State v. . Robinson, 56 S.E. 918

State v. . Robinson

56 S.E. 918 | N.C. | 1907

Lead Opinion

Walker, J.,

after stating the case: The defendant cannot be criminally liable under Revisal, sec. 3367, unless the contract with the prosecutor by which she rented and agreed to cultivate the land was valid and binding upon her. This was decided in State v. Howard, 88 N. C., 650, as to an infant, whose contracts are merely voidable, and the prin*622ciple is applicable with greater force to a married woman, whose contracts, as a general rule, are void. In Howard’s case, Justice Ashe, for the Court, says: “The case then results in this, that the State seeks by this indictment to hold the defendant amenable to the criminal law for the violation of a void contract. With all due respect to the opinion of those who entertain such a proposition, we must say that it seems to us preposterous.” See, also, Bishop on Statutory Crimes (1813), sec. 131; State v. Plaisted, 43 N. H., 413; Jones v. State, 31 Texas Cr. Appeals, 252; 2 McLain’s Cr. Law, see. 846.

Was the contract of the defendant void? Her general executory contracts, not authorized by the statute, have been held to be void. Mordecai’s Law Lectures, pp. 328, 329, and 358. It is also settled that the husband is entitled to the society and to the services of his wife, and consequently to the fruits of her industry. She cannot contract to render those services to another without his consent. Those rights were given to the husband, it is said, because of the obligation imposed by the law upon him to provide for her support and that of their offspring, and the right continues unimpaired so long as the legal duty continues to exist. Syme v. Riddle, 88 N. C., 463; Baker v. Jordan, 73 N. C., 145; Hairston v. Glenn, 120 N. C., 341; Kee v. Vasser, 37 N. C., 553; McKinnon v. McDonald, 57 N. C., 1; Cunningham v. Cunningham, 121 N. C., 413. There was no evidence that the husband assented to the contract. Nor do we think there is any evidence in this case to show that the contract falls within any of the classes mentioned in the Revisal, sec. 2094, as contended by the Assistant Attorney-General in his able and well-considered argument, so as to take the case out of the general rule that her executory contracts are void. Baker v. Garris, 108 N. C., 218. On the contrary, such facts as we have in this case have been held not to bring the contract of *623the married woman within the operation of that section. Sanderlin v. Sanderlin, 122 N. C., 1; Clark v. Hay, 98 N. C., 421. It comes to this, that -in no view is the alleged contract of the defendant binding upon her, and upon the principle already stated she cannot be held responsible criminally for its breach. The evidence, therefore, discloses that she was not guilty of any offense under the law, and the Court should therefore have given the instruction requested by the defendant’s counsel. In the view we take of the case, it can make no difference whether the defendant was a tenant or a cropper.

Without intending to discuss the subject or to re-examine the reasons upon which the many decisions of this Court are based with a view of testing their soundness, it may simply be remarked that if we should hold a married woman to be bound by a contract for her services entered into, not only without the consent but against the will of her husband, it might prove disastrous to the marital relation and be productive of a long train of most evil consequences. There should be a clear expression of the policy of the State upon this important question, if there is to be a change, and it will best come from the law-making body.

What we have said about the wife’fe earnings and the validity of her contracts relates to her general right to contract, rather than to her power to dispose of her property, real or personal. The Legislature has seen fit not to change the law as it has repeatedly been declared to be, although its attention has more than once been called to the matter, and although there have been many sessions of that honorable body since the law was first so declared. We took occasion recently in Ball v. Paquin, 140 N. C., 83, to again direct attention to the subject, but an examination of the public statutes will show that there was no responsive legislation at the last session. It would, therefore, seem to be of the opinion that the Consti*624tution and tbe statute have been properly interpreted, and that it is wise and expedient to let the law remain as it has been settled by the numerous decisions. We are not at all disposed to question the correctness of this conclusion, as the people, by their Constitution, have appointed the Legislature, and not this Court, to declare and formulate the public policy of the State. We decide -what the law is, and not what it should be. We can construe, but not legislate.

We cannot overlook the fact that the motion for a new trial, upon the exception reserved, was not made during the term of the Court at which the case was -tried. This is expressly required to be done by the statute, Revisal, sec. 554, and it has been held that it cannot be made after the term- has expired. Turner v. Davis, 132 N. C., 187. But it appears in this case that the Judge who presided at the trial was taken ill and could not proceed with the business of the Court. He could not even pronounce the judgment against the defendant. The motion for a new trial could be made at any time before this was done. No laches can be imputed to the defendant. Shall she lose her right to enter her motion for a new trial and to have it heard and considered where there has been no default on her part, but she was prevented from taking the proper'steps for that purpose solely by the act of God, which is so treated by the law as to affect no one injuriously ? The answer to this question should clearly be in the negative. What, then, is her remedy? We must ascertain from analogous cases. When an appeal had been duly taken, and the Judge had lost his notes, so that the case could not be stated, a new trial has always been ordered, unless the appellant had been negligent. State v. Powers, 10 N. C., 376; Isler v. Haddock, 72 N. C., 119 ; Sanders v. Norris, 82 N. C., 243; State v. Randall, 88 N. C., 611; Commissioners v. Steamboat Co., 98 N. C., 163; Burton v. Green, 94 N. C., 215; Owens v. Paxton, 106 N. C., 480; and especially *625McGowan, v. Harris, 120 N. C., 139, where tbe authorities are collected. Formerly and prior to the enactment of the present provision of the law (Revisal, sec. 591), the rule was held to apply to a case where the Judge had died or his term had expired. So where the plaintiff was prevented from issuing an execution by the act of the County Court in erroneously refusing his application for one, and that Court was afterwards abolished before its error could be corrected by the mandate'of this Court, to which an appeal had been taken, it was held that he should not be prejudiced by the error and the subsequent act of the law in abolishing the Court from which the execution would have issued. Isler v. Brown, 66 N. C., 556. See, also, Pell v. Linnell, L. R., 3, C. P., 441; Rex v. Edwards, 4 Taunton, 309.

In Regina v. Justices, 15 Q. B. (69 E. C. L.), 88, the notice of appeal was not served in time by reason of the respondent’s death, and the Court held that the condition of giving notice, annexed to the right of appeal, having been imposed by the law, and performance of it having become impossible by the act of God, the appellant was excused from such performance, and accordingly ordered the appeal to be heard as if the notice had been duly given. And substantially the same ruling was made in Newton v. Boodle, 3 C. B. (54 E. C. L.), 795. There the appellant lost the benefit of a bill of exceptions tendered to the ruling of a Judge at nisi prius, or at the assizes, by the death of the Judge and without any default of his own, and the Court permitted him to move for a new trial, notwithstanding the proper time had elapsed, so that he might be restored to the position he would have occupied if the bill of exceptions had not become abortive by the death of Ghief Justice Tindal of the Court of Common Pleas, before it could be sealed and perfected by that Judge who had presided at the trial. The remedy was an adequate and an appropriate one under the practice of the Court at *626that time. Under our procedure, the remedy must be found in merely ordering a new trial. We need not decide that the case should be treated as if the motion had been made, because it would have been made if the defendant’s opportunity for making it had not been lost accidentally and by no fault on his part, or because, further, the Solicitor has agreed with the defendant’s counsel upon a case on appeal and has thereby consented that it may be so treated, for even if we should so decide there would appear to be error which necessitates another trial. ' We simply grant a new trial because the defendant has lost her appeal by an act of God, which she could not foresee and the consequences of which she could not avoid. As said by Chief Justice Taylor in State v. Powers, supra, “under the circumstances, there is no other mode by which the justice of the case can be attained.”

Our opinion on the merits has been expressed, thinking that it might end the prosecution unless the facts as now presented are materially changed, which does not now seem to be probable. Where a case must go back for another trial, it is not only proper, but it may be fairly regarded as a duty of the Court to decide upon the legal merits, if it appears that the State cannot ultimately succeed in the prosecution or the plaintiff in the litigation. It prevents the useless expenditure of time and the unnecessary accumulation of costs, and there are other and perhaps weightier reasons for taking such a course.

Why order a new trial unless there was error, and how can we know whether there was error or not unless we examine into the merits of the case ?

New Trial.

Concurrence Opinion

Clare, O. J.,

concurring in result: The defendant has lost her right of appeal by no fault of her own, but in consequence of the illness of the Judge, who was taken ill and *627could not proceed to judgment. The succeeding Judge could neither impose judgment nor “settle a case on appeal,” as he had no personal knowledge of the incidents'of the trial. The only remedy is in ordering a new trial. Indeed, the Judge might well have instructed the jury that there was no evidence that the defendant voluntarily abandoned the work.

This renders it obiter to discuss the merits of the case. It is true that Syme v. Riddle, 88 N. C., 463, and some cases following it, have held (not without question, however) that a husband is entitled to the earnings of his wife; but in my judgment that decision is opposed to the entire thought and civilization of the day and ought not to be held now as authority. It was based upon the preconceived opinion of Judges who rested their decision upon the barbarous doctrine of the common law under which a woman upon marriage became non sui juris} and her husband took her property and her earnings as fully as a master became entitled to the property and earnings of his slave. The decision in Syme v. Biddle is directly opposed to the language of the Constitution, Art. X, see. 6 : “The real and personal property of any female in this State acquired before’marriage, and all property, real and personal, to which she may after marriage become in any manner entitled, shall be and remain the sole and separate estate and property of such female.” This guarantees her control of her property of all kinds, whether acquired before or after marriage, and it can malee no difference whether it is income from her property or earnings from her labor. Of the two, the wife’s right to control the latter is stronger of natural right. There can be no force in the argument used in Syme v. Biddle,, that' her earnings are needed for the support of the family, and therefore her husband should have them, for there is no guarantee that he will so apply them; indeed, there is much less certainty thereof than that the wife and mother will use her earnings for the benefit of her children. Besides, *628by the same token, as it devolves especially upon tbe husband to support bis wife and children, there is a stronger reason that he shall not dispose of his earnings without his wife’s concurrence than that she shall be constrained not to receive and use her own earnings without the husband’s consent. By unanimous decision of the Court of Appeals in England in the Clitheroe case (Reg. v. Jackson), Q. B. D. (1891), 697, it was held that the Jmsband could not enforce the unwilling companionship of the wife. The law now recognizes the equality of rights of both parties to the marital relation, and ho longer asserts the inferiority or subjection of the woman. But argument ought to'be out of the question in view of the language of the Constitution. In Syme v. Riddle, 88 N. C., 463, and that class of cases, the Court overlooked the fact that there is no statute with us giving the wife’s earnings to the husband, and that the Constitution had entirely abrogated the common-law doctrine as to the subjective status of the wife.

In England the Court of Chancery by judicial legislation, pure and simple, originated the status of the wife’s separate property, and created the doctrine, by judicial enactment, of “charging in equity,” which has since been completely repealed and effaced by the more progressive action of Parliament. In 1870 Parliament enacted that a married woman was entitled to her earnings, for the above action of the courts had applied only to the wealthier classes, to married women owning property, which the Court of Chancery could reach and control. In 1882 Parliament enacted in substance the provision of the North Carolina Constitution, that a married woman’s property of every description, whether acquired before or after marriage, shall be in her sole control, and went further by dispensing with any necessity of the husband’s assent to conveyances of the wife’s property (which is the only restriction upon her freedom of control required by our Constitution), and gave the wife absolute freedom of contract. *629Tbe Judges of England being, as sometimes is the case with courts, unable or unwilling to recognize the completeness of a change made by an enactment of the law-making power, held, notwithstanding the broad terms of the Act of 1882, that if a married woman possessed no property at the time she made a contract, her subsequently acquired property could not be subjected to execution. In 1893 Parliament swept away this refinement, and ever since in England a married woman’s property rights and her right to contract are the same as her husband’s. The same is true of New York (from whose Constitution the married woman’s clause in our Constitution is copied), and in most other States. 1 A. and E. Enc. (2 Ed.), 522. The above summary of the changes in the English law is taken from the Century of Law Eeform, 358-310; Dicey’s Law and Opinion in England 3Y3, 395. Professor Dicey in summing up these statutory changes says that they made simple and plain and more complete the changes which the Court of Chancery by ingenious and successive tentative decisions had made in favor of the daughters of the wealthy, and that Parliament applied the benefits of “the change to the daughters of the poor as well as in favor of the daughters of the rich,” which the courts had done.

It would seem, indeed, that the wife here had a right to her earnings; the Constitution so says, and there is certainly no statute upon our books to the contrary. As the husband went home every Saturday and spent Sunday with his wife, and there is no evidence that he raised any objection to her working the crop, the jury would doubtless have found upon proper instructions that the defendant’s contract for work was to aid in the support of herself and family. They could hardly have supposed in reason that it was for any other purpose. This being so, she had a legal right to agree that the product of her labor should go to the payment for provisions furnished her, being necessaries for herself and family. The Consti*630tution requires tbe assent of the husband only to “conveyances” by her, not to sales of personalty, as her crop when gathered. Vann v. Edwards, 135 N. C., 661. As Professor Dicey said of the Parliament of England we may say of our Constitution, that it was not intended that the rich woman should control the income (as well as principal) of her property, while leaving the petty earnings of the poor woman, from her needle or otherwise, to the control of the husband, to be squandered in drink, or otherwise at his will. ' The emancipation was to all women alike, and it matters not in what manner the income is derived, whether from earnings or property, and whether they become entitled thereto before or after marriage.

In Christopher v. Norvell, 201 U. S., 216, it is held that a married woman owning stock in a National bank is subject to a personal judgment, like every one else, for an assessment on the stock, notwithstanding that under the laws of the State a married woman cannot enter into a contract, because since the laws of the State do not incapacitate her to own such stock, she assumes the liability incident to its ownership. Eor the same reason, since the laws of this State do not incapacitate a married woman to work a crop as tenant or on shares, she is liable to the criminal law, to the same extent as any one else, for receiving advances on such crop and after-wards abandoning the work. Her liability for such conduct arises under the statute, and not by virtue of her contract. Christopher v. Norvell, supra.

There has been as to married women some approximation to the Constitution in late legislation. Laws 1901, ch. 611, now Rev., 2016; Finger v. Hunter, 130 N. C., 529; and this Court has often recommended more effective legislation to conform to the Constitution, Bank v. Howell, 118 N. C., 273; Ball v. Paquin, 140 N. C., 96. In view of the present great confusion in the law as shown in the table in Vann v. Edwards, 128 N. C., 431-435, such legislation is badly needed.

*631There is a very important question, wbicb, however, like the above, it is not necessary to decide, as there is really no case before us, since a new trial has been ordered on the ground that there is no valid judgment and hence no appeal presenting the merits. It is well, however, to note the question, that it may not be thought that it was tacitly approved. This indictment is under Revisal, 3367, which provides that if any tenant or cropper shall procure advances from a landlord to enable him to make a crop on the land rented to him, and then wilfully abandon the same without good cause and without paying for such advances, he is guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to fine and imprisonment. This and the almost identical provisions of section 3366 apply only to certain counties named therein. As such conduct is merely a breach of contract, and there is no crime if the advances are repaid, a grave question arises whether 'these sections are not in violation of the provision in the State Constitution (Art. I, sec. 16) forbidding “imprisonment for debt, except in cases of fraud,” and also whether they do not conflict with the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution ■ of the United States 'against “involuntary servitude, except as a punishment whereof the party shall have been (i. e., previously) duly convicted.” If the service is enforced unless the debt is paid, is it not “involuntary servitude ?” Clyatt v. U. S., 197 U. S., 207; Robertson v. Baldwin, 165 U. S., 275.

This statute is doubtless a very convenient one for landlords in the counties named. But if upon full consideration it shall prove to be unenforcible it may result in great loss to them. While in most cases its operation may prove a convenience to the tenant in aiding him to get supplies, and not a hardship, it is capable of great abuse. It is at least wise to call attention to the matter, that it may not be supposed that the Court has passed upon the enforcibility of these sections.

Lead Opinion

CLARK, C. J., concurring in result. The defendant was indicted under Revisal, sec. 3367, for wilfully refusing to work certain crops on land "rented" to her by the prosecutor, and for wilfully abandoning the same before paying advances made by her landlord. She was at the time she entered into the contract of renting in 1905 and still is a married woman and lived on the land. Her husband's place of business was in Harnett County (621) but he came home every Saturday night and spent Sunday with his family. On a certain day in June, the prosecutor ordered her to work the crop the next Friday, as it was in had condition, but she refused to do so, as he testified, but she stated that her children were sick and she could not leave them for two weeks, and she told the prosecutor that she would work the crop on the next Monday. He began working the crop on Saturday and on Monday the defendant was in the field and, with others she had employed, was working the crop, when the prosecutor forbade her to work any longer and ordered her to leave the land and not to go on it again. She worked again on Tuesday, when he had her arrested. There was evidence that the defendant managed the business on the farm rented to her by the prosecutor. The defendant requested the Court to charge the jury that there was no evidence of defendant's guilt, and they should acquit her. The jury returned a verdict of guilty. The presiding Judge was too sick to pronounce judgment, adjourned Court and continued the motion for judgment. At the next term judgment of imprisonment for thirty days was pronounced by another Judge after refusing to grant a new trial, on motion of the defendant, who excepted and appealed. The defendant cannot be criminally liable under Revisal, sec. 3367, unless the contract with the prosecutor by which she rented and agreed to cultivate the land was valid and binding upon her. This was decided in S. v. Howard, 88 N.C. 650, as to an infant, whose contracts are merely voidable, and the principle is applicable with greater force to a married woman, whose (622) contracts, as a general rule, are void. In Howard's case, Justice Ashe, for the Court, says: "The case then results in this, that the State seeks by this indictment to hold the defendant amendable to the criminal law for the violation of a void contract. With all due respect to the opinion of those who entertain such a proposition, we must say that it seems to us preposterous." See, also, Bishop on Statutory Crimes (1873), sec. 131; S. v. Plaisted, 43 N. H., 413; Jones v. State, 31 Texas Cr. Appeals, 252; 2 McLain's Cr. Law, sec. 846.

Was the contract of the defendant void? Her general executory contracts, not authorized by the statute, have been held to be void. Mordecai's Law Lectures, pp. 328, 329, and 358. It is also settled that the husband is entitled to the society and to the services of his wife, and consequently to the fruits of her industry. She cannot contract to render those services to another without his consent. Those rights were given to the husband, it is said, because of the obligation imposed by the law upon him to provide for her support and that of their offspring, and the right continues unimpaired so long as the legal duty continues to exist. Syme v. Riddle, 88 N.C. 463; Baker v. Jordan,73 N.C. 145; Hairston v. Glenn, 120 N.C. 341; Kee v. Vasser,37 N.C. 553; McKinnon v. McDonald, 57 N.C. 1; Cunningham v.Cunningham, 121 N.C. 413. There was no evidence that the husband assented to the contract. Nor do we think there is any evidence in this case to show that the contract falls within any of the classes mentioned in the Revisal, sec. 2094, as contended by the Assistant Attorney-General in his able and well-considered argument, so as to take the case out of the general rule that her executory contracts are void. Baker v.Garris, 108 N.C. 218. On the contrary, such facts as we have in this case have been held not to bring the contract of the married (623) woman within the operation of that section. Sanderlin v. Sanderlin, 122 N.C. 1; Clark v. Hay, 98 N.C. 421. It comes to this, that in no view is the alleged contract of the defendant binding upon her, and upon the principle already stated she cannot be held responsible criminally for its breach. The evidence, therefore, discloses that she was not guilty of any offense under the law, and the Court should therefore have given the instruction requested by the defendant's counsel. In the view we take of the case, it can make no difference whether the defendant was a tenant or a cropper. *463

Without intending to discuss the subject or to reexamine the reasons upon which the many decisions of this Court are based with a view of testing their soundness, it may simply be remarked that if we should hold a married woman to be bound by a contract for her services entered into, not only without the consent but against the will of her husband, it might prove disastrous to the marital relation and be productive of a long train of most evil consequences. There should be a clear expression of the policy of the State upon this important question, if there is to be a change, and it will best come from the law-making body.

What we have said about the wife's earnings and the validity of her contracts relates to her general right to contract, rather than to her power to dispose of her property, real or personal. The Legislature has seen fit not to change the law as it has repeatedly been declared to be, although its attention has more than once been called to the matter, and although there have been many sessions of that honorable body since the law was first so declared. We took occasion recently in Ballv. Paquin, 140 N.C. 83, to again direct attention to the subject, but an examination of the public statutes will show that there was no responsive legislation at the last session. It would, therefore, seem to be of the opinion that the Constitution and the statute have been properly interpreted, and that it is wise and expedient to let the law (624) remain as it has been settled by the numerous decisions. We are not at all disposed to question the correctness of this conclusion, as the people, by their Constitution, have appointed the Legislature, and not this Court, to declare and formulate the public policy of the State. We decide what the law is, and not what it should be. We can construe, but not legislate.

We cannot overlook the fact that the motion for a new trial, upon the exception reserved, was not made during the term of the Court at which the case was tried. This is expressly required to be done by the statute, Revisal, sec. 554, and it has been held that it cannot be made after the term has expired. Turner v. Davis, 132 N.C. 187. But it appears in this case that the Judge who presided at the trial was taken ill and could not proceed with the business of the Court. He could not even pronounce the judgment against the defendant. The motion for a new trial could be made at any time before this was done. No laches can be imputed to the defendant. Shall she lose her right to enter her motion for a new trial and to have it heard and considered where there has been no default on her part, but she was prevented from taking the proper steps for that purpose solely by the act of God, which is so treated by the law as to affect no one injuriously? The answer to this question should clearly be in the negative. What, then, is her remedy? We must ascertain from analogous cases. When an *464 appeal had been duly taken, and the Judge had lost his notes, so that the case could not be stated, a new trial has always been ordered, unless the appellant had been negligent. S. v. Powers, 10 N.C. 376; Isler v.Haddock, 72 N.C. 119; Sanders v. Norris, 82 N.C. 243; S. v. Randall,88 N.C. 611; Commissioners v. Steamboat Co., 98 N.C. 163;Burton v. Green, 94 N.C. 215; Owens v. Paxton, 106 N.C. 480; and especially McGowan v. Harris, 120 N.C. 139, where the authorities (625) are collected. Formerly and prior to the enactment of the present provision of the law (Revisal, sec. 591), the rule was held to apply to a case where the Judge had died or his term had expired. So where the plaintiff was prevented from issuing an execution by the act of the County Court in erroneously refusing his application for one, and that Court was afterwards abolished before its error could be corrected by the mandate of this Court, to which an appeal had been taken, it was held that he should not be prejudiced by the error and the subsequent act of the law in abolishing the Court from which the execution would have issued.Isler v. Brown, 66 N.C. 556. See, also, Pell v. Linnell, L. R., 3, C. P., 441; Rex. v. Edwards, 4 Taunton, 309.

In Regina v. Justices, 15 Q. B. (69 E. C. L.), 88, the notice of appeal was not served in time by reason of the respondent's death, and the Court held that the condition of giving notice, annexed to the right of appeal, having been imposed by the law, and performance of it having become impossible by the act of God, the appellant was excused from such performance, and accordingly ordered the appeal to be heard as if the notice had been duly given. And substantially the same ruling was made in Newton v. Boodle, 3 C. B. (54 E. C. L.), 795. There the appellant lost the benefit of a bill of exceptions tendered to the ruling of a Judge at nisi prius, or at the assizes, by the death of the Judge and without any default of his own, and the Court permitted him to move for a new trial, notwithstanding the proper time had elapsed, so that he might be restored to the position he would have occupied if the bill of exceptions had not become abortive by the death of Chief JusticeTindal of the Court of Common Pleas, before it could be sealed and perfected by that Judge who had presided at the trial. The remedy was an adequate and an appropriate one under the practice of the Court at that time. Under our procedure, the remedy must be found (626) in merely ordering a new trial. We need not decide that the case should be treated as if the motion had been made, because it would have been made if the defendant's opportunity for making it had not been lost accidentally and by no fault on his part, or because, further, the Solicitor has agreed with the defendant's counsel upon a case on appeal and has thereby consented that it may be so treated, for even if we should so decide there would appear to be error which *465 necessitates another trial. We simply grant a new trial because the defendant has lost her appeal by an act of God, which she could not foresee and the consequences of which she could not avoid. As said by Taylor, C.J., in S. v. Powers, supra, "under the circumstances, there is no other mode by which the justice of the case can be attained."

Why order a new trial unless there was error, and how can we know whether there was error or not unless we examine into the merits of the case?

New Trial.