding the power of the Legislature to prohibit any person from using or drinking wine, spirits, or beer as a beverage, or to have it in his possession or carry it into the county for that purpose, the prohibition imposed by the statute is not so limited. Except to deliver to a druggist for medical purposes, or to certain State and health institutions named, the carrying it into the county for any purpose is made a misdemeanor. Assuming that the wine or spirits described in the bill of indictment was the defendant's property, the fruits of his labor, he was entitled to carry it with him whithersoever he went, unless in doing so be (633) injuriously affected the public morals, health, or safety, or his doing so was so reasonably related to the sale of intoxicating liquor, which is the thing prohibited in Burke County, as to come within the *463 police power. It is no answer to his contention to say that, if spirits, he would probably drink it, or, if wine, permit his family to use it for domestic purposes, because the law does not prohibit him from doing either.

Viewed from any possible point of view, the sole question is, what, if any, relation has the act of carrying into the county of Burke, in any one day, more than one-half gallon of vinous, spirituous, or malt liquors, in said county, to the sale of such liquor? In view of the numerous uses to which that quantity of such liquor may be put, other than selling, and of the improbability of any reasonable person carrying into the county the prohibited quantity for sale, can it be insisted that any such real or substantial relation to the sale exists?

The only case in which a statute at all similar to the one before us has been before the Court is S. v. Gillman, 33 W. Va. 146 (6 L.R.A., 847). The defendant was indicted for violating a statute making it a misdemeanor "to keep in his possession for another" spirituous liquor. Upon a motion to quash the bill of indictment, the Court said: "The keeping of liquor in his possession by a person, whether for himself or another, unless he does so for the illegal sale of it, or for some other improper purpose, can by no possibility injure or affect the health, morals, or safety of the public, and, therefore, the statute prohibiting such keeping in possession is not a legitimate exercise of the police power. It is an abridgment of the privileges and immunities of the citizen, without any legal justification, and, therefore, void. . . . It is simply an attempt to make the possession of liquor, for any purpose, a crime. A very different question would be presented if the act had made it unlawful for any person to keep intoxicating liquors in his possession, either for himself or for another, for the purpose of selling it."

It is unquestionably true that the Legislature may make the (634) mere possession of burglars' tools, counterfeiting outfits, gaming tables, etc., obscene pictures or prints, and probably other articles incapable of any lawful use, indictable. They are essentially injurious to the public welfare — incapable of any use consistent with the public welfare. Many articles, such as decaying animals or things emitting noisome, poisonous vapors or odors, may be summarily destroyed. They are neither not the subject of property rights or are public nuisances. We find no statute or decision of any court treating vinous, spirituous, or malt liquors within this classification. In Washington v. Ah-Lim, 9 L.R.A., 395, it is held by a divided Court that a statute prohibiting the use of opium, by smoking and inhaling the fumes thereof through an "opinion pipe" is a valid exercise of the police power. Two of the five judges dissented. In Ex parte Mon Luck, 29 Or. 421, a statute *464 prohibiting any person from having in his possession or offering for sale opium and other enumerated drugs made from opinion, who has not obtained a license from certain officers, was held valid. Bean, C. J., said: "Opium is an active poison and has no legitimate use except for medicinal purposes; but it is frequently used to produce a kind of intoxication by smoking or eating," etc. Noticing the case of S. v. Gillman, supra, he says: "But the principle of that case has no application here. It is a matter of common knowledge that intoxicating liquors are produced principally for beverages, and so common has been their manufacture that they are regarded by some courts as legitimate articles of property, the possession of which neither produces nor threatens any harm to the public. But the use of opinion for any purpose, other than as permitted in this act, has no place in the common experience or habits of the people of this country," etc.

It is unnecessary to further discuss these cases. The distinction, as pointed out by the courts making them, is obvious.

We do not hold that common carriers may not be forbidden to transport liquor into prohibition territory. That question is not before (635) us. Nor do we undertake to express any opinion regarding the effect of the Fourteenth Amendment upon the power of the States to deal with the manufacture or sale liquor, or the power of Congress to legislate upon the question of interstate transportation. Nor do we express any opinion in regard to the right of the State to prohibit liquor bought in nonprohibition territory with intent and for the purpose of bringing into prohibition territory in such quantities as are reasonably related to or indicate a purpose to sell. We decide nothing except the question raised upon the record. Chapter 806, Laws 1907, prohibiting any person from carrying into the county of Burke in any one day more than one-half gallon of vinous, spirituous, or malt liquor, is not a valid exercise of the police power, for that it unduly restricts the right of the citizen to the use of his property, without any intent to violate any prohibited act in relation to it; that the carrying into the county of Burke of the prohibited quantity has no reasonable, substantial relation to the sale of liquors, as prohibited by law. It may be well to repeat that we have expressly held valid the "anti-jug" law, which makes the place of delivery the place of sale, thus effectually prohibiting the sale off liquor in one place in the State for the purpose of delivering in another place. S. v. Patterson, supra.

It it [is] suggested that the defendant might, by way of defense, show that he had no unlawful intent, or that he carried in into the county for a lawful purpose. That would be to write language into the statute which is not there, and do violence to the intention of the Legislature. If its terms were doubtful and open to interpretation, it would be our *465 duty to so interpret it as to make it correspond to the Constitution, because we would presume that the Legislature intended to comply with the Constitution. We have retained this appeal from the last term and given to the question our most careful and anxious consideration. We are constrained, both by reason and authority, to conclude that in quashing the indictment there was (636)

No error.