119 S.E. 504 | N.C. | 1923
Lead Opinion
after stating tbe case: Burglary, at common law, was tbe breaking and entering of tbe “mansion-house,” or tbe dwelling-house, of another, in tbe night-time, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether such intent were executed or not. S. v. Langford, 12 N. C., 253; S. v. Willis, 52 N. C., 190; 4 R. C. L., 415; 9 C. J., 1009. It was among tbe few cases, if not tbe only one, where crime in tbe highest degree was not dependent upon tbe execution of tbe felonious intent. Tbe purpose of tbe law was to protect tbe habitation of men, where they repose and sleep, from meditated bairn. And such was tbe law of burglary in this State until tbe passage of tbe act of 1889, now O. S., 4232, by which tbe crime was divided into two degrees, first and second, with certain designated differences between tbe two, and with different punishments prescribed therefor. S. v. Foster, 129 N. C., 704; C. S., 4233. Now, under our statute, tbe first degree is where tbe crime is committed “in a dwelling-house, or in a room used as a sleeping apartment in any building,, and any person is in tbe actual occupation of any part of said dwelling-house or sleeping apartment at tbe time of tbe commission of such crime, it shall be burglary in tbe first degree.” Second: “If such crime be committed in a dwelling-house or sleeping apartment not actually occupied by any one at tbe time of tbe commission of tbe crime, or if it be committed in any bouse within tbe curtilage of a dwelling-house or in any building not a dwelling-house, but in which is a room used as a sleeping apartment and not actually occupied as such at tbe time of tbe commission of tbe crime, it shall be burglary in tbe second degree.”
But it is not enough in an indictment for burglary to charge generally an intent to commit “a felony” in tbe dwelling-house of another. Tbe particular felony which it is alleged tbe accused intended to commit must be specified. People v. Nelson, 58 Cal., 104; Portwood v. State,
The actual commission of the intended felony, however, is not essential to the crime of burglary. S. v. Beal, 37 Ohio St., 108; 41 Am. Rep., 490. This is completed or consummated by the breaking and entering of the dwelling-house of another, in the night-time, with the immediate, requisite intent then and there to,commit a designated felony therein, though, after entering the house, the accused may forsake his-intent to commit the felony, through fear or because he is resisted. S. v. McDaniel, 60 N. C., 245; Warren v. State, 103 Ark., 165. Indeed, burglary in the first degree, under our statute, consists of the intent, which must be executed, of breaking and entering the presently occupied dwelling-house or sleeping apartment of another, in the night-time,'with the further concurrent intent, which may be executed or not, then and there to commit therein some crime which is in law a felony. This particular, or ulterior, intent to commit therein some designated felony, as aforesaid, must be proved, in addition to the more general one, in order to make out the offense. S. v. Meche, 42 La. Ann., 273; 7 So., 573. The crucial question in regard to the ulterior intent, in an indictment for burglary, is: What was the prisoner’s intent at the time of the breaking and entry? The offense against the habitation is complete when the burglarious breaking and entering of the dwelling-house or sleeping apartment of another, in the night-time, is effected or accomplished, with the intent to commit a felony therein, though that intent may be subsequently abandoned and the intended felony is not committed. Conners v. State, 45 N. J. L., 340. Hence it is no defense to an indictment for burglary that the ulterior felonious intent was abandoned after the breaking and entry. S. v. Boon, 35 N. C., 244.
Three elements, at common law, were necessary to constitute the crime of rape, to wit, carnal knowledge, force, and the commission of the act without the consent or against the will of the ravished. S. v. Jim, 12 N. C., 142; 22 R. C. L., 1172. By our statute, C. S., 4204, rape is defined as the “ravishing and carnally knowing any female of the age
The general as well as the specific intent with which the prisoner entered the dwelling-house, or sleeping apartment, of another may be proved by circumstances, or inferred by the jury from the facts in evidence. People v. Winters, 93 Cal., 277; Com. v. Shedd, 140 Mass., 451; S. v. Peebles, 178 Mo., 475.
Whether the ulterior criminal, intent existed in the mind of the-person accused, at the time of the alleged criminal act, must of necessity be inferred and found from other facts, which in their nature are the subject of specific proof. It must ordinarily be left to the jury to determine, from all the facts and circumstances, whether or not the ulterior criminal intent existed at the time of the breaking and entry. In some cases the inference will be irresistible, while in others it may be a matter of great difficulty to determine whether or not the accused committed the act charged with the requisite criminal purpose. McCourt v. People, 64 N. Y., 583.
Applying the above test to the facts of the instant case, we think the prisoner was entitled to the charge as requested, and that the court erred in declining to give it. S. v. Williams, 120 Iowa, 36; 94 N. W., 255.
Again, it is a well-recognized rule of practice with us that where one is indicted for a crime, and under the same bill it is permissible to convict him of “a less degree of the same crime, or of an attempt to commit the crime so charged, or of an attempt to commit a less degree of the same crime” (C. S., 4640), and there is evidence tending to support a milder verdict, the prisoner is entitled to have the different views presented to the jury, under a proper charge, and an error in this respect is not cured by a verdict convicting the prisoner of the crime as charged
The number of verdicts which the jury may render on an indictment for Burglary in the first degree, under our present procedure, must be determined by the evidence and the manner in which the bill of indictment is drawn. There are three recognized ways in which the bill may be drawn with respect to the intended felony: (1) By charging the breaking and entry to be with intent to commit a designated felony; (2) by charging the breaking and entry, and a designated felony actually committed; and (3) by charging the breaking and entry, with intent to commit a designated felony, and also charging the actual commission of said felony. S. v. Johnston, 119 N. C., 897, and authorities cited.
Under the last form just mentioned, the prisoner may be convicted of burglary in the first degree, or of burglary in the second degree, depending on whether or not the dwelling-house was actually occupied at the time, or of an attempt to commit either of said offenses, or he may be convicted of a nonburglarious breaking and entering of the dwelling-house of another, under C. S., 4235, or of an attempt to commit said offense, though the State may fail to prove the commission of the felony as charged. S. v. Fleming, 107 N. C., 905; S. v. Spear, 164 N. C., 452. On the other hand, the defendant may be convicted of the designated felony as charged, “or of a less degree of the same crime, or of an attempt to commit the crime so charged, or of an attempt to commit a less degree of the same crime,” though the State may fail to prove the burglary. Archbold’s Or. Pr. & PL, 1076 and 1108; S. v. Jordan, 75 N. C., 27; S. v. Allen, 11 N. C., 356; S. v. Grisham, 2 N. C., 13.
But under the present bill of indictment the prisoner is not charged with the actual commission of a felony in the dwelling-house of A. B. Allen, and there is no evidence tending to show that the crime might have been committed under circumstances which would make it burglary in the second degree, unless the jury disbelieves the evidence relating to occupancy. S. v. Alston, 113 N. C., 666. All the evidence tends to show that said dwelling-house vras actually occupied at the time of the alleged offense. Under these circumstances, according to our previous decisions, an instruction that “the jury may render a verdict (of burglary) in the second degree if they deem it proper to do so” (C. S., 4641) would be erroneous, though a verdict of burglary in the second degree, being favorable to the prisoner, would be permitted to stand. S. v. Johnston, 119 N. C., 883; S. v. Fleming, supra; S. v. Alston, supra. See, also, S. v. Alexander, 56 Mo., 131.
Without the ulterior felonious intent, as already suggested, the crime of burglary, as charged, would not be complete; and if the prisoner, without any prior criminal intent, were so drunk at the time as not to know where he was or what he was doing, and had no intention, of committing a felony in the dwelling-house, as alleged, whatever his offense, he would not be guilty of burglary in the first degree, because of the absence of an essential ingredient of the crime. S. v. Bell, 29 Iowa, 316.
Hence, it follows that, under the present bill of indictment and the evidence now of record, the jury should be instructed that one of five verdicts may be rendered by them, depending, of course, upon how they find the facts to be: (1) Guilty of burglary in the first degree; (2) guilty of an attempt to commit burglary in the first degree; (3) guilty of a nonburglarious breaking and entering of the dwelling-house of another, with intent to commit a felony or other infamous crime therein; (4) guilty of an attempt to commit the said last-named offense; or (5) not guilty. See S. v. Spear, 164 N. C., 452, and S. v. Merrick, 171 N. C., 788.
The prisoner is entitled to a new trial; and it is so ordered. •
New trial.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting: The prisoner, a negro, 18 or 19 years old, is charged with burglary, in breaking into the dwelling-house of one A. B. Allen, in the night-time, occupied at the time by himself and family, with the felonious intent to ravish his wife, then and there sleeping in said dwelling-house, etc. The evidence for- the State shows that the defendant entered said dwelling-house some time after 11 o’clock on the
The prisoner testified that he was in a drunken condition on the night in question and did not know what he was doing. If this were a valid precedent, as a defense, it would leave our women unprotected in their homes at night, at the mercy of any brute who will testify, or even prove, that he was partially intoxicated. He could not have been wholly so, for the evidence is that he entered a window by putting a stick thereunder to hold it. Besides, there was no prayer and no assignment of error upon the ground that the prisoner was drunk.
The prayer, on the refusal of which the prisoner rests his defense, was that the court should “charge the jury that, before he could-be convicted of burglary in the first degree on the initial count of the bill, it would be necessary for the State to show an intent on his part to accomplish his purpose, notwithstanding any resistance made by Mrs. Allen.” This was refused, the court stating that “an intent generally to commit the felony was sufficient.” This was correct, upon all the precedents. There is no case, it is believed, on record that the charge thus prayed has ever been held necessary for any indictment for burglary with intent to ravish. The only case that has been cited to sustain the prayer for such charge is S. v. Massey, 86 N. C., 658, but that was not a charge of burglary, but of an assault with intent to commit rape. The charge here is not burglary with "attempt" to commit rape, but of burglary with an intent to do so. That is'a charge with a simple intent, and upon this evidence the jury found, and it would have been difficult for them, upon the uncontradicted testimony, to have found otherwise if they believed the evidence, than that the negro, entering burglariously, concealed himself under a white woman’s bed, did not have the intent to commit that crime.
There is nothing in the nature of this crime that makes it desirable or advisable for the court to create and engraft a new technicality as a defense against the conviction upon the facts of this case. There is no evidence’that the prisoner knew that the husband was in the room. This may account for the boldness or rashness of his attempt. lie certainly did not expect to be arrested. He entered the house burglariously, and the evidence was sufficient to show the jury, if they believed it, that the entrance was made with the intent charged. The jury has so found.
The burglary was committed by entering the dwelling-house of another in the night-time with intent — not with the attempt — to ravish, and there is no evidence tending to show any lesser degree of offense which would have justified the jury in finding the prisoner guilty of a lesser offense.
This is not an indictment for an attempt to commit burglary, nor for an attempt to commit rape, but is an indictment, in the approved form, for the crime of burglary, alleging as an ingredient an intent to commit rape. The precedents require no more to be charged, and the evidence was sufficient, if believed, to justify the jury in finding such verdict. It was not necessary to charge or prove a greater degree than intent to commit rape, and there is no evidence in this record which required the judge to submit to the jury any lesser offense than that charged. If the testimony was true, the prisoner entered the house burglariously with the intent to commit the crime charged, and there is no evidence of any lesser offense to be submitted to the jury.
The prisoner assigned as error the exclusion of the answer of the witness Beasley to the following question: “Do you know James Allen’s mental condition on the day in question, and had you observed him before then?” The State objected. The witness said he had only observed him one time. The counsel for defendant proposed to prove by witness that the defendant was not of average intelligence, and on the day of this occurrence refused to take pay for three or four hours work, and that he did not consider him of average mental capacity. The exclusion of the answer to this question was correct. 8. v. Journegan, 185 N. C., 100. This was the first exception, and the second assignment was to the exclusion of the question whether the prisoner’s father and grandfather were not the same man.
There was no error as to tbe judge’s statement in tbe charge of tbe jury, in tbe presence of counsel, that there was no contention as to tbe number of persons in tbe bouse at tbe time, nor as to tbe offense being committed in tbe night-time, nor was it error not to define tbe crime of larceny, an intent to commit which was charged in tbe second count, for tbe prisoner was tried and convicted on the first count.
Lead Opinion
CLARK, C. J., dissenting. Criminal prosecution, tried upon a indictment charging the defendant with burglary in the first degree. The initial count in the bill is as follows:
"That James Allen, late of the county of Franklin, on the 13th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1923, with force and arms, at and in the county aforesaid, feloniously and burglariously, did break and enter, on or about the hour of 12 in the night of the said day, the dwelling-house of one A. B. Allen, there situate, and then and there actually occupied by the said A. B. Allen, his wife and family, with the felonious intent, he, the said James Allen, to forcibly and violently ravish and carnally know Mrs. A. B. Allen, a female occupying and sleeping in said dwelling-house at the time, without her consent and against her will, against the form of the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State."
There is also a second count in the bill, charging a felonious and burglarious breaking and entering of the occupied dwelling-house of A. B. Allen, in the night-time, with intent to commit the crime of larceny therein, but the case was not tried upon this count.
There is evidence on the record tending to show that the defendant entered the dwelling-house of A. B. Allen, in the town of Louisburg, some time after 11 o'clock on the night of 13 April, 1923, by raising a window in one of the rooms and putting a stick of wood under it to hold it up. After entering the house, and some time during the night, the defendant crawled under the bed in which Mr. and Mrs. Allen were sleeping, and thereafter the following happened, according to the testimony of Mrs. Allen:
"I was awakened that night, but I do not know at just what time. The first thing that awoke me was an ice-cold hand, and I almost jumped off the bed. The hand went back when I jumped, and in about a minute the hand came back again. That time it dawned on me it was not Mr. Allen. I was lying flat on my back, with my left hand under my head and my right hand down by my side. I reached out with my right hand and found that Mr. Allen's hand was warm. While I was reaching out for Mr. Allen, the hand came up the third time. I tried to whisper to my husband, fearing we would all be butchered. The ice-cold hand was under the bed-covering and touched my flesh, above my knee, three times, to my knowledge."
The defendant was convicted of burglary in the first degree and sentenced to death. He is a colored boy, 18 or 19 years of age. He testified that he was in a drunken condition during the night in question and did not know what he was doing. He entered a plea of not guilty to the charge. *305
The defendant requested the court to charge the jury that, before he could be convicted of burglary in the first degree on the initial count in the bill, it would be necessary for the State to show an intent on his part to accomplish his purpose, notwithstanding any resistance made by Mrs. Allen. This was refused, the court stating that an intent generally to commit a felony was sufficient. Defendant excepted.
From the verdict and judgment rendered, the defendant appealed, assigning errors.
After stating the case: Burglary, at common law, was the breaking and entering of the "mansion-house," or the dwelling-house, of another, in the night-time, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether such intent were executed or not. S. v. Langford,
But it is not enough in an indictment for burglary to charge generally an intent to commit "a felony" in the dwelling-house of another. The particular felony which it is alleged the accused intended to commit must be specified. People v. Nelson,
The actual commission of the intended felony, however, is not essential to the crime of burglary. S. v. Beal,
Three elements, at common law, were necessary to constitute the crime of rape, to wit, carnal knowledge, force, and the commission of the act without the consent or against the will of the ravished. S. v. Jim,
The general as well as the specific intent with which the prisoner entered the dwelling-house, or sleeping apartment, of another may be proved by circumstances, or inferred by the jury from the facts in evidence.People v. Winters,
Whether the ulterior criminal intent existed in the mind of the person accused, at the time of the alleged criminal act, must of necessity be inferred and found from other facts, which in their nature are the subject of specific proof. It must ordinarily be left to the jury to determine, from all the facts and circumstances, whether or not the ulterior criminal intent existed at the time of the breaking and entry. In some cases the inference will be irresistible, while in others it may be a matter of great difficulty to determine whether or not the accused committed the act charged with the requisite criminal purpose. McCourt v. People,
Applying the above test to the facts of the instant case, we think the prisoner was entitled to the charge as requested, and that the court erred in declining to give it. S. v. Williams,
Again, it is a well-recognized rule of practice with us that where one is indicted for a crime, and under the same bill it is permissible to convict him of "a less degree of the same crime, or of an attempt to commit the crime so charged, or of an attempt to commit a less degree of the same crime" (C. S., 4640), and there is evidence tending to support a milder verdict, the prisoner is entitled to have the different views presented to the jury, under a proper charge, and an error in this respect is not cured by a verdict convicting the prisoner of the crime as charged *308
in the bill of indictment, for in such case it cannot be known whether the jury would have convicted of a less degree or of an attempt if the different views, arising upon the evidence, had been correctly presented to them by the trial court. S. v. Williams,
The number of verdicts which the jury may render on an indictment for burglary in the first degree, under our present procedure, must be determined by the evidence and the manner in which the bill of indictment is drawn. There are three recognized ways in which the bill may be drawn with respect to the intended felony: (1) By charging the breaking and entry to be with intent to commit a designated felony; (2) by charging the breaking and entry, and a designated felony actually committed; and (3) by charging the breaking and entry, with intent to commit a designated felony, and also charging the actual commission of said felony. S. v. Johnston,
Under the last form just mentioned, the prisoner may be convicted of burglary in the first degree, or of burglary in the second degree, depending on whether or not the dwelling-house was actually occupied at the time, or of an attempt to commit either of said offenses, or he may be convicted of a nonburglarious breaking and entering of the dwelling-house of another, under C. S., 4235, or of an attempt to commit said offense, though the State may fail to prove the commission of the felony as charged.S. v. Fleming,
But under the present bill of indictment the prisoner is not charged with the actual commission of a felony in the dwelling-house of A. B. Allen, and there is no evidence tending to show that the crime might have been committed under circumstances which would make it burglary in the second degree, unless the jury disbelieves the evidence relating to occupancy. S. v. Alston,
The evidence offered by the prisoner is to the effect that he was in a drunken condition during the night in question, and did not know where he was or what he was doing. Voluntary drunkenness, of course, furnishes no excuse for crimes committed under its influence. But this evidence was competent as bearing upon the alleged felonious intent. S. v. English,
Without the ulterior felonious intent, as already suggested, the crime of burglary, as charged, would not be complete; and if the prisoner, without any prior criminal intent, were so drunk at the time as not to know where he was or what he was doing, and had no intention of committing a felony in the dwelling-house, as alleged, whatever his offense, he would not be guilty of burglary in the first degree, because of the absence of an essential ingredient of the crime. S. v. Bell,
Hence, it follows that, under the present bill of indictment and the evidence now of record, the jury should be instructed that one of five verdicts may be rendered by them, depending, of course, upon how they find the facts to be: (1) Guilty of burglary in the first degree; (2) guilty of an attempt to commit burglary in the first degree; (3) guilty of a nonburglarious breaking and entering of the dwelling-house of another, with intent to commit a felony or other infamous crime therein; (4) guilty of an attempt to commit the said last-named offense; or (5) not guilty. See S. v.Spear,
The Prisoner is entitled to a new trial; and it is so ordered.
New trial.
